Great American Business Leaders of the 20th Century
American Chicle Company, 1899–1922
American Power and Light Company, 1935–1951
J. S. Bache & Company, 1892–1944
Ballantine Books, 1952–1974
UST, 1973–1993
Western Electric Company, 1886–1908
Bausch and Lomb Company, 1926–1935
Corn Products Refining Company, 1906–1930
Remington Typewriter Company, 1895–1913
Doyle Dane Bernbach, 1949–1976
Kennecott Copper, 1915–1933
General Seafood's Company, 1924–1929
Celanese Corporation of America, 1946–1966
General Electric Company, 1963–1972
FPL Group, 1989–2000
American Home Products, 1935–1965
Bulova Watch Company, 1930–1958
Crompton Corporation, 1985–2004
St. Regis Paper Company, 1916–1934
Carrier Corporation, 1914–1948
Dick Clark Productions, 1956–2007
Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream, 1978–1994
B. F. Goodrich Company, 1939–1953
Cone Mills Corporation, 1938–1950
Merck & Company, 1955–1964
Philip Morris Companies, 1957–1979
United States Rubber Company, 1929–1942
Della Femina and Travisano, 1967–1986
Subway Sandwiches, 1965–Present
Doubleday and Company, 1897–1927
Doubleday and Company, 1928–1946
Douglas Aircraft Company, 1928–1957
Gap, 1995–2002
Eastman Kodak Company, 1881–1923
Walt Disney Company, 1984–2005
Oracle Corporation, 1977–Present
Avon Products, 1944–1967
Eberhard-Faber Company, 1898–1943
Eastman Kodak Company, 1972–1983
Florida East Coast Railway, 1886–1913
Student Loan Marketing Association, 1973–1990
General Foods Corporation, 1935–1943
Lehman Brothers and Company, 1994–2008
Squibb Corporation, 1968–1989
Merck & Company, 1965–1975
Gannett Company, 1906–1957
Geffen Records, 1984–1989
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 1972–1994
IBM, 1993–2002
UST, 1993–Present
American Express Company, 1993–2001
W. R. Grace and Company, 1945–1992
Washington Post, 1963–1979
Black Enterprise Magazine, 1970–Present
American International Group, 1967–1989
International Flavors & Fragrances, 1985–1999
Penthouse International Limited, 1965–2003
Guthy-Renker Corporation, 1988–2004
Occidental Oil Company, 1957–1990
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1891–1918
Homestake Mining Company, 1971–1982
Chase National Bank, 1904–1911
Hooker Chemical Company, 1909–1938
Merck & Company, 1976–1985
Hormel and Company, 1891–1929
Corning Glass Company, 1964–1982
Corning Glass Company, 1930–1960
Icahn & Company, 1968–Present
Texas Instruments, 1951–1958
Kaiser Industries, 1914–1956
Kimberly-Clark Corporation, 1880–1928
Anne Klein & Company, 1968–1974
Knapp & Company, 1891–1951
Schering-Plough Corporation, 1996–2003
Kellogg Company, 1979–1991
American Home Products, 1965–1981
Johnson & Johnson Company, 1989–2002
Estee Lauder, 1946–1982
Estee Lauder, 1982–1999
Polo, Ralph Lauren, 1968–Present
Ogilvy & Mather Worldwide, 1997–Present
Lefrak Organization, 1948–2003
Lehman Brothers and Company, 1901–1925
Lehman Brothers and Company, 1925–1969
Levitt & Sons, 1929–1968
Essence Communications, 1969–Present
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1936–1951
Philadelphia Coca-Cola Bottling Company, 1985–Present
Loew's, 1906–1927
Texas Air Corporation, 1972–1990
Schering-Plough Corporation, 1982–1995
Luckenbach Steamship Company, 1960–1974
Mallory (C. D.) and Company, 1919–1941
National Lead Company (NL Industries), 1947–1969
Avon Products, 1937–1944
Avon Products, 1886–1937
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1974–1983
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1899–1928
Melville Corporation, 1922–1963
Merck & Company, 1925–1955
Milliken & Company, 1947–Present
International Nickel Corporation, 1902–1917
J. P. Morgan and Company, 1913–1935
General Foods Corporation, 1954–1965
Time Warner, 1980–1990
Capital Cities/ABC, 1966–1990
Conde Nast Publications, 1907–1942
Newhouse Publishing, 1921–1979
General Chemical Corporation, 1899–1920
Weight Watchers International, 1963–1978
Life Savers, 1913–1938
Mobil Corporation, 1994–1999
Dow Jones & Company, 1975–1990
Pinkerton's, 1930–1966
National Enquirer, 1952–1988
E. G. Bowman, 1953–Present
Remington-Rand Company, 1925–1955
Snap-On, 1984–1988
Rich Products Corporation, 1945–1978
Barnes & Noble, 1965–2002
Standard Oil of New Jersey, 1863–1912
