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Great American Business Leaders of the 20th Century

 
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Thomas Adams, Jr.
American Chicle Company, 1899–1922
J. Ogden Armour
Armour and Company, 1901–1923
H. Brewster Atwater, Jr.
General Mills, 1981–1995
J. Paul Austin
Coca-Cola Company, 1966–1980
Earl D. Babst
American Sugar Refining, 1915–1937
Louis F. Bantle
UST, 1973–1993
Edward T. Bedford
Corn Products Refining Company, 1906–1930
James S. Bell
Washburn, Crosby Milling Company, 1889–1915
Clarence Birdseye
General Seafood's Company, 1924–1929
Owsley Brown II
Brown-Forman Corporation, 1993–2003
John H. Bryan, Jr.
Sara Lee Corporation, 1975–2000
Adolphus Busch
Anheuser-Busch Brewery, 1880–1913
D. Wayne Calloway
PepsiCo, 1986–1996
Asa G. Candler
Coca-Cola Company, 1886–1916
Colby M. Chester
General Foods Corporation, 1924–1935
Catherine T. Clark
Brownberry Ovens, 1946–1972
Ben Cohen
Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream, 1978–1994
Adolph Coors
Adolph Coors Brewing Company, 1873–1923
Peter H. Coors
Adolph Coors Brewing Company, 1993–2000
William K. Coors
Adolph Coors Brewing Company, 1970–1993
Henry P. Crowell
Quaker Oats Company, 1901–1922
Joseph F. Cullman III
Philip Morris Companies, 1957–1979
Nathan Cummings
Consolidated Foods, 1939–1975
William H. Danforth
Ralston Purina Company, 1894–1932
Fred DeLuca
Subway Sandwiches, 1965–Present
Arthur C. Dorrance
Campbell Soup Company, 1930–1946
John T. Dorrance
Campbell Soup Company, 1914–1930
James B. Duke
American Tobacco Company, 1890–1912
Roger A. Enrico
PepsiCo, 1996–2001
Debra J. S. Fields
Mrs. Fields Cookies, 1977–1996
Clarence Francis
General Foods Corporation, 1935–1943
Ernest Gallo
Gallo (E. & J.) Winery, 1933–1993
Daniel F. Gerber
Gerber Products Company, 1917–1945
Daniel F. Gerber, Jr.
Gerber Products Company, 1945–1974
Vincent A. Gierer, Jr.
UST, 1993–Present
Roberto C. Goizueta
Coca-Cola Company, 1981–1997
Bowman Gray
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 1924–1935
Bowman Gray, Jr.
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 1957–1967
James A. Gray, Jr.
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 1935–1949
Adolphus W. Green
National Biscuit Company, 1905–1917
Ralph A. Hart
Heublein, 1965–1970
Henry J. Heinz
H. J. Heinz Company, 1905–1919
Howard Heinz
H. J. Heinz Company, 1919–1941
Henry J. Heinz II
H. J. Heinz Company, 1941–1966
Milton S. Hershey
Hershey Chocolate Company, 1900–1941
George W. Hill
American Tobacco Company, 1925–1946
Samuel F. Hinkle
Hershey Foods Corporation, 1956–1965
Charles E. Hires
Charles E. Hires Company, 1890–1918
George A. Hormel
Hormel and Company, 1891–1929
Jay C. Hormel
Hormel and Company, 1929–1945
David W. Johnson
Campbell Soup Company, 1990–1997
