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Leadership

Leadership

    • 2015
    • Chapter

    Leave No Slice of Genius Behind: Selecting and Developing Tomorrow's Leaders of Innovation

    By: Linda A. Hill

    More than ever, leaders of nearly every kind of organization view their human resources teams as essential to institutional well-being and long-term growth and sustainability. That's the central and animating theme of "The Rise of HR: Wisdom from 73 Thought Leaders," a new anthology published by the HR Certification Institute. Professor Hill's essay addresses the question of how to develop leadership talent capable of building and sustaining organizations that can innovate time and again to address the challenges we face as a global community.

    • 2015
    • Chapter

    Leave No Slice of Genius Behind: Selecting and Developing Tomorrow's Leaders of Innovation

    By: Linda A. Hill

    More than ever, leaders of nearly every kind of organization view their human resources teams as essential to institutional well-being and long-term growth and sustainability. That's the central and animating theme of "The Rise of HR: Wisdom from 73 Thought Leaders," a new anthology published by the HR Certification Institute. Professor Hill's...

    • Article

    Professionalism, Fiduciary Duty, and Health-Related Business Leadership

    By: Joshua D. Margolis

    Expanding fiduciary duty to leaders of health-related businesses can help leaders meet the challenges of caring for not only the corporation and shareholders but also the patients and medical professionals. How should leaders of health-related businesses weigh the demand for efficiency and profit alongside the care of patients and the professional development of physicians? How might physicians approach these leadership roles to withstand the pressures that can divert behavior away from the espoused purposes and ethical standards of medicine?

    • Article

    Professionalism, Fiduciary Duty, and Health-Related Business Leadership

    By: Joshua D. Margolis

    Expanding fiduciary duty to leaders of health-related businesses can help leaders meet the challenges of caring for not only the corporation and shareholders but also the patients and medical professionals. How should leaders of health-related businesses weigh the demand for efficiency and profit alongside the care of patients and the professional...

    • July–August 2014
    • Article

    How the Other Fukushima Plant Survived

    By: Ranjay Gulati, Charles Casto and Charlotte Krontiris

    In March 2011, Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant was devastated by three reactor explosions and two core meltdowns in the days following a 9.0 earthquake and a tsunami that produced waves as high as 17 meters. The world is familiar with Daiichi's fate; less well known is the crisis at its sister plant, Daini, about 10 kilometers to the south. As a result of nature's onslaught, three of Daini's four reactors lacked sufficient power to achieve cooldown. To prevent the disaster experienced up north, the site superintendent, Naohiro Masuda, and his team had to connect them to the plant's surviving power sources. In a volatile environment, Masuda and Daini's hundreds of employees responded to each unexpected event in turn. Luck played a part, but so did smart leadership and sensemaking. Until the last reactor went into cold shutdown, Masuda's team took nothing for granted. With each new problem they encountered, it recalibrated, iteratively creating continuity and restoring order. Daini survived the crisis without an explosion or a meltdown.

    • July–August 2014
    • Article

    How the Other Fukushima Plant Survived

    By: Ranjay Gulati, Charles Casto and Charlotte Krontiris

    In March 2011, Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant was devastated by three reactor explosions and two core meltdowns in the days following a 9.0 earthquake and a tsunami that produced waves as high as 17 meters. The world is familiar with Daiichi's fate; less well known is the crisis at its sister plant, Daini, about 10 kilometers to the...

    • October 2014
    • Article

    The Transparency Trap

    By: Ethan Bernstein

    To get people to be more creative and productive, managers increase transparency with open workspaces and access to real-time data. But less transparent work environments can yield more-transparent employees. Employees perform better when they can try out new ideas and approaches within certain zones of privacy. Organizations allow them to do that by drawing four types of boundaries: around teams of people (zones of attention), between feedback and evaluation (zones of judgment), between decision rights and improvement rights (zones of slack), and for set periods of experimentation (zones of time). By balancing transparency and privacy, organizations can encourage just the right amount of "deviance" to foster innovative behavior and boost productivity.

    • October 2014
    • Article

    The Transparency Trap

    By: Ethan Bernstein

    To get people to be more creative and productive, managers increase transparency with open workspaces and access to real-time data. But less transparent work environments can yield more-transparent employees. Employees perform better when they can try out new ideas and approaches within certain zones of privacy. Organizations allow them to do that...

