Great American Business Leaders of the 20th Century
Chicago Defender, 1905–1940
Emerson Radio & Phonograph Corporation, 1922–1966
US Healthcare, 1975–1996
American Chicle Company, 1899–1922
Phillips Petroleum Company, 1938–1951
Kelly Services, 1967–Present
H. F. Ahmanson & Company, 1927–1968
Electronic Data Systems, 1986–1998
Chase National Bank, 1930–1953
Alexander & Repass, 1914–1954
Morgan Guaranty Trust, 1959–1967
Boeing Company, 1945–1969
American Power and Light Company, 1935–1951
National Cash Register Company, 1940–1961
Arthur Andersen and Company, 1913–1947
Atlantic Richfield Company, 1965–1982
Prentice-Hall, 1965–1970
Triangle Publications, 1942–1968
Armour and Company, 1901–1923
American Telephone and Telegraph, 1997–2002
Desilu Productions, 1950–1962
Litton Industries, 1961–1972
General Mills, 1981–1995
Coca-Cola Company, 1966–1980
Montgomery, Ward and Company, 1936–1955
American Sugar Refining, 1915–1937
J. S. Bache & Company, 1892–1944
Bakelite Corporation, 1909–1939
National Gypsum Company, 1928–1951
Ball Brothers Company, 1887–1943
Ballantine Books, 1952–1974
UST, 1973–1993
Diamond Match Company, 1888–1909
Barden Communications, 1981–Present
Batten, Barton, Durstine and Osborn, 1919–1936
Western Electric Company, 1886–1908
Baruch Brothers, 1903–1916
Landmark Communications, 1967–1998
JCPenney Company, 1958–1974
Bausch and Lomb Company, 1926–1935
Harley-Davidson, 1981–1996
L. L. Bean, 1912–1967
Texaco, 1920–1926
Carpenter Technology Corporation, 1971–1983
Deere & Company, 1989–2000
Betchel Corporation, 1935–1960
American Cement Corporation, 1936–1957
Beckman Instruments, 1935–1982
Corn Products Refining Company, 1906–1930
Pinkerton's, 1967–1979
Eli Lilly & Company, 1969–1973
International Telephone and Telegraph, 1920–1933
International Telephone and Telegraph, 1933–1956
Taco Bell Corporation, 1962–1975
Washburn, Crosby Milling Company, 1889–1915
American Cyanamid Company, 1922–1950
Remington Typewriter Company, 1895–1913
Brunswick, 1930–1963
Revlon, 1975–1985
Doyle Dane Bernbach, 1949–1976
Berwind-White Coal Mining Company, 1886–1930
Continental Airlines, 1994–2004
Amazon.com, 1994–Present
Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company, 1930–1953
Amgen, 1988–2000
Kennecott Copper, 1915–1933
General Seafood's Company, 1924–1929
Caterpillar Tractor Company, 1963–1977
Celanese Corporation of America, 1946–1966
H & R Block, 1978–1992
H & R Block, 1955–1978
Bloomberg, L. P., 1982–2001
Gulf and Western, 1958–1983
Bendix Corporation, 1967–1976
Boeing Company, 1916–1934
Owens-Corning Fiberglass Company, 1938–1963
The Vanguard Group, 1974–1995
Chadbourn, 1936–1970
General Electric Company, 1963–1972
AlliedSignal, Inc., 1991–1999
McKinsey & Company, 1950–1967
American Agricultural Chemical Company, 1929–1937
Harris Corporation, 1972–1986
Smith Kline & French Laboratories, 1951–1958
Burroughs Adding Machine Company, 1905–1920
Milton Bradley Company, 1864–1911
Braniff Airways, 1930–1954
AMP, 1972–1982
Outboard Motors Corporation, 1929–1963
FPL Group, 1989–2000
American Brass Company, 1900–1920
Brown-Forman Corporation, 1993–2003
Kentucky Fried Chicken Company, 1964–1973
American Telephone and Telegraph, 1979–1986
Schering Corporation, 1943–1966
Brown and Root, 1929–1962
Stryker Corporation, 1977–2004
Johns-Manville Corporation, 1929–1946
American Home Products, 1935–1965
Sara Lee Corporation, 1975–2000
E. G. Budd Company, 1912–1946
Great Northern Railroad, 1919–1932
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing, 1953–1963
Berkshire Hathaway, 1969–Present
Aetna Life Insurance Company, 1879–1922
Bulova Watch Company, 1930–1958
Safeway, 1993–Present
Johnson & Johnson Company, 1976–1989
Leo Burnett Company, 1935–1971
Abbott Laboratories, 1990–1999
W. A. Burpee Company, 1917–1970
W. A. Burpee Company, 1878–1915
People Express Airlines, 1980–1986
Burrell Advertising, 1971–2003
FMC Corporation, 1991–2001
Anheuser-Busch Brewery, 1880–1913
Crompton Corporation, 1985–2004
Ford Motor Company, 1979–1985
PepsiCo, 1986–1996
Coca-Cola Company, 1886–1916
Cannon Mills Company, 1921–1971
Cannon Mills Company, 1887–1921
St. Regis Paper Company, 1916–1934
Gold Bond Stamp Company / Carlson Companies, 1938–1998
United Airlines, 1971–1979
DuPont Corporation, 1940–1948
Carrier Corporation, 1914–1948
Carter Hawley Hale, 1946–1977
IBM, 1973–1981
America Online, 1985–2001
United Parcel Service, 1907–1962
Phelps-Dodge Company, 1930–1947
Cisco Systems, 1994–Present
Los Angeles Times, 1917–1940
Hudson Motor Company, 1909–1923
Georgia-Pacific Corporation, 1927–1967
Chesebrough Manufacturing Company, 1875–1909
General Foods Corporation, 1924–1935
International Paper Company, 1899–1907
Chrysler Corporation, 1924–1935
American Express Company, 1960–1977
Silicon Graphics, 1981–1994
Dick Clark Productions, 1956–2007
Anderson, Clayton and Company, 1904–1940
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1935–1948
General Electric Company, 1892–1913
Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream, 1978–1994
Crowell-Collier Publishing Company, 1956–1963
