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- 2021
- Chapter
International Business History and the Strategy of Multinational Enterprises: How History Matters
By: Geoffrey Jones and Teresa da Silva Lopes
This chapter provides an overview of the evolution of international business over the long-run as well as the strategies of MNEs. It highlights how strategies became more complex over time with MNEs moving from being coordinators of resources and managers of...
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- December 2020
- Article
Multinational Firms and the Politics of International Trade in Multidisciplinary Perspective
By: Grace A. Ballor and Aydin B. Yildirim
From the technical analyses of wide ranges of scholars to the public discourse backlashes against globalization, there is a huge volume of work historicizing, quantifying, and problematizing the complex role of multinational corporations (MNCs) in international trade....
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- 2020
- Working Paper
The Effects of Temporal Distance on Intra-Firm Communication: Evidence from Daylight Savings Time
By: Jasmina Chauvin, Prithwiraj Choudhury and Tommy Pan Fang
Cross-border communication costs have plummeted and enabled the global distribution of work, but frictions attributable to distance persist. We estimate the causal effects of temporal distance stemming from time zone differences on intra-firm communication. We argue...
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- September 2020
- Teaching Note
Uber: Competing Globally
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 720-404.
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Keywords:
Business Ventures;
Business Growth And Maturation;
Business Model;
Geography;
Geographic Location;
Geographic Scope;
Global Strategy;
Globalization;
Multinational Firms And Management;
Globalized Markets And Industries;
Governance;
Governance Controls;
Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms;
Innovation And Invention;
Disruptive Innovation;
Innovation Strategy;
Law;
Management;
Growth And Development;
Growth Management;
Markets;
Demand And Consumers;
Consumer Behavior;
Network Effects;
Emerging Markets;
Market Design;
Market Entry And Exit;
Market Participation;
Supply And Industry;
Industry Structures;
Planning;
Strategic Planning;
Relationships;
Business And Community Relations;
Business And Government Relations;
Business And Stakeholder Relations;
Labor And Management Relations;
Networks;
Adaptation;
Strategy;
Business Strategy;
Competition;
Competitive Advantage;
Competitive Strategy;
Expansion;
Technology;
Mobile Technology;
Technology Platform;
Transportation Networks;
Transportation;
Transportation Industry;
Technology Industry;
Africa;
Ghana;
Asia;
China;
Shanghai;
Shanghai Shi;
India;
New Delhi;
Europe;
United Kingdom;
London;
England;
Latin America;
North And Central America;
United States;
New York (city, Ny);
New York (state, Us);
South America;
Colombia
- July 2020
- Article
Intra-firm Geographic Mobility: Value Creation Mechanisms and Future Research Directions
This paper argues that intra-firm geographic mobility is an understudied mechanism that can help mitigate coordination failures in a geographically distributed organization. The paper presents an organizing framework on how intra-firm geographic mobility creates value...
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- May 2020
- Case
M-Lab: Enabling Innovation at Mitsubishi Corporation
By: Krishna Palepu and Allison M. Ciechanover
M-Lab’s founding goals were to infuse an innovation mindset into Mitsubishi Corporation; to catalyze new business opportunities; and to enable a dialogue between Japanese business and Silicon Valley. M-Lab housed representatives from each of Mitsubishi Corporation’s...
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- April 2020 (Revised July 2020)
- Case
Amazon in China and India
By: Krishna G. Palepu and Kairavi Dey
Amazon has been unsuccessful in its efforts to develop a business in China. Even though Amazon was an early entrant into China’s e-commerce space, its domestic rivals, especially Alibaba, created innovative business models uniquely suited for the conditions in China. ...
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- April 2020 (Revised June 2020)
- Case
Uber: Competing Globally
By: Alexander J. MacKay, Amram Migdal and John Masko
This case describes Uber’s global market entry strategy and responses by regulators and local competitors. It details Uber’s entry into New York City (United States), Bogotá (Colombia), Delhi (India), Shanghai (China), Accra (Ghana), and London (United Kingdom). In...
