Great American Business Leaders of the 20th Century
Chase National Bank, 1930–1953
Boeing Company, 1945–1969
Litton Industries, 1961–1972
Coca-Cola Company, 1966–1980
Landmark Communications, 1967–1998
Deere & Company, 1989–2000
Continental Airlines, 1994–2004
Amgen, 1988–2000
Bloomberg, L. P., 1982–2001
McKinsey & Company, 1950–1967
AMP, 1972–1982
Johnson & Johnson Company, 1976–1989
People Express Airlines, 1980–1986
FMC Corporation, 1991–2001
Crompton Corporation, 1985–2004
Ford Motor Company, 1979–1985
Carter Hawley Hale, 1946–1977
American Express Company, 1960–1977
Merck & Company, 1955–1964
Intuit, 1983–1994
Thompson Products, 1933–1958
American R&D Corporation, 1946–1972
Edison Brothers Stores, 1968–1987
Squibb Corporation, 1968–1989
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 1972–1994
Medtronic, 1991–2000
IBM, 1993–2002
Software Publishing Company, 1980–1994
Supreme Life Insurance Company of America, 1919–1955
Merck & Company, 1994–2005
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theaters, 1949–1986
Kidder, Peabody Group, 1931–1968
International Flavors & Fragrances, 1985–1999
Levi Strauss and Company, 1958–1976
Continental Cablevision, 1963–1996
Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, 1973–1985
Meredith Corporation, 1997–Present
TLC Group, 1983–1993
Texas Air Corporation, 1972–1990
Consolidation Coal Company, 1944–1956
Neiman-Marcus Company, 1950–1969
Colgate-Palmolive Company, 1984–Present
Clear Channel Communications, 1972–2004
Chase Manhattan Bank, 1953–1969
Xerox Corporation, 1971–1985
USAA, 1969–1993
MCI Communications, 1968–1985
Homestake Mining Company, 1945–1963
Dana Corporation, 1972–1980
Procter & Gamble Company, 1957–1974
Capital Cities/ABC, 1966–1990
Illinois Tool Works, 1982–1995
American Machine and Foundry Company, 1941–1962
Viacom, 1967–Present
Sequoia Fund, 1970–2005
EMC Corporation, 1992–2001
Briggs & Stratton Corporation, 1970–1977
Vulcan Materials Company, 1986–1997
Staples, 1986–2002
Wang Laboratories, 1951–1981
Freeport Sulphur Company, 1933–1958
Xerox Corporation, 1946–1971
Gillette Company, 1991–1999

THE 20th CENTURY ZEITGEIST
Six contextual factors deeply influenced the opportunities available to 20th century business leaders:
the 20th Century Zeitgeist


8.8 million immigrants arrive throughout decade
Cities expand
Population grows from 76 to 92 million
Rural Free Delivery routes added


Anti-immigration sentiment peaks during WWI
Great Migration begins as African-Americans relocate from rural South to northern cities


Population of urban centers overtakes that of rural communities
Tight immigration restrictions
Increase in divorce rates


Westward migration of midwestern farmers and laborers for employment and better climate
Massive dust storms uproot millions
Smallest ten-year increase in population: 123-132 million


Baby boom begins
Suburbs start to form


Medical advances extend life expectancy
More people now live in suburbs than cities
Population soars to 179 million
largest ten-year increase


Baby boom tapers off
Emigration from Asia and Latin America surges


Urban blight
Rust Belt


Population migrates to West and Southwest


Immigration tops 9 million (largest number since first decade)
Baby boomers age
Hispanics become fastest-growing minority
Population grows from 250 million to 281 million


Model T
Plastic
Safety razor
Widespread use of steam engine, electricity, and openhearth furnace allows businesses to expand nationwide


First widespread use of auto assembly line
Self-starter increases popularity of automobile


KDKA, first radio station
First talking movie,


Advances in aviation
Nylon
Fiberglass
Instant photography
Air-conditioning begins to realize commercial potential


Planes and ships built in less than a day for the war effort
Atomic bomb
ENIAC computer
Penicillin used extensively to treat soldiers' infections
Synthetic rubberx


Television sales expand dramatically
Transistors used in portable radios and calculators


Man walks on the moon
Color TV market grows
Microchips expand possibilities in electronics industry
Integrated circuit boards replace transistor technology
First ATM installed


Beginning of biotech industry
Fiber-optic wire
Pong (first video game)
UPC bar code
Supercomputer