Colgate-Palmolive Company, 1920–1928
Colgate-Palmolive Company, 1933–1938
B. F. Goodrich Company, 1939–1953
United States Rubber Company, 1892–1918
Cone Mills Corporation, 1938–1950
Merck & Company, 1955–1964
Continental Can Company, 1926–1959
Schering-Plough Corporation, 1966–1978
Atlantic Richfield Company, 1985–1995
Intuit, 1983–1994
Adolph Coors Brewing Company, 1873–1923
Adolph Coors Brewing Company, 1993–2000
Adolph Coors Brewing Company, 1970–1993
Western Utility Corporation, 1905–1926
General Electric Company, 1950–1963
United States Steel Corporation, 1903–1911
Cosden & Company, 1914–1923
Briggs & Stratton Corporation, 1935–1970
American Airlines, 1985–1998
Crane Company, 1914–1931
Crane Company, 1859–1912
Thompson Products, 1933–1958
Thiokol Corporation, 1947–1963
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing, 1963–1969
Trammell Crow Company, 1947–1986
Quaker Oats Company, 1901–1922
Material Service Corporation, 1921–1941
International Paper Company, 1936–1948
American Home Products, 1981–1986
Texaco, 1902–1913
Philip Morris Companies, 1957–1979
Continental Insurance Company, 1932–1946
Consolidated Foods, 1939–1975
S. S. Kresge Company/K Mart, 1959–1972
General Motors Corporation, 1953–1958
Curtis Publishing Company, 1879–1932
Revere Copper and Brass, 1931–1947
Ralston Purina Company, 1894–1932
United Drug Company, 1943–1980
United States Rubber Company, 1929–1942
Alcoa, 1910–1928
Borg-Warner Corporation, 1928–1950
Winn-Dixie Stores, 1946–1983
Herman Miller, 1980–1987
Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation, 1948–1994
Skyline Corporation, 1959–1998
Black & Decker Corporation, 1964–1975
SmithKline Corporation, 1972–1982
Dell Computer Corporation, 1984–Present
Della Femina and Travisano, 1967–1986
Subway Sandwiches, 1965–Present
Dennison Manufacturing Company, 1912–1952
Procter & Gamble Company, 1930–1948
Amway Corporation, 1959–1992
K-Mart Corporation, 1972–1979
Union Carbide Corporation, 1952–1963
A. B. Dick and Company, 1934–1947
A. B. Dick and Company, 1883–1934
Supreme Life Insurance Company of America, 1956–1971
Walt Disney Company, 1929–1966
Dow Chemical Corporation, 1947–1962
Guidant Corporation, 1994–2004
Ohio Oil Company, 1911–1927
Ohio Oil Company, 1927–1948
General Motors Corporation, 1958–1967
American R&D Corporation, 1946–1972
Campbell Soup Company, 1930–1946
Campbell Soup Company, 1914–1930
Doubleday and Company, 1897–1927
Doubleday and Company, 1928–1946
Douglas Aircraft Company, 1928–1957
Dow Chemical Corporation, 1897–1930
Dow Chemical Corporation, 1930–1947
Dun & Bradstreet Corporation, 1975–1984
Gap, 1995–2002
Celanese Corporation of America, 1918–1945
Prudential Life Insurance Company, 1881–1911
DuPont Corporation, 1926–1940
DuPont Corporation, 1915–1919
DuPont Corporation, 1902–1915
PeopleSoft, 1987–1999
American Tobacco Company, 1890–1912
General Motors Corporation, 1916–1920
Eastman Kodak Company, 1881–1923
Chrysler Corporation, 1993–1998
Eckerd Corporation, 1952–1974
Edison Brothers Stores, 1968–1987
EMC Corporation, 1979–1991
Eastman Kodak Company, 1967–1972
Walt Disney Company, 1984–2005
Oracle Corporation, 1977–Present
AVCO, 1939–1960
Emery Air Freight, 1968–1987
Emery Air Freight, 1946–1967
PepsiCo, 1996–2001
Outboard Motors Corporation, 1920–1928
Avon Products, 1944–1967
Eberhard-Faber Company, 1898–1943
Max Factor Company, 1938–1973
Gillette Company, 1913–1931
Diamond Match Company, 1915–1947
United States Steel Corporation, 1935–1953
Allis-Chalmers Company, 1913–1932
Eastman Kodak Company, 1972–1983
Standard Oil of New Jersey, 1937–1942
United States Steel Corporation, 1911–1932
Field Enterprises (Chicago Sun/Parade Publications), 1941–1956
Marshall Field and Company, 1867–1906
Filene's, 1908–1928
Reebok International, 1979–2006
Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, 1941–1963
Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, 1900–1932
Gap, 1969–1995
Fisher Body Company, 1908–1926
Fisher-Price Toy Company, 1930–1966
Caterpillar Tractor Company, 1990–1999
Florida East Coast Railway, 1886–1913
Ford Motor Company, 1945–1979
Ford Motor Company, 1906–1918
Student Loan Marketing Association, 1973–1990
Fox Film Company, 1915–1929
General Foods Corporation, 1935–1943
United States Lines, 1946–1960
Magnavox Company, 1950–1967
Trans-World Airlines, 1934–1947
Lehman Brothers and Company, 1994–2008
Fuller Brush Company, 1906–1943
Curtis Publishing Company, 1933–1957
Squibb Corporation, 1968–1989
Merck & Company, 1965–1975
Gallo (E. & J.) Winery, 1933–1993
Motorola, 1928–1956
Motorola, 1956–1986
Gannett Company, 1906–1957
Soft Sheen Products, 1964–1985
Booker T. Washington Insurance, 1932–1987
Microsoft Corporation, 1975–2000
Rubbermaid, 1980–1991
Geffen Records, 1984–1989
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 1972–1994
International Telephone and Telegraph, 1959–1977
Medtronic, 1991–2000
Gerber Products Company, 1945–1974
Gerber Products Company, 1917–1945
IBM, 1993–2002
Getty Oil Company, 1956–1976
Bank of America, 1904–1936
Bank of America, 1936–1952