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Keywords:
Business Ventures;
Business Growth And Maturation;
Business Model;
Geography;
Geographic Location;
Geographic Scope;
Globalization;
Global Strategy;
Multinational Firms And Management;
Globalized Markets And Industries;
Governance;
Governance Controls;
Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms;
Innovation And Invention;
Disruptive Innovation;
Innovation Strategy;
Law;
Management;
Growth And Development Strategy;
Growth Management;
Markets;
Demand And Consumers;
Consumer Behavior;
Network Effects;
Emerging Markets;
Market Design;
Market Entry And Exit;
Market Participation;
Supply And Industry;
Industry Structures;
Planning;
Strategic Planning;
Relationships;
Business And Community Relations;
Business And Government Relations;
Business And Stakeholder Relations;
Labor And Management Relations;
Networks;
Strategy;
Adaptation;
Business Strategy;
Competition;
Competitive Advantage;
Competitive Strategy;
Expansion;
Technology;
Mobile Technology;
Technology Platform;
Transportation;
Transportation Networks;
Transportation Industry;
Technology Industry;
Africa;
Ghana;
Asia;
China;
Shanghai Shi;
Shanghai;
India;
New Delhi;
Europe;
United Kingdom;
England;
London;
Latin America;
North And Central America;
United States;
New York (city, Ny);
New York (state, Us);
South America;
Colombia
- February 2020
- Case
Leading Change in Talent at L'Oréal
By: Lakshmi Ramarajan, Vincent Dessain and Emer Moloney
Jean-Claude Le Grand just stepped into a new role as Executive Vice-President for Human Resources at the global cosmetics company, L’Oréal. He is now responsible for the hiring, development, promotion, and retention of 83,000 employees worldwide. The highly successful...
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Keywords:
Advertising;
Business Headquarters;
Business Divisions;
Business Organization;
Change;
Change Management;
Transformation;
Competency And Skills;
Experience And Expertise;
Talent And Talent Management;
Demographics;
Diversity;
Gender;
Nationality;
Multinational Firms And Management;
Human Resources;
Employees;
Recruitment;
Retention;
Selection And Staffing;
Innovation And Management;
Jobs And Positions;
Employment;
Human Capital;
Leadership;
Leadership Development;
Leadership Style;
Leading Change;
Management Practices And Processes;
Marketing;
Brands And Branding;
Product Marketing;
Organizations;
Organizational Change And Adaptation;
Organizational Structure;
Personal Development And Career;
Planning;
Strategic Planning;
Problems And Challenges;
Networks;
Social Psychology;
Attitudes;
Power And Influence;
Social And Collaborative Networks;
Business Strategy;
Advertising Industry;
Beauty And Cosmetics Industry;
Consumer Products Industry;
France;
Paris
- Fall 2019
- Article
Du « défi américain » à l’expansion européenne: Les relations économiques transatlantiques des années cinquante aux années soixante-dix
By: Grace A. Ballor
Economic histories of post-war transatlantic relations have focused on two predominant narratives: US aid for European reconstruction through the Marshall Plan, and the threat of American business investment in Europe. But little research has linked these two elements....
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- September 2019
- Case
Gap, Inc., 2019
By: John R. Wells and Benjamin Weinstock
In 2000, The Gap, Inc. (Gap) was the world’s largest player in specialty fashion retailing, and companies such as Inditex of Spain, H&M of Sweden, and Fast Retailing of Japan were less than a quarter of Gap’s size. But after two decades of growth, Gap’s progress...
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- 2019
- Chapter
Location Fundamentals, Agglomeration Economies, and the Geography of Multinational Firms
By: Laura Alfaro and Maggie Xiaoyang Chen
Multinationals exhibit distinct agglomeration patterns, which have transformed the global landscape of industrial production (Alfaro and Chen, 2014). Using a unique worldwide plant-level dataset that reports detailed location, ownership, and operation information for...
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- March 2019
- Case
Dabur India: Growing Professional Management from Family Roots
By: Suraj Srinivasan, Namrata Arora and Jonah Goldberg
The case opens in December of 2018, with Sunil Duggal, the CEO of Dabur India (a multinational consumer goods conglomerate with a focus in Ayurvedic products) contemplating who should succeed him at the head of the company. The new CEO will have been the first since...
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- March–April 2019
- Article
A Recombination-Based Internationalization Model: Evidence from Narayana Health's Journey from India to the Cayman Islands
By: Budhaditya Gupta and Tarun Khanna
Internationalizing firms often find developing host-country resources challenging as they simultaneously attempt to replicate the resources that worked well in their home country and adapt them to fit the context of the host country. On the basis of a longitudinal...
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- 2019
- Chapter
International Business and Emerging Markets in Historical Perspective
By: G. Jones
This chapter examines international business in emerging markets over the long run. It shows how the strategies of Western multinationals evolved over time. In the first era of globalization in the 19th century, Western firms sought access to resources, and they faced...