Will K. Kellogg
Kellogg Company, 1906–1939
Donald M. Kendall
PepsiCo, 1963–1986
Rose M. Knox
Knox Gelatin Company, 1908–1947
James L. Kraft
Kraft (J. L.) Brothers and Company, 1909–1953
William E. LaMothe
Kellogg Company, 1979–1991
J. Bruce Llewellyn
Philadelphia Coca-Cola Bottling Company, 1985–Present
Joseph E. Lonning
Kellogg Company, 1971–1978
Forrest E. Mars, Sr.
Mars, 1964–1973
Hamish Maxwell
Philip Morris Companies, 1984–1991
Oscar F. Mayer
Oscar Mayer and Company, 1888–1928
Oscar Gottfried Mayer
Oscar Mayer and Company, 1928–1955
Oscar Gustave Mayer
Oscar Mayer and Company, 1955–1966
Thomas S. Monaghan
Domino's Pizza, 1960–1998
Robert G. Mondavi
Robert Mondavi Winery, 1966–1990
Theodore G. Montague
Borden, 1937–1955
Charles G. Mortimer
General Foods Corporation, 1954–1965
Joy Morton
Morton Salt Company, 1885–1934
Edward J. Noble
Life Savers, 1913–1938
Anthony J. F. O'Reilly
H. J. Heinz Company, 1979–1998
Jeno F. Paulucci
Jeno's Frozen Pizza, 1967–1986
Franklin P. Perdue
Perdue Farms, 1953–1988
Elmer F. Pierson
The Vendo Company, 1937–1974
Philip W. Pillsbury
Pillsbury Mills, 1940–1952
Charles W. Post
Postum Cereal Company, Limited, 1896–1914
Marjorie M. Post
Postum Cereal Company, Limited, 1914–1922
Andrew W. Preston
United Fruit Company, 1882–1924
Frederick H. Prince
Chicago Stock Yards Company, 1911–1940
William W. Prince
Armour and Company, 1957–1969
Richard J. Reynolds
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 1911–1918
Robert E. Rich
Rich Products Corporation, 1945–1978
Lyle C. Roll
Kellogg Company, 1957–1971
William M. Rosson
Conwood Corporation, 1976–1991
Margaret F. Rudkin
Pepperidge Farm, 1937–1960
Stephen W. Sanger
General Mills, 1995–Present
Charles R. Shoemate
CPC International (BestFoods), 1990–1998
Norton W. Simon
Hunt Foods & Industries, 1942–1968
John R. Simplot
Simplot (J. R.) Corporation, 1928–1994
Alfred N. Steele
PepsiCo, 1950–1959
William P. Stiritz
Ralston Purina Company, 1981–1997
Dwight L. Stuart
Carnation Company, 1973–1983
Elbridge A. Stuart
Carnation Company, 1901–1932
Elbridge H. Stuart
Carnation Company, 1932–1971
John Stuart
Quaker Oats Company, 1922–1956
Robert D. Stuart, Jr.
Quaker Oats Company, 1966–1981
Louis F. Swift
Swift and Company, 1903–1931
Gustavus F. Swift, Jr.
Swift and Company, 1931–1937
Rose Totino
Totino's Pizza, 1951–1975
Erwin C. Uihlein
Schlitz Brewing Company, 1933–1961
Watson H. Vanderploeg
Kellogg Company, 1940–1956
Robert W. Woodruff
Coca-Cola Company, 1923–1955
Philip K. Wrigley
William Wrigley Jr. Company, 1925–1961
William Wrigley III
William Wrigley Jr. Company, 1961–1999
William Wrigley, Jr.
William Wrigley Jr. Company, 1892–1925
Samuel M. Zemurray
United Fruit Company, 1938–1951
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THE 20th CENTURY ZEITGEIST