Software Publishing Company, 1980–1994
Supreme Life Insurance Company of America, 1919–1955
UST, 1993–Present
American Telephone and Telegraph, 1925–1948
Liberty Life Insurance, 1919–1925
Gillette Company, 1901–1913
Merck & Company, 1994–2005
Gimbel Brothers Department Stores, 1925–1953
Gimbel Brothers Department Stores, 1894–1925
Republic Steel Corporation, 1930–1937
Wal-Mart Corporation, 1988–2000
Coca-Cola Company, 1981–1997
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theaters, 1949–1986
Melville Corporation, 1987–1998
Samuel Goldwyn Productions, 1916–1959
American Express Company, 1993–2001
Warner-Lambert Corporation, 1991–1999
SAS Institute, 1976–Present
Kidder, Peabody Group, 1931–1968
Motown Records Corporation, 1959–1986
Bethlehem Steel Corporation, 1916–1957
W. R. Grace and Company, 1945–1992
Baxter International, 1953–1980
W. T. Grant Company, 1906–1924
Black Enterprise Magazine, 1970–Present
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 1957–1967
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 1935–1949
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 1924–1935
Union Pacific Railroad, 1920–1937
National Biscuit Company, 1905–1917
Bear Stearns Companies, 1978–1993
American International Group, 1967–1989
DuPont Corporation, 1948–1967
Dick Griffey Productions, 1977–Present
Griffin Productions, 1963–1985
International Flavors & Fragrances, 1985–1999
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 1934–1956
Intel, 1987–1998
Penthouse International Limited, 1965–2003
American Smelting and Refining Company, 1900–1919
Guthy-Renker Corporation, 1988–2004
Levi Strauss and Company, 1958–1976
Rohm and Haas Company, 1909–1960
Levi Strauss and Company, 1922–1957
Texas Instruments, 1958–1976
Hallmark Cards, 1910–1966
Halliburton, 1920–1956
Occidental Oil Company, 1957–1990
Halliburton, 1972–1982
Procter & Gamble Company, 1974–1981
ConAgra, 1975–1993
Heublein, 1965–1970
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, 1878–1915
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, 1920–1949
Hasbro Toys, 1979–1989
Deluxe Corporation, 1986–1995
American Newspapers, 1887–1937
Playboy Enterprises, 1953–1988
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1891–1918
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 1994–2001
H. J. Heinz Company, 1941–1966
H. J. Heinz Company, 1905–1919
H. J. Heinz Company, 1919–1941
Henderson (H. F.) Industries, 1952–Present
Boston Consulting Group, 1968–1980
Homestake Mining Company, 1971–1982
Warner-Lambert Corporation, 1967–1972
United Utilities/Sprint Corporation, 1966–1990
Chase National Bank, 1904–1911
Atlanta Life Insurance Company, 1905–1927
Tecumseh Products, 1930–1972
Hershey Chocolate Company, 1900–1941
Yellow Cab Company, 1915–1929
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing, 1975–1979
Amerada Hess, 1933–1995
Hewlett-Packard Company, 1969–1978
General Instrument Corporation, 1978–1990
Avon Products, 1967–1972
Sterling Drug, 1955–1972
Maytag Corporation, 1962–1973
Higgins Industries, 1930–1952
American Tobacco Company, 1925–1946
Great Northern Railroad, 1882–1907
Great Northern Railroad, 1907–1912
Hilton Hotels Corporation, 1946–1966
Hershey Foods Corporation, 1956–1965
Charles E. Hires Company, 1890–1918
VISA, 1970–1984
Studebaker Corporation, 1935–1948
Johnson & Johnson Company, 1963–1973
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 1920–1929
Exxon Corporation, 1944–1960
Armco Steel Company, 1930–1948
Hooker Chemical Company, 1909–1938
Hoover Company, 1954–1966
Hoover Company, 1922–1954
Merck & Company, 1976–1985
Hormel and Company, 1891–1929
Hormel and Company, 1929–1945
Continental Cablevision, 1963–1996
Corning Glass Company, 1964–1982
Corning Glass Company, 1910–1930
Corning Glass Company, 1930–1960
Golden State Insurance, 1970–1990
Golden State Insurance, 1945–1970
General Reinsurance Corporation, 1971–1983
Hudson (J. L.) Company, 1881–1912
Hughes Aircraft Company, 1933–1976
Hughes Electric Heating Company, 1908–1940
Blockbuster Entertainment Corporation, 1986–1994
Hanna (M. A.) & Company, 1929–1952
Hunt Oil Company, 1936–1974
Huntsman Corporation, 1970–2000
Aeroquip Corporation, 1945–1969
Chrysler Corporation, 1979–1993
Icahn & Company, 1968–Present
Little Caesar's Enterprises, 1959–Present
Middle West Utilities Company, 1912–1932
Lincoln Electric Company, 1954–1986
Nucor Corporation, 1965–1996
Qualcomm, 1985–Present
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing, 1986–1991
Exxon Corporation, 1969–1975
DuPont Corporation, 1981–1986
Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, 1973–1985
Apple Computer, 1975–1983
Campbell Soup Company, 1990–1997
Fidelity Investments, 1946–1972
Johnson Wax Company, 1966–1979
Fidelity Investments, 1977–Present
Johnson & Johnson Company, 1932–1938
Victor Talking Machine Company, 1901–1927
Endicott-Johnson Company, 1920–1930
Johnson Wax Company, 1928–1966
Howard Johnson's, 1925–1964
Johnson & Johnson Company, 1910–1932
Johnson Publishing Company, 1942–2002
Ingersoll-Rand Company, 1955–1966
