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- 2022
- Working Paper
Heterogeneity of Gain-Loss Attitudes and Expectations-Based Reference Points
By: Pol Campos-Mercade, Lorenz Goette, Thomas Graeber, Alex Kellogg and Charles Sprenger
Existing tests of reference-dependent preferences assume universal loss aversion. This paper examines heterogeneity in gain-loss attitudes, and explores its implications for identifying models of the reference point. In two experimental settings we measure gain-loss...
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Keywords:
Reference-dependent Preferences;
Rational Expectations;
Personal Equilibrium;
Endowment Effect;
Expectations-based Reference Points
Campos-Mercade, Pol, Lorenz Goette, Thomas Graeber, Alex Kellogg, and Charles Sprenger. "Heterogeneity of Gain-Loss Attitudes and Expectations-Based Reference Points." Working Paper, August 2022.
- Article
Performance Effects of Setting a High Reference Point for Peer‐Performance Comparison
By: Henry Eyring and V.G. Narayanan
We conduct a field experiment, based on a registered report accepted by the Journal of Accounting Research, to test performance effects of setting a high reference point for peer‐performance comparison. Relative to providing the median as a reference point for...
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Keywords:
Relative Performance Evaluation;
Reference Points;
Social Comparison;
Field Experiment;
Performance;
Performance Evaluation;
Education
Eyring, Henry, and V.G. Narayanan. "Performance Effects of Setting a High Reference Point for Peer‐Performance Comparison." Journal of Accounting Research 56, no. 2 (May 2018): 581–615.
- January 2019
- Article
Wage Elasticities in Working and Volunteering: The Role of Reference Points in a Laboratory Study
By: Christine L. Exley and Stephen J. Terry
We experimentally test how effort responds to wages—randomly assigned to accrue to individuals or to a charity—in the presence of expectations-based reference points or targets. When individuals earn money for themselves, higher wages lead to higher effort with...
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Keywords:
Reference Points;
Wage Elasticities;
Labor Supply;
Effor;
Volunteering;
Prosocial Behavior;
Wages;
Motivation and Incentives;
Nonprofit Organizations;
Behavior
Exley, Christine L., and Stephen J. Terry. "Wage Elasticities in Working and Volunteering: The Role of Reference Points in a Laboratory Study." Management Science 65, no. 1 (January 2019): 413–425.
- October 2012
- Article
The Effect of Reference Point Prices on Mergers and Acquisitions
By: Malcolm Baker, Xin Pan and Jeffrey Wurgler
Prior stock price peaks of targets affect several aspects of merger and acquisition activity. Offer prices are biased toward recent peak prices although they are economically unremarkable. An offer's probability of acceptance jumps discontinuously when it exceeds a...
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Baker, Malcolm, Xin Pan, and Jeffrey Wurgler. "The Effect of Reference Point Prices on Mergers and Acquisitions." Journal of Financial Economics 106, no. 1 (October 2012): 49–71.
- 21 Dec 2015
- Working Paper Summaries
Wage Elasticities in Working and Volunteering: The Role of Reference Points in a Laboratory Study
Keywords:
by Christine Exley & Stephen Terry
- 2023
- Working Paper
'De Gustibus' and Disputes about Reference Dependence
By: Thomas Graeber, Pol Campos-Mercade, Lorenz Goette, Alexandre Kellogg and Charles Sprenger
Existing tests of reference-dependent preferences assume universal loss aversion. This paper examines the implications of heterogeneity in gain-loss attitudes for such tests. In experiments on labor supply and exchange behavior we measure gain-loss attitudes and then...
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Graeber, Thomas, Pol Campos-Mercade, Lorenz Goette, Alexandre Kellogg, and Charles Sprenger. "'De Gustibus' and Disputes about Reference Dependence." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-046, January 2024.
- 17 Aug 2012
- Working Paper Summaries
Dividends as Reference Points: A Behavioral Signaling Approach
Keywords:
by Malcolm Baker & Jeffrey Wurgler
- March 2016
- Article
Dividends as Reference Points: A Behavioral Signaling Approach
By: Malcolm Baker, Brock Mendel and Jeffrey Wurgler
We outline a dividend signaling model that features investors who are averse to dividend cuts. Managers with strong unobservable cash earnings separate by paying high dividends but retain enough to be likely not to fall short next period. The model is consistent with a...
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Keywords:
Investment
Baker, Malcolm, Brock Mendel, and Jeffrey Wurgler. "Dividends as Reference Points: A Behavioral Signaling Approach." Review of Financial Studies 29, no. 3 (March 2016): 697–738.