Chase Manhattan Bank, 1969–1980
Warner Communications, 1962–1992
Pittston Company, 1939–1976
Pepperidge Farm, 1937–1960
Goldman, Sachs and Company, 1928–1959
New York Post, 1943–1976
Starbucks Corporation, 1987–2000
Calvin Klein, 1968–Present
Scott Tissue Company, 1879–1921
Apple Computer, 1983–1993
Union Typewriter Company, 1893–1910
Clorox Company, 1969–1980
Def Jam Records / Rush Communications, 1983–Present
Smith-Corona-Marchant Corporation, 1951–1960
Smith-Corona (L. C.) Typewriter Company, 1924–1933
Sperry Gyroscope Company, 1910–1929
Steinway and Sons, 1896–1919
Steinway and Sons, 1957–1980
Steinway and Sons, 1919–1957
National Basketball Association, 1984–Present
Macy (R. H.) and Company, 1940–1956
Macy (R. H.) and Company, 1919–1933
Seth Thomas Clock Company, 1919–1931
Loew's, 1961–1999
Trump Organization, 1975–Present
Merrill Lynch & Company, 1993–1997
Curtiss-Wright Aircraft Company, 1935–1949
Warnaco, 1986–Present
International Flavors & Fragrances, 1962–1985
Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation, 1952–1966
IBM, 1914–1955
Travelers Group/CitiGroup, 1986–2003
Rolling Stone Magazine, 1967–Present
Westinghouse Electric Company, 1885–1911
Pitney-Bowes, 1938–1971
Xerox Corporation, 1946–1971
General Electric Company, 1940–1950
Deere & Company, 1928–1955
Woolworth (F. W.) and Company, 1919–1944
Woolworth (F. W.) and Company, 1879–1919
Circuit City Stores, 1973–1986
Gillette Company, 1991–1999
THE 20th CENTURY ZEITGEIST
Six contextual factors deeply influenced the opportunities available to 20th century business leaders:
the 20th Century Zeitgeist
8.8 million immigrants arrive throughout decade
Cities expand
Population grows from 76 to 92 million
Rural Free Delivery routes added
Anti-immigration sentiment peaks during WWI
Great Migration begins as African-Americans relocate from rural South to northern cities
Population of urban centers overtakes that of rural communities
Tight immigration restrictions
Increase in divorce rates
Westward migration of midwestern farmers and laborers for employment and better climate
Massive dust storms uproot millions
Smallest ten-year increase in population: 123-132 million
Baby boom begins
Suburbs start to form
Medical advances extend life expectancy
More people now live in suburbs than cities
Population soars to 179 million
largest ten-year increase
Baby boom tapers off
Emigration from Asia and Latin America surges
Urban blight
Rust Belt
Population migrates to West and Southwest
Immigration tops 9 million (largest number since first decade)
Baby boomers age
Hispanics become fastest-growing minority
Population grows from 250 million to 281 million
Model T
Plastic
Safety razor
Widespread use of steam engine, electricity, and openhearth furnace allows businesses to expand nationwide
First widespread use of auto assembly line
Self-starter increases popularity of automobile
KDKA, first radio station
First talking movie,
Advances in aviation
Nylon
Fiberglass
Instant photography
Air-conditioning begins to realize commercial potential
Planes and ships built in less than a day for the war effort
Atomic bomb
ENIAC computer
Penicillin used extensively to treat soldiers' infections
Synthetic rubberx
Television sales expand dramatically
Transistors used in portable radios and calculators
Man walks on the moon
Color TV market grows
Microchips expand possibilities in electronics industry
Integrated circuit boards replace transistor technology
First ATM installed
Beginning of biotech industry
Fiber-optic wire
Pong (first video game)
UPC bar code
Supercomputer
Software industry booms
PC use expands in scale and scope
CAD/CAM revolutionizes manufacturing
Space shuttle
Boom in connectivity
Cloning, stem cell research
DVDs
Progressivism
The Jungle sparks food and work safety movement
Sedition Act
Prohibition begins
Red Scare
Race riots
Social divisions arise between rural and urban areas
Women's suffrage
Harlem Renaissance
Rampant bootlegging and organized crime
Escapism in radio serials
Prohibition repealed
Golden age of movies
Patriotism soars
GI Bill
Social conformity
McCarthyism
Membership in organized religion soars
Brown v. Board of Education desegregated public schools>
Civil rights movement gain strength