Black Entertainment Television, 1980–2001
Johnson & Johnson Company, 1885–1910
Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1933–1939
General Electric Company, 1972–1981
Cities Service Company, 1940–1953
Texas Instruments, 1951–1958
Packard Motor Car Company, 1905–1916
Kaiser Industries, 1914–1956
KB Home, 1986–Present
Square D Company, 1968–1983
Marion Laboratories, 1950–1989
Superior Oil Company, 1963–1981
Ingersoll-Rand Company, 1936–1954
Southwest Airlines Company, 1967–2001
Chrysler Corporation, 1935–1950
Kellogg Company, 1906–1939
Kelly Services, 1946–1967
Cargill, 1961–1976
PepsiCo, 1963–1986
Kendall Company, 1912–1959
OGE Energy Corporation, 1949–1976
Atwater Kent Company, 1902–1936
Dow Jones & Company, 1966–1975
Meredith Corporation, 1997–Present
Wall Street Journal, 1945–1966
Kimberly-Clark Corporation, 1880–1928
Kimberly-Clark Corporation, 1953–1967
Jones Apparel Group, 1975–2002
New York Life Insurance Company, 1906–1930
King Ranch, 1885–1932
Metromedia, 1959–1986
Knapp & Company, 1891–1951
Emerson Electric Company, 1973–2000
Knight-Ridder Corporation, 1933–1969
Nike, 1972–Present
Schering-Plough Corporation, 1996–2003
Kohler Company, 1937–1968
Kohler Company, 1905–1937
Kraft (J. L.) Brothers and Company, 1909–1953
Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Company, 1984–1996
S. S. Kresge Company, 1907–1925
S. H. Kress Company, 1896–1924
McDonald's Corporation, 1955–1973
Kroger's Food Stores, 1883–1928
Maytag Corporation, 1974–1992
Georgia Gulf Corporation, 1985–1991
Ocean Drilling & Exploration Company, 1953–1977
Universal Pictures Corporation, 1912–1936
Subaru of America, 1971–1990
Kellogg Company, 1979–1991
Polaroid Corporation, 1937–1980
Citizens & Southern National Bank, 1946–1973
Lannom Manufacturing Company, 1912–1952
American Home Products, 1965–1981
Johnson & Johnson Company, 1989–2002
Lord and Thomas, 1912–1942
Estee Lauder, 1982–1999
Polo, Ralph Lauren, 1968–Present
Federated Department Stores, 1945–1966
Toys "R" Us, 1948–1994
Lear, 1939–1967
Lefrak Organization, 1948–2003
International Harvester Corporation, 1922–1933
Lehman Brothers and Company, 1901–1925
Lehman Brothers and Company, 1925–1969
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing, 1980–1986
Levitt & Sons, 1929–1968
Essence Communications, 1969–Present
The Progressive Corporation, 1965–2000
TLC Group, 1983–1993
Owens Bottle Company, 1903–1925
United Drug Company, 1904–1943
Eli Lilly & Company, 1932–1969
Eli Lilly & Company, 1898–1932
Lincoln Electric Company, 1928–1954
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1936–1951
American Financial Group, 1958–Present
Ling-Temco-Vought, 1946–1970
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, 1926–1940
Arthur D. Little, 1909–1935
Textron, 1923–1960
Philadelphia Coca-Cola Bottling Company, 1985–Present
Loew's, 1906–1927
Long's Drug Stores, 1947–1977
Kellogg Company, 1971–1978
Texas Air Corporation, 1972–1990
Consolidation Coal Company, 1944–1956
Burlington Industries, 1923–1948
Lucasfilm, Limited, 1971–Present
Time-Life Publications, 1922–1964
Schering-Plough Corporation, 1982–1995
Luckenbach Steamship Company, 1960–1974
National Bulk Carriers, 1936–1987
Burroughs Corporation, 1967–1978
AMAX, 1956–1969
TECO Energy, 1954–1967
Dayton Hudson Corporation, 1983–1994
Whole Foods Market, 1980–Present
Cargill, 1976–1995
Cargill, 1936–1960
Mallory (C. D.) and Company, 1919–1941
Atlantic, Gulf and West Indies Steamship Lines, 1907–1915
Tele-Communications, 1973–1999
Newmont Mining Corporation, 1954–1986
Premier Industrial Corporation, 1958–1996
Pacesetter, 1972–1985
Masco Corporation, 1929–1985
Johns-Manville Corporation, 1901–1924
Home Depot, 1978–1997
Neiman-Marcus Company, 1950–1969
Colgate-Palmolive Company, 1984–Present
Marriott-Hot Shoppes, 1927–1972
Marriott International, 1972–Present
Mars, 1964–1973
McClintic and Marshall Construction Company, 1900–1931
Glenn L. Martin Company, 1907–1949
National Lead Company (NL Industries), 1947–1969
Hospital Corporation of America, 1968–1978
Lubrizol Corporation, 1972–1982
Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company, 1890–1940
The Iams Company, 1981–1999
Philip Morris Companies, 1984–1991
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Corporation, 1924–1951
Oscar Mayer and Company, 1888–1928
Oscar Mayer and Company, 1928–1955
Oscar Mayer and Company, 1955–1966
Clear Channel Communications, 1972–2004
Maytag Corporation, 1940–1960
Maytag Corporation, 1926–1940
Maytag Corporation, 1909–1921
Scott Paper Company, 1927–1965
McClintic and Marshall Construction Company, 1900–1931
Chase Manhattan Bank, 1953–1969
NationsBank / Bank of America, 1983–2001
Xerox Corporation, 1971–1985
Avon Products, 1937–1944
Avon Products, 1886–1937
Worthington Industries, 1955–1993
International Management Group, 1960–2003
International Harvester Corporation, 1902–1918
International Harvester Corporation, 1941–1951
Chicago Tribune, 1914–1955
USAA, 1969–1993
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, 1939–1967
