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    • Faculty Publications  (84)

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    • All HBS Web  (119,786)
      • Faculty Publications  (84)

      Capital BudgetingRemove Capital Budgeting →

      Page 1 of 84 Results →
      • June 2025
      • Case

      Vail Resorts: Responding to Activist Pressure (A)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Edward A. Meyer
      On January 27, 2025, the head of a relatively small hedge fund named Late Apex Partners sent a highly critical letter to the board of directors of Vail Resorts, the world’s largest ski resort operator. In his letter, and the 88-slide presentation that accompanied his... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Finance; Capital Budgeting; Corporate Governance; Competitive Advantage; Competitive Strategy; Leading Change; Valuation; Investment Activism; Climate Change; Management Succession; Financial Management; Risk Management; Sports Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; Travel Industry; United States; Australia; Canada
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Edward A. Meyer. "Vail Resorts: Responding to Activist Pressure (A)." Harvard Business School Case 225-082, June 2025.
      • June 2024
      • Case

      Vinalhaven: The Downtown Project

      By: Richard S. Ruback, Matthew Preble, Ruth Page and Dave Habeeb
      Vinalhaven is an island community located approximately 12 miles off the coast of Maine. The island has a year-round population of about 1,300 people as of 2022, with an additional 3,000 people who reside on the island in the summer months. The two largest industries... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Natural Resources; Natural Environment; Weather; Sustainable Cities; Forecasting and Prediction; Construction; Property; Infrastructure; Capital Budgeting; Projects; Project Finance; Negotiation; United States; Maine
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      Ruback, Richard S., Matthew Preble, Ruth Page, and Dave Habeeb. "Vinalhaven: The Downtown Project." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 224-735, June 2024.
      • June 2023
      • Teaching Note

      Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (A, B, C, & D)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Scott Mayfield
      Teaching Note for HBS Case Nos. 223-009, 223-066, 223-068, and 223-086. View Details
      Keywords: Capital Budgeting; Growth Management; Demand and Consumers; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Expansion; Value Creation; Supply and Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Manufacturing Industry; United States; North America
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Scott Mayfield. "Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (A, B, C, & D)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 223-087, June 2023.
      • June 2023
      • Supplement

      Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (D)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, Scott Mayfield and Philipp Chvanov
      Analyzes the company's decision on Project Cowboy following the events described in the C Case View Details
      Keywords: Capital Budgeting; Growth Management; Demand and Consumers; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Expansion; Value Creation; Supply and Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Manufacturing Industry; United States; North America
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      Esty, Benjamin C., Scott Mayfield, and Philipp Chvanov. "Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (D)." Harvard Business School Supplement 223-086, June 2023.
      • February 2023 (Revised March 2025)
      • Case

      Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (A)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
      In July 2019, Graphic Packaging CEO Michael Doss was proposing a $600 million investment in a new machine to produce coated recycled board (CRB), a type of paper packaging used for consumer products (cups, cereal boxes, beverage boxes, etc.) that utilized recycled... View Details
      Keywords: Capital Budgeting; Growth Management; Demand and Consumers; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Expansion; Value Creation; Supply and Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Manufacturing Industry; United States; North America
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and E. Scott Mayfield. "Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (A)." Harvard Business School Case 223-009, February 2023. (Revised March 2025.)
      • February 2023
      • Supplement

      Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (A) Courseware

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Scott Mayfield
      In July 2019, Graphic Packaging CEO Michael Doss was proposing a $600 million investment in a new machine to produce coated recycled board (CRB), a type of paper packaging used for consumer products (cups, cereal boxes, beverage boxes, etc.) that utilized recycled... View Details
      Keywords: Capital Budgeting; Growth Management; Demand and Consumers; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Expansion; Value Creation; Supply and Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Manufacturing Industry; United States; North America
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Scott Mayfield. "Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (A) Courseware." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 223-709, February 2023.
      • February 2023 (Revised June 2023)
      • Supplement

      Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (B)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
      Analyzes the company’s decision on Project Cowboy following the events described in the A Case. View Details
      Keywords: Capital Budgeting; Growth Management; Demand and Consumers; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Expansion; Value Creation; Supply and Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Manufacturing Industry; United States; North America
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and E. Scott Mayfield. "Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 223-068, February 2023. (Revised June 2023.)
      • February 2023 (Revised June 2023)
      • Supplement

      Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (C)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
      Analyzes the company’s decision on Project Cowboy following the events described in the B Case. View Details
      Keywords: Capital Budgeting; Growth Management; Demand and Consumers; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Expansion; Value Creation; Supply and Industry; Pulp and Paper Industry; Manufacturing Industry; United States; North America
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and E. Scott Mayfield. "Graphic Packaging: Project Cowboy (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 223-066, February 2023. (Revised June 2023.)
      • November 2021 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      Babban Gona: Great Farm

      By: Kristin Fabbe, Tarun Khanna, Caroline M. Elkins, Zeke Gillman, Eleni Kyrkopoulou and Thomaz Teodorovicz
      In 2020, Babban Gona was one of the world’s largest farming operations with over 140,000 acres of maize farms, an area over ten times as large as Manhattan, and over 80,000 member-farmers in Nigeria. According to the company, the average Nigerian farmer’s net income... View Details
      Keywords: Growth and Development Strategy; Entrepreneurship; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Value Creation; Agribusiness; Capital Budgeting; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Nigeria; Africa
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      Fabbe, Kristin, Tarun Khanna, Caroline M. Elkins, Zeke Gillman, Eleni Kyrkopoulou, and Thomaz Teodorovicz. "Babban Gona: Great Farm." Harvard Business School Case 722-027, November 2021. (Revised December 2022.)
      • September 2021 (Revised November 2022)
      • Case

      Community Solutions

      By: Brian Trelstad and Tom Quinn
      Community Solutions was an anti-homelessness nonprofit founded in 2011 after protagonist Rosanne Haggerty grew frustrated with the limited impact of traditional housing and outreach strategies. It set an ambitious goal, reached in some partner communities, of ending... View Details
      Keywords: Change; Change Management; Disruption; Transformation; Communication; Communication Strategy; Decision Making; Cost vs Benefits; Decision Choices and Conditions; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Social Entrepreneurship; Ethics; Values and Beliefs; Capital Budgeting; Capital Markets; Country; Government Administration; Government Legislation; Housing; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Strategy; Knowledge Sharing; Leading Change; Resource Allocation; Mission and Purpose; Performance Evaluation; Performance Improvement; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Opportunities; Social Enterprise; Nonprofit Organizations; Human Needs; Public Opinion; Social Issues; Societal Protocols; Poverty; Welfare; Well-being; System; Equality and Inequality; Consulting Industry; Real Estate Industry; United States; New York (city, NY); Florida; Texas
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      Trelstad, Brian, and Tom Quinn. "Community Solutions." Harvard Business School Case 322-021, September 2021. (Revised November 2022.)
      • November 2019
      • Supplement

      Hapag-Lloyd AG: Complying with IMO 2020

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, Mette Fuglsang Hjortshoej and Emer Moloney
      A new environmental regulation known as IMO 2020 was creating what one industry analyst called “the biggest shakeup for the oil and shipping industries in decades.” According to the new regulation, all ocean-going ships would have to limit their sulfur emissions by... View Details
      Keywords: Valuation; Ship Transportation; Strategic Planning; Game Theory; Pollutants; Supply Chain; Corporate Accountability; Capital Budgeting; Environmental Sustainability; Shipping Industry; Transportation Industry; Germany
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      Esty, Benjamin C., Mette Fuglsang Hjortshoej, and Emer Moloney. "Hapag-Lloyd AG: Complying with IMO 2020." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 220-713, November 2019.
      • November 2019
      • Case