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- May 2018
- Case
Inditex: 2018
By: John R. Wells, Galen Danskin and Gabriel Ellsworth
In 2018, Inditex, based in Spain, was the largest specialist fashion retailer in the world, generating sales of $31.5 billion in 2017 from a portfolio of eight retail brands selling through a total of 7,475 stores located in 96 countries and from websites in 49...
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- May 2018
- Article
Selection and Market Reallocation: Productivity Gains from Multinational Production
By: Laura Alfaro and Maggie X. Chen
Assessing the productivity gains from multinational production has been a vital topic of economic research and policy debate. Positive aggregate productivity gains are often attributed to within-firm productivity improvement; however, an alternative, less emphasized...
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- November 2017
- Teaching Note
Tencent
By: John R. Wells and Gabriel Ellsworth
Teaching Note for HBS No. 718-426.
Tencent had undergone many transformations since it was founded in 1998 as a simple messaging service. In 2017, it was the largest online games provider in China with a wide range of game types, China’s largest social networking...
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Keywords:
Tencent;
Tencent Holdings;
Wechat;
Social Networking;
Social Networks;
Gaming;
Gaming Industry;
Video Games;
Computer Games;
Mobile Gaming;
Portals;
Payments;
Mobile Payments;
O2o;
Online-to-offline;
E-commerce;
Messaging;
Subscription Model;
Freemium;
Mobile App Industry;
Smartphone;
Pc;
Monetization Strategy;
Antitrust;
Streaming;
Cloud Computing;
Artificial Intelligence;
Big Data;
Alibaba;
Facebook;
Jd.com;
Tesla;
Bundling;
Synergies;
Digital Strategy;
Imitation;
Licensing;
Agility;
Entry Barriers;
Online Platforms;
Advertising;
Online Advertising;
Business Ventures;
Acquisition;
Mergers And Acquisitions;
Business Conglomerates;
Business Growth And Maturation;
Business Organization;
For-profit Firms;
Joint Ventures;
Restructuring;
Communication Technology;
Blogs;
Interactive Communication;
Interpersonal Communication;
Entertainment;
Film Entertainment;
Games, Gaming, And Gambling;
Music Entertainment;
Investment;
Investment Portfolio;
Price;
Revenue;
Geographic Scope;
Cross-cultural And Cross-border Issues;
Global Strategy;
Multinational Firms And Management;
Globalized Markets And Industries;
Business History;
Innovation Strategy;
Technological Innovation;
Business Or Company Management;
Goals And Objectives;
Growth And Development Strategy;
Product Positioning;
Social Marketing;
Network Effects;
Market Entry And Exit;
Market Platforms;
Two-sided Platforms;
Industry Growth;
Monopoly;
Media;
Distribution Channels;
Service Delivery;
Organizational Change And Adaptation;
Organizational Structure;
Public Ownership;
Problems And Challenges;
Business And Government Relations;
Groups And Teams;
Networks;
Opportunities;
Social And Collaborative Networks;
Strategy;
Adaptation;
Business Strategy;
Commercialization;
Competition;
Competitive Advantage;
Competitive Strategy;
Cooperation;
Corporate Strategy;
Diversification;
Expansion;
Horizontal Integration;
Vertical Integration;
Information Technology;
Internet;
Mobile Technology;
Online Technology;
Search Technology;
Software;
Technology Networks;
Technology Platform;
Web;
Web Sites;
Wireless Technology;
Value Creation;
Emerging Markets;
Product Development;
Segmentation;
Business Units;
Communication;
Profit;
Communications Industry;
Entertainment And Recreation Industry;
Financial Services Industry;
Information Industry;
Information Technology Industry;
Media And Broadcasting Industry;
Motion Pictures And Video Industry;
Music Industry;
Service Industry;
Technology Industry;
Telecommunications Industry;
Video Game Industry;
Web Services Industry;
Asia;
China;
Canton (province, China)
- November 2017
- Teaching Note
Amazon.com, 2016
By: John R. Wells and Gabriel Ellsworth
Teaching Note for HBS No. 716-402.
On January 28, 2016, Amazon announced record 2015 operating profits of $2.2 billion on $107 billion of sales, and the markets responded with cautious optimism. For years, founder and CEO Jeffrey Bezos had prioritized growth and...