Kerr-McGee Corporation, 1954–1983
International Data Group, 1967–2002
MCI Communications, 1968–1985
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1974–1983
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1953–1966
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1899–1928
National Dairy Products Corporation, 1923–1941
McKinsey & Company, 1925–1937
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing, 1929–1949
Homestake Mining Company, 1945–1963
Sea-Land Service, 1956–1969
Sun Microsystems, 1982–Present
Dana Corporation, 1972–1980
Mead Corporation, 1912–1942
State Farm Insurance, 1922–1937
Wachovia Corporation, 1977–1993
Mellon National Bank, 1882–1921
Mellon National Bank, 1934–1946
Gulf Oil Corporation, 1909–1930
Melville Corporation, 1922–1963
Merck & Company, 1925–1955
North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, 1898–1919
Merrill Lynch & Company, 1940–1956
Lazard, Freres and Company, 1943–1979
Electronic Data Systems, 1979–1985
Cummins Engine Company, 1947–1977
Milliken & Company, 1947–Present
Citizens Trust Bank, 1927–1971
National City Bank, 1921–1929
Avon Products, 1975–1983
Freeport-McMoRan, 1984–2003
Domino's Pizza, 1960–1998
Robert Mondavi Winery, 1966–1990
International Nickel Corporation, 1902–1917
Borden, 1937–1955
Moody (W. L.) & Company Bank, 1920–1954
Intel, 1974–1987
J. P. Morgan and Company, 1913–1935
J. P. Morgan and Company, 1861–1913
Procter & Gamble Company, 1957–1974
Dun & Bradstreet Corporation, 1985–1993
General Foods Corporation, 1954–1965
Morton Salt Company, 1885–1934
Weston-Mott Company, 1903–1913
Smith Kline & French Laboratories, 1958–1967
Time Warner, 1980–1990
Munsey Publishing House, 1882–1925
Capital Cities/ABC, 1966–1990
Nash Motors Company, 1916–1932
Conde Nast Publications, 1907–1942
Texas Gulf Sulphur Company, 1951–1960
Gannett Company, 1973–1986
Caterpillar Tractor Company, 1941–1963
Newhouse Publishing, 1921–1979
Devon Energy Corporation, 1980–Present
Illinois Tool Works, 1982–1995
General Chemical Corporation, 1899–1920
Golden State Insurance, 1924–1945
A. C. Nielsen Company, 1923–1957
Life Savers, 1913–1938
Novell, 1983–1994
Southern Railway System, 1937–1952
Control Data Corporation, 1957–1986
Ringling Brothers, Barnum and Bailey Circus, 1947–1967
Northrop Aircraft, 1937–1959
Mobil Corporation, 1994–1999
Fairchild Semiconductor, 1957–1968
Northwest Airlines, 1954–1978
Alcoa, 1987–1999
H. J. Heinz Company, 1979–1998
New York Times, 1896–1935
Ogilvy & Mather Worldwide, 1954–1975
Reo Motor Car Company, 1904–1915
Digital Equipment Corporation, 1957–1992
Deluxe Check Printers, 1977–1985
Rolm Corporation, 1969–1984
Los Angeles Times, 1886–1917
Hygienic Manufacturing Company, 1898–1946
Creative Artists Agency, 1974–1995
Hewlett-Packard Company, 1939–1968
Scientific Data Systems, 1961–1969
Columbia Broadcasting System, 1928–1983
Upjohn Company, 1969–1987
Crucible Steel Company, 1900–1909
Parker Brothers, 1901–1933
American Machine and Foundry Company, 1941–1962
National Cash Register Company, 1884–1921
New York Daily News, 1919–1946
American Machine and Foundry Company, 1900–1941
United Airlines, 1934–1963
Jeno's Frozen Pizza, 1967–1986
JCPenney Company, 1907–1958
Procter & Gamble Company, 1995–1999
Federal Mogul Corporation, 1950–1969
Perdue Farms, 1953–1988
Electronic Data Systems, 1962–1979
Philadelphia Tribune, 1884–1921
Emerson Electric Company, 1954–1973
Ford Motor Company, 1985–1989
Otis Elevator Company, 1945–1966
Petrie Stores, 1932–1993
Sun Oil Company, 1912–1947
Sun Oil Company, 1880–1912
Phillips Petroleum Company, 1917–1938
Dow Jones & Company, 1975–1990
Mesa Petroleum Company, 1964–1996
The Vendo Company, 1937–1974
PACCAR, 1967–1996
Pillsbury Mills, 1940–1952
Pinkerton's, 1930–1966
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 1897–1905
Plough, 1908–1971
ServiceMaster Company, 1983–1993
Ampex Corporation, 1944–1955
National Enquirer, 1952–1988
Postum Cereal Company, Limited, 1896–1914
Nalco Chemical Company, 1971–1979
Pfizer, 1972–1992
United Fruit Company, 1882–1924
Avon Products, 1988–1998
Price Company, 1976–1993
Chicago Stock Yards Company, 1911–1940
Genuine Parts Company, 1989–Present
Armour and Company, 1957–1969
Hyatt Hotels, 1959–1972
Marmon Group, 1953–Present
Electronic Arts, 1991–Present
Procter & Gamble Company, 1907–1930
Monsanto Chemical Company, 1928–1960
Monsanto Chemical Company, 1901–1928
Thompson-Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation, 1953–1958
Remington-Rand Company, 1925–1955
Standard Oil of New Jersey, 1960–1965
Smith Kline & French Laboratories, 1967–1971
Snap-On, 1984–1988
Exxon Mobil Corporation, 1993–Present
Viacom, 1967–Present
Citicorp/Citibank, 1984–1998
Marsh & McLennan, 1973–1985
Merrill Lynch & Company, 1971–1980
United Aircraft Corporation, 1928–1934
National City Bank, 1929–1940
J. Walter Thompson Advertising Agency, 1916–1955
Revlon, 1932–1974
Reynolds Corporation, 1948–1976
Continental & Commercial Bank, 1919–1929
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 1911–1918
Reynolds Corporation, 1912–1948