Six contextual factors deeply influenced the opportunities available to 20th century business leaders:

  • Demographics
  • Technology
  • Social Mores
  • Government
  • Labor
  • Global

the 20th Century Zeitgeist

Demographics
  • Demographics
  • Technology
  • Social Mores
  • Government Intervention
  • Labor
  • Global Events
Influence: High
190019

8.8 million immigrants arrive throughout decade

Cities expand

Population grows from 76 to 92 million

Rural Free Delivery routes added

Influence: Medium
10191019

Anti-immigration sentiment peaks during WWI

Great Migration begins as African-Americans relocate from rural South to northern cities

Influence: Medium-High
20192019

Population of urban centers overtakes that of rural communities

Tight immigration restrictions

Increase in divorce rates

Influence: Medium-Low
30193019

Westward migration of midwestern farmers and laborers for employment and better climate

Massive dust storms uproot millions

Smallest ten-year increase in population: 123-132 million

Influence: Medium-High
40194019

Baby boom begins

Suburbs start to form

Influence: High
50195019

Medical advances extend life expectancy

More people now live in suburbs than cities

Population soars to 179 million

largest ten-year increase

Influence: High
60196019

Baby boom tapers off

Emigration from Asia and Latin America surges

Influence: Medium-High
70197019

Urban blight

Rust Belt

Influence: Medium-High
80198019

Population migrates to West and Southwest

Influence: High
901990

Immigration tops 9 million (largest number since first decade)

Baby boomers age

Hispanics become fastest-growing minority

Population grows from 250 million to 281 million

Influence: Medium-High
190019

Model T

Plastic

Safety razor

Widespread use of steam engine, electricity, and openhearth furnace allows businesses to expand nationwide

Influence: Medium
10191019

First widespread use of auto assembly line

Self-starter increases popularity of automobile

Influence: Medium-High
20192019

KDKA, first radio station

First talking movie,

Influence: Medium
30193019

Advances in aviation

Nylon

Fiberglass

Instant photography

Air-conditioning begins to realize commercial potential

Influence: High
40194019

Planes and ships built in less than a day for the war effort

Atomic bomb

ENIAC computer

Penicillin used extensively to treat soldiers' infections

Synthetic rubberx

Influence: High
50195019

Television sales expand dramatically

Transistors used in portable radios and calculators

Influence: Medium-High
60196019

Man walks on the moon

Color TV market grows

Microchips expand possibilities in electronics industry

Integrated circuit boards replace transistor technology

First ATM installed

Influence: Medium
70197019

Beginning of biotech industry

Fiber-optic wire

Pong (first video game)

UPC bar code

Supercomputer

Influence: Medium-Low
80198019

Software industry booms

PC use expands in scale and scope

CAD/CAM revolutionizes manufacturing

Space shuttle

Influence: Medium-High
901990

Boom in connectivity

Cloning, stem cell research

DVDs

Influence: Medium
190019

Progressivism

The Jungle sparks food and work safety movement

Influence: Low
10191019

Sedition Act

Prohibition begins

Red Scare

Race riots

Influence: Medium-High
20192019

Social divisions arise between rural and urban areas

Women's suffrage

Harlem Renaissance

Rampant bootlegging and organized crime

Influence: Medium
30193019

Escapism in radio serials

Prohibition repealed

Golden age of movies

Influence: Medium-Low
40194019

Patriotism soars

GI Bill

Influence: Medium-Low
50195019

Social conformity

McCarthyism

Membership in organized religion soars

Brown v. Board of Education desegregated public schools>

Influence: Medium-High
60196019

Civil rights movement gain strength

Antiwar sentiment divides electorate

FDA approves oral contraceptive pill

Influence: High
70197019

National Organization for Women mobilizes for Equal Rights Amendment

Roe v. Wade legalizes abortion

Social discord continues over Vietnam War and civil rights

Watergate scandal undermines faith in authority

Influence: Medium-Low
80198019

Moral Majority

"Me" generation

Focus on training and fitness

Income gap widens dramatically

AIDS

Influence: High
901990

Internet "irrational exuberance"