    • March 2015
    • Module Note

    Power and Influence in Society

    By: Julie Battilana

    This module aims to help students understand how power and influence are employed, both to reproduce the status quo and to effect change in society. It first helps them to understand why, more often than not, power is used to reproduce the existing way individuals and organizations operate in society. It then highlights what it takes to implement societal change. This includes a wide variety of initiatives ranging from attempts to change individuals' and organizations' behaviors in a given industry or sector, to efforts to change behaviors throughout a country, region, or even the world. Addressing the issue of power and influence in society in an MBA classroom is critical, especially at a time like now, when the relationship between business and society is attracting increasing attention, and when business leaders are increasingly expected to contribute not only to financial value creation, but also to social value creation. In this context, it is important to prepare business school students to lead not just in their organizations, but more broadly in society. Meeting this aspiration requires equipping them with knowledge and tools that will enable them to understand what it takes to have a positive impact in the world. In line with this objective, this module note focuses on how leaders who are not part of government or other public agencies can spark, organize, and/or guide action to bring about change at the societal level.

    • March 2015
    • Module Note

    Power and Influence in Society

    By: Julie Battilana

    This module aims to help students understand how power and influence are employed, both to reproduce the status quo and to effect change in society. It first helps them to understand why, more often than not, power is used to reproduce the existing way individuals and organizations operate in society. It then highlights what it takes to implement...

Leadership Initiative

The Leadership Initiative undertakes cutting-edge research and course development projects about leadership and leadership development, both within HBS and through collaborations with other organizations.
Leadership

As our world grows increasingly global, intricate, and ever-changing, the role of leaders is becoming more and more complex and critical to business success. In the 1950s and 1960s, Fritz Roethlisberger and Elton Mayo's contributions to the "Hawthorne effect," and work by Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch on organizational integration, sparked the field of Organizational Behavior. Early work by Michael Beer on leading organizational change, Rosabeth Kanter on innovation for productivity, John Kotter on power and influence, and Michael Tushman on innovation management helped shape today's understanding of organizational transformation. With an interest in Leadership that spans our academic units, our approach to research is collaborative and multi-disciplinary. We leverage a wide range of research methodologies – from onsite field research to surveys, experiments, and extensive longitudinal studies.

Leadership Initiative

The Leadership Initiative undertakes cutting-edge research and course development projects about leadership and leadership development, both within HBS and through collaborations with other organizations.

Leadership

Recent Publications

Most AI Initiatives Fail. This 5-Part Framework Can Help.

By: Ayelet Israeli and Eva Ascarza
  • November 20, 2025 |
  • Article |
  • Harvard Business Review (website)
Most AI initiatives fail not because the models are weak, but because organizations aren’t built to sustain them. A large Latin American conglomerate developed a simple management system that aligns roles, responsibilities, and routines so AI projects move from isolated pilots to enterprise-wide impact. Its approach shows that scaling AI is less about technology and more about creating the organizational backbone that turns experiments into measurable business results.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; AI; AI and Machine Learning; Change Management; Leadership; Organizational Structure; Latin America
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Israeli, Ayelet, and Eva Ascarza. "Most AI Initiatives Fail. This 5-Part Framework Can Help." Harvard Business Review (website) (November 20, 2025).

Carbon Robotics: Weeding Out the Competition

By: Forest Reinhardt and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone
  • November 2025 |
  • Case |
  • Faculty Research
Carbon Robotics, founded by technologist Paul Mikesell, rapidly grew from a backyard experiment into a global agricultural robotics company by 2025, driven by the success of its LaserWeeder—an AI- and computer-vision–based implement that eliminates weeds without chemicals or hand labor. The company’s field-driven engineering culture, in-house manufacturing, and direct sales approach enabled strong adoption among high-value specialty crop growers facing rising labor costs and tightening pesticide regulations. With more than 200 machines deployed across 14 countries and revenues on track to exceed $100 million, Carbon Robotics expanded its product line to include a modular second-generation LaserWeeder and an autonomous tractor kit. Now approaching profitability amid renewed investor interest in hardware, the company faces pivotal choices: deepen its position in specialty crops, redesign its technology for the much larger but lower-margin commodity crop market, scale its autonomy platform, or extend its AI-driven robotics capabilities into adjacent industries.
Keywords: Business Startups; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customer Satisfaction; Decision Making; Entrepreneurship; Environmental Sustainability; Venture Capital; Geographic Scope; Global Range; Global Strategy; Government and Politics; Health; Recruitment; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Applications and Software; Technology Adoption; Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Intellectual Property; Labor; Leadership; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Product Launch; Operations; Production; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Technology Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Europe; United States; Canada; Australia; New Zealand; California; Seattle; Washington (state, US); Idaho
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Reinhardt, Forest, and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone. "Carbon Robotics: Weeding Out the Competition." Harvard Business School Case 726-033, November 2025.