Philadelphia Tribune, 1922–1970
Schlumberger, Limited, 1965–1985
Rich Products Corporation, 1945–1978
Hotpoint Electric Heating Company, 1904–1918
Eastern Airlines, 1938–1953
Gardner-Denver Company, 1963–1972
Barnes & Noble, 1965–2002
Ringling Brothers, Barnum and Bailey Circus, 1907–1926
Standard Oil of New Jersey, 1863–1912
Chase Manhattan Bank, 1969–1980
Rockwell International, 1967–1979
Rockwell International, 1933–1967
Sharon Steel Corporation, 1931–1957
Kellogg Company, 1957–1971
Rollins, 1948–1991
Melville Corporation, 1964–1987
Deluxe Check Printers, 1962–1976
BankAmerica Corporation, 1990–1996
Maidenform Brassiere Company, 1924–1958
Sears, Roebuck & Company, 1910–1925
Warner Communications, 1962–1992
Conwood Corporation, 1976–1991
Rouse Company, 1939–1979
Pittston Company, 1939–1976
National Football League, 1960–1989
Sequoia Fund, 1970–2005
EMC Corporation, 1992–2001
Searle (G. D.) and Company, 1977–1985
Anaconda Copper Company, 1907–1917
Goldman, Sachs and Company, 1904–1928
Goldman, Sachs and Company, 1928–1959
Advanced Micro Devices, 1969–2002
Kentucky Fried Chicken Company, 1956–1964
General Mills, 1995–Present
Radio Corporation of America, 1930–1966
Piggly Wiggly Stores, 1916–1924
Caterpillar Tractor Company, 1985–1990
Wellpoint Health Networks, 1992–2004
Loew's, 1927–1955
Kuhn, Loeb and Company, 1885–1920
Abbott Laboratories, 1979–1989
Starbucks Corporation, 1987–2000
Best Buy, 1966–2002
Bethlehem Steel Corporation, 1904–1916
Charles Schwab & Company, 1971–2003
Calvin Klein, 1968–Present
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 1957–1967
Scott Tissue Company, 1879–1921
Scripps (E. W.) / United Press International, 1878–1908
Apple Computer, 1983–1993
Union Typewriter Company, 1893–1910
Searle (G. D.) and Company, 1936–1972
Sears, Roebuck & Company, 1893–1908
QVC Network, 1986–1992
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, 1906–1921
DuPont Corporation, 1974–1981
United States Gypsum, 1951–1966
Globe Smelting and Refining Company, 1889–1910
Clorox Company, 1969–1980
Briggs & Stratton Corporation, 1970–1977
Chase Manhattan/Chemical Bank, 1983–1999
CPC International (BestFoods), 1990–1998
U-Haul Rental System, 1945–1986
Shubert Theater Corporation, 1905–1953
Siebel Systems, 1993–2004
Chris-Craft Industries, 1968–Present
Sikorsky Aircraft, 1923–1957
Def Jam Records / Rush Communications, 1983–Present
Hunt Foods & Industries, 1942–1968
Simplot (J. R.) Corporation, 1928–1994
Sinclair Oil and Refining Company, 1916–1948
Costco Wholesale Corporation, 1988–Present
Teledyne, 1960–1986
Continental Airlines, 1938–1980
Vulcan Materials Company, 1986–1997
General Motors Corporation, 1923–1937
Missouri-Kansas-Texas Lines, 1933–1944
Procter & Gamble Company, 1981–1990
American Airlines, 1934–1968
Smith-Corona-Marchant Corporation, 1951–1960
Federal Express Corporation, 1973–Present
Amsted Industries, 1974–1980
Smith-Corona (L. C.) Typewriter Company, 1924–1933
General Motors Corporation, 1981–1990
Smith-Corona (L. C.) Typewriter Company, 1910–1924
Perkin-Elmer, 1977–1984
Marsh & McLennan, 1969–1973
Gillette Company, 1938–1955
North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, 1923–1952
Fruit Growers Express, 1920–1948
Southern Railway System, 1894–1906
Apollo Group, 1976–2001
Sperry Gyroscope Company, 1910–1929
Amblin Entertainment / DreamWorks, 1980–Present
American Electric Power Company, 1947–1961
American Home Products, 1986–2001
Morgan, Stanley and Company, 1935–1955
International Nickel Corporation, 1922–1951
Statler Hotels, 1907–1928
PepsiCo, 1950–1959
Pfizer, 1991–2000
Steinway and Sons, 1896–1919
Steinway and Sons, 1957–1980
Steinway and Sons, 1919–1957
Staples, 1986–2002
Humble Oil and Refining Company, 1911–1919
National Basketball Association, 1984–Present
Diamond Match Company, 1909–1915
J. P. Stevens and Company, 1929–1974
J. P. Stevens and Company, 1979–1988
Union Oil Company, 1894–1914
Union Oil Company, 1914–1930
National City Bank, 1891–1909
Ralston Purina Company, 1981–1997
American Century Companies, 1958–Present
Champion Spark Plug Company, 1955–1986
Macy (R. H.) and Company, 1940–1956
Macy (R. H.) and Company, 1919–1933
Quaker Oats Company, 1966–1981
Carnation Company, 1973–1983
Carnation Company, 1901–1932
Carnation Company, 1932–1971
Halsey, Stuart and Company, 1911–1966
Quaker Oats Company, 1922–1956
Standard Oil of Indiana, 1960–1983
Swift and Company, 1931–1937
Swift and Company, 1903–1931
General Electric Company, 1922–1939
Tandy Corporation, 1950–1978
Automatic Data Processing, 1949–1969
Standard Oil of New Jersey, 1917–1937
Seth Thomas Clock Company, 1919–1931
Wendy's International, 1969–1982
Southland Corporation, 1931–1961
J. Walter Thompson Advertising Agency, 1878–1916
Southland Corporation, 1961–1986
Litton Industries, 1953–1961
Lowe's Companies, 1996–Present
Loew's, 1961–1999
Eli Lilly & Company, 1993–1998
Yale and Towne Manufacturing Company, 1868–1916
Tandem Computers, 1974–1995
Pan American World Airways, 1927–1969
Ford Motor Company, 1993–1998
Trump Organization, 1975–Present