Software industry booms
PC use expands in scale and scope
CAD/CAM revolutionizes manufacturing
Space shuttle


Boom in connectivity
Cloning, stem cell research
DVDs

Progressivism
The Jungle sparks food and work safety movement

Sedition Act
Prohibition begins
Red Scare
Race riots

Social divisions arise between rural and urban areas
Women's suffrage
Harlem Renaissance
Rampant bootlegging and organized crime

Escapism in radio serials
Prohibition repealed
Golden age of movies

Patriotism soars
GI Bill

Social conformity
McCarthyism
Membership in organized religion soars
Brown v. Board of Education desegregated public schools>

Civil rights movement gain strength
Antiwar sentiment divides electorate
FDA approves oral contraceptive pill

National Organization for Women mobilizes for Equal Rights Amendment
Roe v. Wade legalizes abortion
Social discord continues over Vietnam War and civil rights
Watergate scandal undermines faith in authority

Moral Majority
"Me" generation
Focus on training and fitness
Income gap widens dramatically
AIDS

Internet "irrational exuberance"
Antigovernment sentiment: Waco standoff; Oklahoma City bombing

First significant enforcement of Sherman Antitrust Act
Pure Food and Drug Act; breakup of beef trust
Excise Tax imposed on corporations
Tariff Act forces corporations to open their books for government inspection

Breakup of Standard Oil and American Tobacco
Clayton Antitrust Act
Federal Reserve Act
First Federal-Aid Highway Act
Federal Trade Commission established
Personal income tax reinstituted

U.S. Steel and Alcoa withstand antitrust accusations
Personal and corporate tax rates cut
Airmail service starts

The New Deal
Commercial and investment banking separated
Reconstruction Finance Corp. created to combat bank and business failures
Introduction of Federal Deposit Insurance
SEC established
Federal regulations prohibit false advertising

Military spending explodes
Graduated income tax, Victory Tax adopted to fund war effort
Rationing

Military spending shifts to nuclear deterrents
Small Business Administration created

Great Society
Consumer and environmental protection movements strengthen
Vehicle Safety Act and Highway Safety Act
Closing merger loophole opens door for conglomerate business model

Deregulation of oil and airline industries
New energy policies and programs
Stagflation cripples economy
Environmental protection weakened
Price controls

Reaganomics
Heavy defense and deficit spending
Savings and Loan bailout
Chrysler bailout
Breakup of AT&T

Family and Medical Leave Act
Americans with Disabilities Act
Welfare reform
Antitrust action initiated against Microsoft

Fewer than 500,000 union members
Department of Commerce and Labor created

Ford doubles factory wages and shortens workday
Labor Secretary position created
Worker shortage: Unions double membership and increase wages

Union membership declines sharply
Minimum wage and maximum working hour legislation overturned

Unemployment peaks at 25%
Unions surge, adding 7 million members in a single year
Sit-down strikes at GM and other auto makers
Government work programs launched: CCC, PWA, WPA
CIO union created
NLRB created
Fair Labor Standards Act sets minimum wage

Rosie the Riveter
Postwar strikes
Productivity surge
Government backlash against postwar union movement

The Organization Man
Union membership peaks
The AFL merges with the CIO: 15 million members

Factory automation slashes jobs
Service industry outpaces growth in manufacturing
Civil Rights Act
Equal Pay Act
Unions concentrated in big businesses
Formation of United Farm Workers union

Wage controls
OSHA created
Service economy expands
Women enter the workforce in large numbers

Air traffic controllers' union dismantled
Union representation drops
Information technology redistributes job functions

Reengineering
Record high employment
Service sector outpaces manufacturing in new job creation

U.S. begins construction of Panama Canal

War Industries Board coordinates activities among labor, government, and business for WWI
Cost-plus contracts introduced
Protectionist tariffs reduced

Isolationism
U.S. restores high tariffs
U.S. pushes for debt recovery
Allied nations seek war reparations from Axis powers

Increased tariff protection through Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
Continued isolationism

War Production Board readies nation for WWII
U.S. becomes a global power
Creation of IMF and World Bank
Marshall Plan
Cold war begins

Cold war escalates
Korean War forces another mobilization effort

Cold war continues to build
Bay of Pigs invasion; Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War escalates

OPEC oil crisis
Vietnam War ends
Iran hostage crisis
Imports outpace exports

Berlin wall falls
End of cold war
Iran-Contra Affair

USSR dismantled; ethnic conflicts exposed
Gulf War: real-time TV coverage
Asian financial crisis
NAFTA enacted
European Union forms