      Hapag-Lloyd AG: Complying with IMO 2020

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, Mette Fuglsang Hjortshoej and Emer Moloney
      A new environmental regulation known as IMO 2020 was creating what one industry analyst called “the biggest shakeup for the oil and shipping industries in decades.” According to the new regulation, all ocean-going ships would have to limit their sulfur emissions by... View Details
      Keywords: Valuation; Ship Transportation; Strategic Planning; Game Theory; Pollutants; Supply Chain; Corporate Accountability; Capital Budgeting; Environmental Sustainability; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Governance Compliance; Shipping Industry; Transportation Industry; Germany
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      Esty, Benjamin C., Mette Fuglsang Hjortshoej, and Emer Moloney. "Hapag-Lloyd AG: Complying with IMO 2020." Harvard Business School Case 220-003, November 2019.
      • February 2018 (Revised August 2018)
      • Case

      Blue Haven Initiative: The PEGAfrica Investment

      By: Vikram S. Gandhi, Caitlin Reimers Brumme and Amram Migdal
      This case examines Blue Haven Initiative (BHI), an impact investing fund and family office, and one of its investments, PEGAfrica (PEG). BHI founder Liesel Pritzker Simmons’ motivations for using her family wealth to start a family office focused on impact investing,... View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Family Office; Development; International Development; International Development Investing; Development Fund; Sustainability; Solar Energy; Solar; Pay As You Go; PAYG; MFI; Social Venture; Business Ventures; Acquisition; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Startups; Economics; Development Economics; Energy; Energy Conservation; Energy Sources; Renewable Energy; Social Entrepreneurship; Finance; Assets; Asset Pricing; Capital; Capital Budgeting; Capital Structure; Venture Capital; Cash; Cash Flow; Currency; Currency Exchange Rate; Equity; Private Equity; Financial Instruments; Debt Securities; Stock Shares; Financing and Loans; Microfinance; International Finance; Investment; Investment Return; Investment Activism; Investment Funds; Investment Portfolio; Price; Geography; Geographic Location; Emerging Markets; Ownership; Ownership Stake; Private Ownership; Social Enterprise; Value; Valuation; Value Creation; Energy Industry; Financial Services Industry; Green Technology Industry; Africa; United States
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., Caitlin Reimers Brumme, and Amram Migdal. "Blue Haven Initiative: The PEGAfrica Investment." Harvard Business School Case 318-003, February 2018. (Revised August 2018.)
      • January 2018 (Revised April 2021)
      • Case

      Capital Allocation at HCA

      By: W. Carl Kester and Emily R. McComb
      In early 2017, HCA Holdings, an investor-owned hospital management company, faced a strategically important capital allocation decision. After the exit of its private equity sponsors in 2016, HCA had to determine how best to allocate its substantial annual free cash... View Details
      Keywords: Capital Allocation; Cash Distribution Policy; Dividends; Share Repurchases; Growth Strategy And Execution; Growth Investing; Capital Expenditures; Debt Management; Debt Reduction; Debt Policy; Hospital Management; Investor-owned Hospital Chains; Capital Budgeting; Capital Structure; Cash Flow; Corporate Finance; Decision Choices and Conditions; Health Industry; United States
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      Kester, W. Carl, and Emily R. McComb. "Capital Allocation at HCA." Harvard Business School Case 218-039, January 2018. (Revised April 2021.)
      • July 2017 (Revised September 2017)
      • Case

      GM's Capital Allocation Framework

      By: C. Fritz Foley, F. Katelynn Boland and Michael Lemm
      In March of 2015, General Motors announced the details of a newly established capital allocation framework. This framework provided a target for return on invested capital, guidelines for capital structure choices, and policies related to payouts. Senior managers face... View Details
      Keywords: Performance Metrics; Capital Budgeting; Capital Structure; Performance Evaluation; Measurement and Metrics; Auto Industry; Transportation Industry; United States
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      Foley, C. Fritz, F. Katelynn Boland, and Michael Lemm. "GM's Capital Allocation Framework." Harvard Business School Case 218-026, July 2017. (Revised September 2017.)
      • November 2016 (Revised December 2016)
      • Module Note