Merrill Lynch & Company, 1993–1997
Turner Communications, 1963–1996
Schlitz Brewing Company, 1933–1961
Erie Railroad, 1901–1926
Underwood Typewriter Company, 1903–1927
Upjohn Company, 1953–1961
Merck & Company, 1985–1994
American Telephone and Telegraph, 1907–1919
Amway Corporation, 1959–1992
Atlantic Refining Company, 1911–1927
National City Bank, 1909–1919
Kellogg Company, 1940–1956
Pittsburgh Courier, 1910–1940
Baldwin Locomotive, 1919–1929
Curtiss-Wright Aircraft Company, 1935–1949
Herman Miller, 1995–Present
Abbott Laboratories, 1950–1958
Gateway, 1985–1999
Walgreen Company, 1969–1998
Walgreen Company, 1939–1969
Walgreen Company, 1909–1939
Reader's Digest, 1921–1973
Cessna Aircraft Company, 1936–1975
American Ship Building Company, 1904–1913
International Flavors & Fragrances, 1962–1985
Wal-Mart Corporation, 1962–1988
John Wanamaker and Company, 1875–1922
Wang Laboratories, 1951–1981
Computer Associates International, 1976–2000
Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation, 1952–1966
Chesebrough-Pond's, 1968–1987
Seaboard Air Line Railroad, 1912–1927
Warner Brothers Pictures, 1923–1958
Music Corporation of America, 1946–1994
IBM, 1955–1971
IBM, 1914–1955
Allied Chemical and Dye Company, 1920–1935
Travelers Group/CitiGroup, 1986–2003
National Steel Corporation, 1929–1957
Weis Markets, 1961–1994
General Electric Company, 1981–2001
SmithKline Beckman, 1982–1989
Rolling Stone Magazine, 1967–Present
ServiceMaster Company, 1975–1983
Westinghouse Electric Company, 1885–1911
Limited (The), Inc., 1963–Present
Weyerhaeuser Timber Company, 1946–1956
Weyerhaeuser Timber Company, 1966–1999
Weyerhaeuser Timber Company, 1914–1928
Pitney-Bowes, 1938–1971
AMP, 1941–1971
Greyhound Corporation, 1930–1946
Chase National Bank, 1911–1930
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1910–1941
Freeport Sulphur Company, 1933–1958
Warner-Lambert Corporation, 1985–1991
Xerox Corporation, 1946–1971
Holiday Inns of America, 1951–1979
General Electric Company, 1940–1950
General Motors Corporation, 1941–1953
Boeing Company, 1969–1986
Deere & Company, 1928–1955
International Nickel Corporation, 1954–1960
United Shoe Machinery Company, 1927–1939
United Shoe Machinery Company, 1899–1917
Honeywell, 1953–1960
Sears, Roebuck & Company, 1928–1954
Eli Lilly & Company, 1973–1991
American Woolen Mills Company, 1899–1926
Coca-Cola Company, 1923–1955
DuPont Corporation, 1989–1995
American Radiator Company, 1902–1924
Woolworth (F. W.) and Company, 1919–1944
Woolworth (F. W.) and Company, 1879–1919
Sunbeam Corporation, 1935–1961
Zenith Radio Corporation, 1959–1976
William Wrigley Jr. Company, 1925–1961
William Wrigley Jr. Company, 1961–1999
William Wrigley Jr. Company, 1892–1925
Citibank/CitiCorp, 1967–1984
Circuit City Stores, 1973–1986
Coastal Corporation, 1955–1997
Yahoo!, 1995–Present
Champion Enterprises, 1990–2003
Hewlett-Packard Company, 1978–1992
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company, 1937–1954
Gillette Company, 1991–1999
United Fruit Company, 1938–1951
Gillette Company, 1965–1973
Paramount Pictures, 1916–1966
THE 20th CENTURY ZEITGEIST
Six contextual factors deeply influenced the opportunities available to 20th century business leaders:
the 20th Century Zeitgeist
8.8 million immigrants arrive throughout decade
Cities expand
Population grows from 76 to 92 million
Rural Free Delivery routes added
Anti-immigration sentiment peaks during WWI
Great Migration begins as African-Americans relocate from rural South to northern cities
Population of urban centers overtakes that of rural communities
Tight immigration restrictions
Increase in divorce rates
Westward migration of midwestern farmers and laborers for employment and better climate
Massive dust storms uproot millions
Smallest ten-year increase in population: 123-132 million
Baby boom begins
Suburbs start to form
Medical advances extend life expectancy
More people now live in suburbs than cities
Population soars to 179 million
largest ten-year increase
Baby boom tapers off
Emigration from Asia and Latin America surges
Urban blight
Rust Belt
Population migrates to West and Southwest
Immigration tops 9 million (largest number since first decade)
Baby boomers age
Hispanics become fastest-growing minority
Population grows from 250 million to 281 million
Model T
Plastic
Safety razor
Widespread use of steam engine, electricity, and openhearth furnace allows businesses to expand nationwide
First widespread use of auto assembly line
Self-starter increases popularity of automobile
KDKA, first radio station
First talking movie,
Advances in aviation
Nylon
Fiberglass
Instant photography
Air-conditioning begins to realize commercial potential
Planes and ships built in less than a day for the war effort
Atomic bomb
ENIAC computer
Penicillin used extensively to treat soldiers' infections
Synthetic rubberx
Television sales expand dramatically
Transistors used in portable radios and calculators
Man walks on the moon
Color TV market grows
Microchips expand possibilities in electronics industry