Antiwar sentiment divides electorate
FDA approves oral contraceptive pill
National Organization for Women mobilizes for Equal Rights Amendment
Roe v. Wade legalizes abortion
Social discord continues over Vietnam War and civil rights
Watergate scandal undermines faith in authority
Moral Majority
"Me" generation
Focus on training and fitness
Income gap widens dramatically
AIDS
Internet "irrational exuberance"
Antigovernment sentiment: Waco standoff; Oklahoma City bombing
First significant enforcement of Sherman Antitrust Act
Pure Food and Drug Act; breakup of beef trust
Excise Tax imposed on corporations
Tariff Act forces corporations to open their books for government inspection
Breakup of Standard Oil and American Tobacco
Clayton Antitrust Act
Federal Reserve Act
First Federal-Aid Highway Act
Federal Trade Commission established
Personal income tax reinstituted
U.S. Steel and Alcoa withstand antitrust accusations
Personal and corporate tax rates cut
Airmail service starts
The New Deal
Commercial and investment banking separated
Reconstruction Finance Corp. created to combat bank and business failures
Introduction of Federal Deposit Insurance
SEC established
Federal regulations prohibit false advertising
Military spending explodes
Graduated income tax, Victory Tax adopted to fund war effort
Rationing
Military spending shifts to nuclear deterrents
Small Business Administration created
Great Society
Consumer and environmental protection movements strengthen
Vehicle Safety Act and Highway Safety Act
Closing merger loophole opens door for conglomerate business model
Deregulation of oil and airline industries
New energy policies and programs
Stagflation cripples economy
Environmental protection weakened
Price controls
Reaganomics
Heavy defense and deficit spending
Savings and Loan bailout
Chrysler bailout
Breakup of AT&T
Family and Medical Leave Act
Americans with Disabilities Act
Welfare reform
Antitrust action initiated against Microsoft
Fewer than 500,000 union members
Department of Commerce and Labor created
Ford doubles factory wages and shortens workday
Labor Secretary position created
Worker shortage: Unions double membership and increase wages
Union membership declines sharply
Minimum wage and maximum working hour legislation overturned
Unemployment peaks at 25%
Unions surge, adding 7 million members in a single year
Sit-down strikes at GM and other auto makers
Government work programs launched: CCC, PWA, WPA
CIO union created
NLRB created
Fair Labor Standards Act sets minimum wage
Rosie the Riveter
Postwar strikes
Productivity surge
Government backlash against postwar union movement
The Organization Man
Union membership peaks
The AFL merges with the CIO: 15 million members
Factory automation slashes jobs
Service industry outpaces growth in manufacturing
Civil Rights Act
Equal Pay Act
Unions concentrated in big businesses
Formation of United Farm Workers union
Wage controls
OSHA created
Service economy expands
Women enter the workforce in large numbers
Air traffic controllers' union dismantled
Union representation drops
Information technology redistributes job functions
Reengineering
Record high employment
Service sector outpaces manufacturing in new job creation
U.S. begins construction of Panama Canal
War Industries Board coordinates activities among labor, government, and business for WWI
Cost-plus contracts introduced
Protectionist tariffs reduced
Isolationism
U.S. restores high tariffs
U.S. pushes for debt recovery
Allied nations seek war reparations from Axis powers
Increased tariff protection through Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
Continued isolationism
War Production Board readies nation for WWII
U.S. becomes a global power
Creation of IMF and World Bank
Marshall Plan
Cold war begins
Cold war escalates
Korean War forces another mobilization effort
Cold war continues to build
Bay of Pigs invasion; Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War escalates
OPEC oil crisis
Vietnam War ends
Iran hostage crisis
Imports outpace exports
Berlin wall falls
End of cold war
Iran-Contra Affair
USSR dismantled; ethnic conflicts exposed
Gulf War: real-time TV coverage
Asian financial crisis
NAFTA enacted
European Union forms