What Every Company Can Learn from Private Equity

By: Marla Capozzi, Sacha Ghai, Paul Gompers, Steven N. Kaplan, John Kelleher and Vladimir Mukkarlyamov
  • November–December 2025 |
  • Article |
  • Harvard Business Review
Private-equity-backed companies consistently deliver faster, more substantial gains than their public or family-owned peers, often transforming their performance within just a few years. Their playbook consists of six practices: conducting full-potential due diligence on a recurring basis, building management teams that are precisely matched to their value-creation goals, “clean-sheeting” labor to streamline operations and boost productivity, eliminating unprofitable revenue that has a negative impact on cash flow, executing transformation plans with granular accountability, and treating leadership time as a scarce, high-value asset. Applied together, these methods foster sharper strategic focus, quicker decision-making, and stronger alignment between resources and results. Leaders in any sector can adopt then to accelerate growth, improve efficiency, and strengthen long-term performance.
Keywords: Private Equity; Entrepreneurial Finance; Entrepreneurship; Leadership; Strategy
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Capozzi, Marla, Sacha Ghai, Paul Gompers, Steven N. Kaplan, John Kelleher, and Vladimir Mukkarlyamov. "What Every Company Can Learn from Private Equity." Harvard Business Review 103, no. 6 (November–December 2025): 82–89.

The Surprising Success of Hands-On Leaders

By: Scott Cook and Nitin Nohria
  • November–December 2025 |
  • Article |
  • Harvard Business Review
Leadership theory suggests CEOs should focus on high-level issues such as strategy and resource allocation. These authors challenge this conventional wisdom by spotlighting CEOs who dive deep into day-to-day execution rather than hovering at the strategic level. By exploring best practices at Amazon, Danaher, RELX, and Toyota, they argue that top-performing companies thrive because of leaders who actively shape how work gets done. These CEOs—Jeff Bezos, Larry Culp, Erik Engstrom, and Eiji Toyoda—have rejected the hands-off model in favor of modeling behaviors and teaching frontline teams. Their approach isn’t micromanagement; it’s a disciplined, system-building style that fosters autonomy, clarity, and continuous improvement. The authors distill five principles that define this leadership: obsessing over customer-value metrics, designing work processes, making decisions through experimentation, teaching tool kits, and embedding a culture of relentless improvement. This article illustrates how the CEO role can be redefined in a way that makes depth, presence, and operational fluency become sources of enduring competitive advantage.
Keywords: Leadership Style; Business or Company Management; Organizational Culture; Competitive Advantage
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Cook, Scott, and Nitin Nohria. "The Surprising Success of Hands-On Leaders." Harvard Business Review 103, no. 6 (November–December 2025): 72–81.

Building an Ownership Culture at Gibson

By: Ethan Rouen, Alicia Dadlani and Tony Guidotti
  • October 2025 |
  • Case |
  • Faculty Research
In 2025, Cesar Gueikian, CEO of Gibson, the storied guitar maker behind legends from B.B. King to Jimmy Page, faced a pivotal moment as slowing industry growth, rising tariffs, and uncertainty around a future sale cast doubt on the company’s momentum. Since joining after Gibson’s 2018 bankruptcy, Gueikian had reshaped the business by restoring craftsmanship, streamlining operations, and introducing “Share of Success,” a broad-based dividend program that gave all employees a financial stake in the company. This ownership culture energized workers on the factory floor, improved quality, and drove employee engagement to best-in-class levels. The case explores how Gibson’s emphasis on shared ownership transformed the company’s performance and examines the pressures threatening to undermine that progress.
Keywords: Employee Ownership; Leadership Style; Change Management; Human Capital; Mission and Purpose; Corporate Strategy; Value Creation; Fairness; Music Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Tennessee
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Rouen, Ethan, Alicia Dadlani, and Tony Guidotti. "Building an Ownership Culture at Gibson." Harvard Business School Case 126-022, October 2025.