Integrated circuit boards replace transistor technology
First ATM installed
Beginning of biotech industry
Fiber-optic wire
Pong (first video game)
UPC bar code
Supercomputer
Software industry booms
PC use expands in scale and scope
CAD/CAM revolutionizes manufacturing
Space shuttle
Boom in connectivity
Cloning, stem cell research
DVDs
Progressivism
The Jungle sparks food and work safety movement
Sedition Act
Prohibition begins
Red Scare
Race riots
Social divisions arise between rural and urban areas
Women's suffrage
Harlem Renaissance
Rampant bootlegging and organized crime
Escapism in radio serials
Prohibition repealed
Golden age of movies
Patriotism soars
GI Bill
Social conformity
McCarthyism
Membership in organized religion soars
Brown v. Board of Education desegregated public schools>
Civil rights movement gain strength
Antiwar sentiment divides electorate
FDA approves oral contraceptive pill
National Organization for Women mobilizes for Equal Rights Amendment
Roe v. Wade legalizes abortion
Social discord continues over Vietnam War and civil rights
Watergate scandal undermines faith in authority
Moral Majority
"Me" generation
Focus on training and fitness
Income gap widens dramatically
AIDS
Internet "irrational exuberance"
Antigovernment sentiment: Waco standoff; Oklahoma City bombing
First significant enforcement of Sherman Antitrust Act
Pure Food and Drug Act; breakup of beef trust
Excise Tax imposed on corporations
Tariff Act forces corporations to open their books for government inspection
Breakup of Standard Oil and American Tobacco
Clayton Antitrust Act
Federal Reserve Act
First Federal-Aid Highway Act
Federal Trade Commission established
Personal income tax reinstituted
U.S. Steel and Alcoa withstand antitrust accusations
Personal and corporate tax rates cut
Airmail service starts
The New Deal
Commercial and investment banking separated
Reconstruction Finance Corp. created to combat bank and business failures
Introduction of Federal Deposit Insurance
SEC established
Federal regulations prohibit false advertising
Military spending explodes
Graduated income tax, Victory Tax adopted to fund war effort
Rationing
Military spending shifts to nuclear deterrents
Small Business Administration created
Great Society
Consumer and environmental protection movements strengthen
Vehicle Safety Act and Highway Safety Act
Closing merger loophole opens door for conglomerate business model
Deregulation of oil and airline industries
New energy policies and programs
Stagflation cripples economy
Environmental protection weakened
Price controls
Reaganomics
Heavy defense and deficit spending
Savings and Loan bailout
Chrysler bailout
Breakup of AT&T
Family and Medical Leave Act
Americans with Disabilities Act
Welfare reform
Antitrust action initiated against Microsoft
Fewer than 500,000 union members
Department of Commerce and Labor created
Ford doubles factory wages and shortens workday
Labor Secretary position created
Worker shortage: Unions double membership and increase wages
Union membership declines sharply
Minimum wage and maximum working hour legislation overturned
Unemployment peaks at 25%
Unions surge, adding 7 million members in a single year
Sit-down strikes at GM and other auto makers
Government work programs launched: CCC, PWA, WPA
CIO union created
NLRB created
Fair Labor Standards Act sets minimum wage
Rosie the Riveter
Postwar strikes
Productivity surge
Government backlash against postwar union movement
The Organization Man
Union membership peaks
The AFL merges with the CIO: 15 million members
Factory automation slashes jobs
Service industry outpaces growth in manufacturing
Civil Rights Act
Equal Pay Act
Unions concentrated in big businesses
Formation of United Farm Workers union
Wage controls
OSHA created
Service economy expands
Women enter the workforce in large numbers
Air traffic controllers' union dismantled
Union representation drops
Information technology redistributes job functions
Reengineering
Record high employment
Service sector outpaces manufacturing in new job creation
U.S. begins construction of Panama Canal
War Industries Board coordinates activities among labor, government, and business for WWI
Cost-plus contracts introduced
Protectionist tariffs reduced
Isolationism
U.S. restores high tariffs
U.S. pushes for debt recovery
Allied nations seek war reparations from Axis powers
Increased tariff protection through Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
Continued isolationism
War Production Board readies nation for WWII
U.S. becomes a global power
Creation of IMF and World Bank
Marshall Plan
Cold war begins
Cold war escalates
Korean War forces another mobilization effort
Cold war continues to build
Bay of Pigs invasion; Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War escalates
OPEC oil crisis
Vietnam War ends
Iran hostage crisis
Imports outpace exports
Berlin wall falls
End of cold war
Iran-Contra Affair
USSR dismantled; ethnic conflicts exposed
Gulf War: real-time TV coverage
Asian financial crisis
NAFTA enacted
European Union forms