Antigovernment sentiment: Waco standoff; Oklahoma City bombing

Influence: Medium-Low
190019

First significant enforcement of Sherman Antitrust Act

Pure Food and Drug Act; breakup of beef trust

Excise Tax imposed on corporations

Tariff Act forces corporations to open their books for government inspection

Influence: High
10191019

Breakup of Standard Oil and American Tobacco

Clayton Antitrust Act

Federal Reserve Act

First Federal-Aid Highway Act

Federal Trade Commission established

Personal income tax reinstituted

Influence: Low
20192019

U.S. Steel and Alcoa withstand antitrust accusations

Personal and corporate tax rates cut

Airmail service starts

Influence: High
30193019

The New Deal

Commercial and investment banking separated

Reconstruction Finance Corp. created to combat bank and business failures

Introduction of Federal Deposit Insurance

SEC established

Federal regulations prohibit false advertising

Influence: Low
40194019

Military spending explodes

Graduated income tax, Victory Tax adopted to fund war effort

Rationing

Influence: Medium-Low
50195019

Military spending shifts to nuclear deterrents

Small Business Administration created

Influence: Medium
60196019

Great Society

Consumer and environmental protection movements strengthen

Vehicle Safety Act and Highway Safety Act

Closing merger loophole opens door for conglomerate business model

Influence: Medium-High
70197019

Deregulation of oil and airline industries

New energy policies and programs

Stagflation cripples economy

Environmental protection weakened

Price controls

Influence: Low
80198019

Reaganomics

Heavy defense and deficit spending

Savings and Loan bailout

Chrysler bailout

Breakup of AT&T

Influence: Medium-Low
901990

Family and Medical Leave Act

Americans with Disabilities Act

Welfare reform

Antitrust action initiated against Microsoft

Influence: Medium-Low
190019

Fewer than 500,000 union members

Department of Commerce and Labor created

Influence: Medium
10191019

Ford doubles factory wages and shortens workday

Labor Secretary position created

Worker shortage: Unions double membership and increase wages

Influence: Medium-Low
20192019

Union membership declines sharply

Minimum wage and maximum working hour legislation overturned

Influence: High
30193019

Unemployment peaks at 25%

Unions surge, adding 7 million members in a single year

Sit-down strikes at GM and other auto makers

Government work programs launched: CCC, PWA, WPA

CIO union created

NLRB created

Fair Labor Standards Act sets minimum wage

Influence: Low
40194019

Rosie the Riveter

Postwar strikes

Productivity surge

Government backlash against postwar union movement

Influence: Medium
50195019

The Organization Man

Union membership peaks

The AFL merges with the CIO: 15 million members

Influence: Medium-High
60196019

Factory automation slashes jobs

Service industry outpaces growth in manufacturing

Civil Rights Act

Equal Pay Act

Unions concentrated in big businesses

Formation of United Farm Workers union

Influence: Medium
70197019

Wage controls

OSHA created

Service economy expands

Women enter the workforce in large numbers

Influence: Medium-Low
80198019

Air traffic controllers' union dismantled

Union representation drops

Information technology redistributes job functions

Influence: Low
901990

Reengineering

Record high employment

Service sector outpaces manufacturing in new job creation

Influence: Low
190019

U.S. begins construction of Panama Canal

Influence: High
10191019

War Industries Board coordinates activities among labor, government, and business for WWI

Cost-plus contracts introduced

Protectionist tariffs reduced

Influence: Medium-Low
20192019

Isolationism

U.S. restores high tariffs

U.S. pushes for debt recovery

Allied nations seek war reparations from Axis powers

Influence: Medium-Low
30193019

Increased tariff protection through Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

Continued isolationism

Influence: High
40194019

War Production Board readies nation for WWII

U.S. becomes a global power

Creation of IMF and World Bank

Marshall Plan

Cold war begins

Influence: Medium-High
50195019

Cold war escalates

Korean War forces another mobilization effort

Influence: High
60196019

Cold war continues to build

Bay of Pigs invasion; Cuban Missile Crisis

Vietnam War escalates

Influence: Medium-High
70197019

OPEC oil crisis

Vietnam War ends

Iran hostage crisis

Imports outpace exports

Influence: Medium-High
80198019

Berlin wall falls

End of cold war

Iran-Contra Affair

Influence: High
901990

USSR dismantled; ethnic conflicts exposed

Gulf War: real-time TV coverage

Asian financial crisis

NAFTA enacted

European Union forms

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