      Strategy Execution Module 7: Designing Asset Allocation Systems

      By: Robert Simons
      This module reading provides tools and analyses for acquiring and allocating resources. The module begins by reviewing the importance of setting strategic boundaries as a basis for asset acquisitions. Next, a distinction is made between new assets acquired to meet... View Details
      Keywords: Management Control Systems; Implementing Strategy; Execution; Asset Allocation Systems; Payback; Discounted Cash Flow; Internal Rate Of Return; Strategic Investments; Analyzing Acquisitions; Strategy; Capital Budgeting
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      Simons, Robert. "Strategy Execution Module 7: Designing Asset Allocation Systems." Harvard Business School Module Note 117-107, November 2016. (Revised December 2016.)
      • April 2016
      • Supplement

      Preparing a Concession Bid at TAV Airports Holding

      By: C. Fritz Foley and Çiğdem Çelik
      In 2013, TAV Airports Holding prepared a bid for the concession to build and operate the third Istanbul airport. This process involved input from various parts of the firm with operating and financial expertise. Burcu Geriş, the CFO of TAV Airports Holding, and her... View Details
      Keywords: Project Finance; Infrastructure Development; Equity Cash Flows; Capital Budgeting; Valuation; Financial Management; Financing and Loans; Air Transportation Industry; Transportation Industry; Turkey
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      Foley, C. Fritz, and Çiğdem Çelik. "Preparing a Concession Bid at TAV Airports Holding." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 216-709, April 2016.
      • March 2016
      • Case

      Preparing a Concession Bid at TAV Airports Holding

      By: C. Fritz Foley and Çiğdem Çelik
      In 2013, TAV Airports Holding prepared a bid for the concession to build and operate the third Istanbul airport. This process involved input from various parts of the firm with operating and financial expertise. Burcu Geriş, the CFO of TAV Airports Holding, and her... View Details
      Keywords: Project Finance; Infrastructure Development; Equity Cash Flows; Capital Budgeting; Valuation; Financial Management; Financing and Loans; Turkey
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      Foley, C. Fritz, and Çiğdem Çelik. "Preparing a Concession Bid at TAV Airports Holding." Harvard Business School Case 216-054, March 2016.
      • October 2015
      • Teaching Note

      Molycorp: Financing the Production of Rare Earth Minerals (A)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
      Molycorp, the western hemisphere's only producer of rare earth minerals, was in the middle of a $1 billion capital expenditure project in its effort to become a vertically integrated supplier of rare earth minerals, oxides, and metals. Yet it had just reported lower... View Details
      Keywords: Convertible Debt; Uncertainty; Competition; Startup; China; Supply & Demand; Growth; Rare Earth Minerals; Discounted Cash Flows; Mining; Payoff Diagrams; Option Pricing; Capital Budgeting; Capital Structure; Cash Flow; Financial Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Vertical Integration; Valuation; Metals and Minerals; Mining Industry; Industrial Products Industry; Canada; California
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and E. Scott Mayfield. "Molycorp: Financing the Production of Rare Earth Minerals (A)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 216-020, October 2015.
      • June 2014 (Revised October 2015)
      • Case

      Molycorp: Financing the Production of Rare Earth Minerals (A)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
      Molycorp, the western hemisphere's only producer of rare earth minerals, was in the middle of a $1 billion capital expenditure project in its effort to become a vertically integrated supplier of rare earth minerals, oxides, and metals. Yet it had just reported lower... View Details
      Keywords: Convertible Debt; Uncertainty; Competition; Startup; China; Supply & Demand; Growth; Rare Earth Minerals; Discounted Cash Flows; Mining; Payoff Diagrams; Option Pricing; Capital Budgeting; Capital Structure; Cash Flow; Financial Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Vertical Integration; Valuation; Metals and Minerals; Mining Industry; Industrial Products Industry; Canada; California
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and E. Scott Mayfield. "Molycorp: Financing the Production of Rare Earth Minerals (A)." Harvard Business School Case 214-054, June 2014. (Revised October 2015.)
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