Gareth Southgate and the England National Men's Soccer Team

By: Anita Elberse and Johann Farhat
  • October 2025 |
  • Case |
  • Faculty Research
In July 2024, Gareth Southgate stepped down from his position as manager of the England national men’s soccer team. He left the role after eight years in charge—a period in which he guided England to a fourth-place finish at the FIFA World Cup in Russia in 2018 and the quarterfinals at the World Cup in Qatar in 2022, as well as two runners-up finishes at the European Championship (‘the Euros’) in 2020 and 2024. When he commenced the job, Southgate, a self-proclaimed ‘quiet leader,’ had embarked on what he described as a “cultural reset,” designed to set realistic expectations around performance, and help players rediscover the joy of playing for the national team. Over the years, he had finessed his preferred approach to player selection, managing tournaments and games, improving penalty taking (traditionally one of the England team’s weaknesses), and dealing with the media.
While he fell short of his objective to lead England to a major title, Southgate received much acclaim for his achievements. “He repaired a broken England team and made them a force again,” stated a headline in The New York Times, while one in The Guardian read, “Gareth Southgate was England’s perfect ambassador.” And Southgate had the record to back up those statements: he was the first manager to bring the England men’s team to a major tournament final since 1966, ending a drought that lasted more than fifty years. During his time in charge, England were the only team in Europe to reach at least the quarterfinals of the last four major tournaments. And even without a trophy, he was widely credited with restoring the team’s standing at home and abroad. “Ultimately, our goal was to win a trophy, and we did not achieve that,” said Southgate. “There will always be a piece of me that hurts that we didn’t get over the line. But it has to be more nuanced than that—in sports, there are very small margins between victory and defeat, and I think we have to celebrate the things that we did well, too.”
Keywords: Resignation and Termination; Leadership; Organizational Culture; Failure; Success; Performance Expectations; Sports Industry; England
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Elberse, Anita, and Johann Farhat. "Gareth Southgate and the England National Men's Soccer Team." Harvard Business School Case 526-020, October 2025.

NBC and the Olympics

By: Anita Elberse
  • October 2025 |
  • Case |
  • Faculty Research
In March 2025, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) awards Comcast NBCUniversal the U.S. media rights to the 2034 and 2036 Olympic Games. The deal, worth $3 billion, is a continuation of a long-time partnership: Comcast NBCUniversal has been the sole Olympics media rights holder in the U.S. since the 2000 Games and holds the rights for the upcoming 2026, 2028, 2030 and 2032 Games, totaling 17 consecutive Olympic Games. But after viewership for the Olympics saw a sharp downturn in the mid-2010s, NBC’s executives—including Gary Zenkel, Molly Solomon, Jennifer Storms, and Rick Cordella—realized that a step change was needed. They devised a bold new strategy for the 2024 summer Olympics in Paris, France, which included overcoming an earlier reluctance to show key content live outside primetime evening hours, embracing the possibilities their streaming service Peacock offered to allow audiences to broaden and deepen their experience, helping athletes expand their social media presence, and relying on the power of celebrities to attract and engage audiences. The results were stellar—viewership for the Paris Games was nearly 80% higher than that for the 2020 Tokyo Games—and renewed the executives’ confidence in the upcoming Games. Are Zenkel and his colleagues right to want to push for an extension of their media rights partnership with the IOC, even this far into the future? And, armed with the 2024 Paris Olympics playbook, how can the team of executives best approach the upcoming 2026 and 2028 Olympics, which each comes with their own opportunities and challenges?
Keywords: Superstars; Football; Soccer; Film; Celebrities; Influencers; General Management; Sports; Entertainment; Film Entertainment; Social Marketing; Strategy; Social Media; Television Entertainment; Leading Change; Partners and Partnerships; Media and Broadcasting Industry; Sports Industry; United States
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Elberse, Anita. "NBC and the Olympics." Harvard Business School Case 526-025, October 2025.

Can Stereotype Reactance Prompt Women to Compete? A Field Experiment

By: Sophia L. Pink, Jose Cervantez, Erika L. Kirgios, Edward H. Chang and Katherine L. Milkman
  • September–October 2025 |
  • Article |
  • Organization Science
Women are consistently underrepresented in leadership roles. One contributor may be that women are generally less willing than equally-qualified men to enter competitions (e.g., for jobs or promotions). We draw from research on “stereotype reactance”—the idea that telling people about stereotyped expectations can encourage defiance—to propose and test whether telling women about the gender gap in competition entry can increase their willingness to compete. Our prediction contrasts with prior work on stereotype threat and descriptive norms suggesting that highlighting the gender competition gap might lead women to refrain from competing. In two incentive-compatible, preregistered online experiments, we find that informing women about the gender competition gap increases their likelihood of competing for higher pay, and this effect is mediated by stereotype reactance, consistent with our theorizing. Moreover, exposing both men and women to information about the gender competition gap closes the gap. We then test this informational intervention in a large-scale field experiment on an executive job search platform (n = 4,245), examining whether telling women about the gender competition gap increases their willingness to compete for leadership roles relative to a control message that tells them about an identity-irrelevant competition gap. We find that relative to our control message, informing women about the gender gap in willingness to compete increases submitted job applications by over 20% on the day of condition assignment. This suggests that women’s willingness to compete is affected not just by confidence, but also by cultural expectations and motivation to defy stereotypical norms.
Keywords: Gender; Competition; Leadership; Equality and Inequality; Perception; Prejudice and Bias
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Pink, Sophia L., Jose Cervantez, Erika L. Kirgios, Edward H. Chang, and Katherine L. Milkman. "Can Stereotype Reactance Prompt Women to Compete? A Field Experiment." Organization Science 36, no. 5 (September–October 2025): 2008–2027.