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Keywords:
Strategic Analysis;
Retail;
E-commerce;
Amazon;
Internet;
Amazon.com;
Amazonfresh;
Jeff Bezos;
Cloud Computing;
Marketplaces;
Streaming;
E-reader Market;
Digital Media;
Mobile App;
Online Retail;
Shipping;
Database;
Tablet;
Kindle;
Kindle Fire;
Smartphone;
Delivery;
Market Platforms;
Two-sided Platforms;
Competition;
Internet;
Corporate Strategy;
Online Advertising;
Business Growth And Maturation;
Business Model;
Business Organization;
For-profit Firms;
Film Entertainment;
Games, Gaming, And Gambling;
Music Entertainment;
Television Entertainment;
Profit;
Revenue;
Global Strategy;
Multinational Firms And Management;
Taxation;
Business History;
Human Resources;
Resignation And Termination;
Books;
Human Capital;
Working Conditions;
Business Or Company Management;
Goals And Objectives;
Growth And Development Strategy;
Growth Management;
Management Practices And Processes;
Industry Growth;
Industry Structures;
Media;
Distribution;
Distribution Channels;
Order Taking And Fulfillment;
Infrastructure;
Logistics;
Product Development;
Supply Chain;
Supply Chain Management;
Organizational Culture;
Public Ownership;
Work-life Balance;
Problems And Challenges;
Labor And Management Relations;
Strategy;
Adaptation;
Business Strategy;
Competitive Strategy;
Diversification;
Expansion;
Integration;
Horizontal Integration;
Vertical Integration;
Hardware;
Information Technology;
Mobile Technology;
Online Technology;
Technology Networks;
Technology Platform;
Web;
Web Sites;
Price;
Software;
Marketing;
Marketing Strategy;
Working Capital;
Customer Focus And Relationships;
Customer Value And Value Chain;
Retail Industry;
Advertising Industry;
Distribution Industry;
Electronics Industry;
Entertainment And Recreation Industry;
Information Technology Industry;
Manufacturing Industry;
Motion Pictures And Video Industry;
Music Industry;
Publishing Industry;
Shipping Industry;
Technology Industry;
Video Game Industry;
Web Services Industry;
United States;
Washington (state, Us);
Seattle
- November 2017
- Teaching Note
Reinventing Best Buy
By: John R. Wells and Gabriel Ellsworth
Teaching Note for HBS No. 716-455.
On March 1, 2017, Best Buy Company, Inc., North America’s largest retailer of consumer electronics and appliances, announced a third year of comparable-store sales increases and a 20.8% increase in domestic comparable online sales....
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Keywords:
Best Buy;
Hubert Joly;
Renew Blue;
Showrooming;
Webrooming;
E-commerce;
E-commerce Strategy;
Online Retail;
Multichannel Retailing;
Omnichannel;
Marketplaces;
Turnaround;
Consumer Electronics;
Consumer Electronics Accessories;
Appliances;
Stores-within-stores;
Store Experience;
Store Size;
Store Pickup;
Store Management;
Delivery;
Delivery Models;
Amazon;
Amazon.com;
Pricing Strategy;
Business Subsidiaries;
Business Units;
Business Growth And Maturation;
Business Model;
For-profit Firms;
Customer Focus And Relationships;
Customer Satisfaction;
Entertainment;
Film Entertainment;
Games, Gaming, And Gambling;
Music Entertainment;
Television Entertainment;
Theater Entertainment;
Price;
Profit;
Revenue;
Geographic Scope;
Multinational Firms And Management;
Business History;
Cost;
Selection And Staffing;
Reports;
Technological Innovation;
Job Cuts And Outsourcing;
Human Capital;
Leading Change;
Business Or Company Management;
Goals And Objectives;
Growth And Development;
Growth And Development Strategy;
Management Teams;
Brands And Branding;
Product Marketing;
Consumer Behavior;
Demand And Consumers;
Media;
Distribution;
Order Taking And Fulfillment;
Distribution Channels;
Infrastructure;
Product;
Service Delivery;
Service Operations;
Organizational Change And Adaptation;
Public Ownership;
Problems And Challenges;
Programs;
Groups And Teams;
Sales;
Salesforce Management;
Strategy;
Adaptation;
Business Strategy;
Competition;
Competitive Advantage;
Competitive Strategy;
Corporate Strategy;
Expansion;
Technology;
Hardware;
Information Technology;
Internet;
Mobile Technology;
Online Technology;
Search Technology;
Software;
Web;
Web Sites;
Wireless Technology;
Resource Allocation;
Computer Industry;
Electronics Industry;
Entertainment And Recreation Industry;
Information Technology Industry;
Retail Industry;
Service Industry;
Technology Industry;
Telecommunications Industry;
Video Game Industry;
United States;
Minnesota;
Minneapolis;
Saint Paul;
St. Paul