How to Keep Your Team's Spirits Up in Anxious Times

By: Ranjay Gulati
  • September 8, 2025 |
  • Article |
  • Harvard Business Review (website)
During periods of turbulence and turmoil, leaders must be not just muscular strategists but also caring empaths, attuned to the emotional barometers of their teams and able to move the mood of the organization in a most positive direction. This requires communicating a clear purpose, embodying and modeling organizational values, and always projecting focused calm. When you adopt all three strategies, you move everyone toward a more courageous collective mindset that will help propel you through uncertainty toward a more successful future.
Keywords: Leadership; Emotions; Organizational Culture
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Gulati, Ranjay. "How to Keep Your Team's Spirits Up in Anxious Times." Harvard Business Review (website) (September 8, 2025).

Oriental Weavers: Handing Over the Loom

By: Christina R. Wing and Ahmed Dahawy
  • September 2025 (Revised September 2025) |
  • Case |
  • Faculty Research
Over the course of forty years, Oriental Weavers had grown from a modest Egyptian family business into one of the world’s largest manufacturers of machine woven carpets and rugs. Managing a family-led company at that scale was no easy task, but the business was guided by the firm and respected hand of its founder, Mohamed Farid Khamis. After his passing in 2020, his eldest daughter, Yasmine, stepped into his role as chairperson, taking on the responsibility of leading the company through its next chapter. She had spent decades working closely with her father and practically running Oriental Weavers alongside him. But as the company grew more complex and globally integrated, Yasmine became convinced that it needed to evolve—shifting from a family-run enterprise to a professionally governed institution. Determined to build a structure that could outlast the family name, she appointed a non-family CEO and brought in several seasoned executives. Yet handing over the reins proved far from easy. Relatives pushed back, long-serving employees resisted change, and even Yasmine struggled to fully let go. The situation was compounded by lingering challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic and a new crisis in 2025, as a wave of U.S. tariffs threatened Oriental Weavers’ most important export market. With the company at a turning point, Yasmine faced a defining question: Should she double down on the leadership changes she had set in motion? Or retake the helm to guide Oriental Weavers through yet another moment of crisis?
Keywords: Family Business; Restructuring; Transformation; Corporate Governance; Governance Controls; Employee Relationship Management; Job Design and Levels; Leadership; Leadership Development; Leadership Style; Leading Change; Business or Company Management; Crisis Management; Growth Management; Management Succession; Management Teams; Adaptation; Business Strategy; Consumer Products Industry; Egypt; United States
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Wing, Christina R., and Ahmed Dahawy. "Oriental Weavers: Handing Over the Loom." Harvard Business School Case 626-015, September 2025. (Revised September 2025.)
More Publications

Faculty

Rosabeth M. Kanter
Boris Groysberg
Linda A. Hill
Nitin Nohria
Lynn S. Paine
Amy C. Edmondson
Michael L. Tushman
Anthony Mayo
Joshua D. Margolis
Joseph L. Bower
Ranjay Gulati
Lynda M. Applegate
→See All

HBS Working Knowlege

    • 08 Nov 2024

    What Wartime Service Taught These Historic Leaders

    Re: Robert Simons
    • 17 Sep 2024

    Fawn Weaver’s Entrepreneurial Journey as an Outsider in the Spirits Industry

    Re: Hise O. Gibson
    • 20 Aug 2024

    Why Competing With Tech Giants Requires Finding Your Own Edge

    Re: Feng Zhu
→More Articles

Harvard Business Publishing

    • November–December 2025
    • Article

    What Every Company Can Learn from Private Equity

    By: Marla Capozzi, Sacha Ghai, Paul Gompers, Steven N. Kaplan, John Kelleher and Vladimir Mukkarlyamov
    • October 2025
    • Case

    Building an Ownership Culture at Gibson

    By: Ethan Rouen, Alicia Dadlani and Tony Guidotti
    • 2023
    • Book

    Move Fast and Fix Things: The Trusted Leader's Guide to Solving Hard Problems

    By: Frances X. Frei and Anne Morriss
→More Harvard Business Publishing
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