- Article
Selfishly Benevolent or Benevolently Selfish? When Self-interest Undermines versus Promotes Prosocial Behavior
By: Julian Zlatev and Dale T. Miller
Existing research shows that appeals to self-interest sometimes increase and sometimes decrease prosocial behavior. We propose that this inconsistency is in part due to the framings of these appeals. Different framings generate different salient reference points,...
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Keywords:
Altruism;
Charitable Giving;
Framing;
Prosocial Behavior;
Reference Points;
Self-interest;
Philanthropy and Charitable Giving;
Framework;
Behavior
Zlatev, Julian, and Dale T. Miller. "Selfishly Benevolent or Benevolently Selfish? When Self-interest Undermines versus Promotes Prosocial Behavior." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 137 (November 2016): 112–122.
- November 2012 (Revised May 2013)
- Case
ASUSTeK and the Google Nexus 7 Tablet
By: Willy C. Shih and Jyun-Cheng Wang
Days after Jerry Shen introduced a new tablet computer at the Consumer Electronics Show, a Google meeting convinced him to go with a lower price point and co-branding as the Nexus 7. While his company would have a premier position at launch, companies like Samsung...
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Keywords:
Nexus;
Google;
ASUSTeK;
Android;
Tablet;
Kindle;
Kindle Fire;
Notebook Computers;
ODM;
Apple;
Price Point;
App Store;
Ecosystem;
Open Handset Alliance;
Reference Design;
iPad;
EMS;
Electronic Manufacturing Services;
Smartphone;
Innovation and Management;
Innovation Strategy;
Technological Innovation;
Product Marketing;
Product Launch;
Product Positioning;
Industry Structures;
Product Design;
Product Development;
Business Strategy;
Competitive Strategy;
Mobile and Wireless Technology;
Digital Platforms;
Information Technology;
Internet and the Web;
Computer Industry;
Information Technology Industry;
Technology Industry;
Taiwan;
United States
Shih, Willy C., and Jyun-Cheng Wang. "ASUSTeK and the Google Nexus 7 Tablet." Harvard Business School Case 613-056, November 2012. (Revised May 2013.)
- Awards
Journal of Financial Economics. Jensen Prize. Second Place
By: Malcolm P. Baker
Second Place Winner of the 2012 Jensen Prize for the Best Corporate Finance Paper Published in the Journal of Financial Economics for "The Effect of Reference Point Prices on Mergers and Acquisitions" (with Xin Pan and Jeffrey Wurgler, October 2012).
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- Article
Experience Theory, or How Desserts Are Like Losses
By: Jolie M. Martin, Martin Reimann and Michael I. Norton
While many experiments have explored risk preferences for money, few have systematically assessed risk preferences for everyday experiences. We propose a conceptual model and provide convergent evidence from seven experiments that, in contrast to a typical “zero”...
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Keywords:
Experiences;
Monetary Gambles;
Risk Preferences;
Experience Theory;
Risk and Uncertainty;
Behavior;
Decision Choices and Conditions
Martin, Jolie M., Martin Reimann, and Michael I. Norton. "Experience Theory, or How Desserts Are Like Losses." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 145, no. 11 (November 2016): 1460–1472.
- 2008
- Working Paper
Variance-Seeking for Positive (and Variance-Aversion for Negative) Experiences: Risk-Seeking in the Domain of Gains?
By: Jolie Mae Martin, Gregory M. Barron and Michael I. Norton
In contrast to research which has conflated losses with negative experiences and gains with positive experiences, we argue that because reference points are set by memories of extremely good and bad experiences, most outcomes are seen as losses in positive domains and...
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Keywords:
Change;
Experience and Expertise;
Marketing;
Research;
Risk and Uncertainty;
Loss;
Perspective
- 25 Nov 2014
- News
United Technologies CEO Chenevert Abruptly Steps Down
- December 2005
- Article
Up to Code: Does Your Company's Conduct Meet World-Class Standards?
Codes of conduct have long been a feature of corporate life. Today, they are arguably a legal necessity—at least for public companies with a presence in the United States. But the issue goes beyond U.S. legal and regulatory requirements. Sparked by corruption and...
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Keywords:
Business Ethics;
Standards Of Conduct;
Globalized Firms and Management;
Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues;
Values and Beliefs;
Corporate Accountability;
Corporate Governance
Paine, Lynn, Rohit Deshpandé, Joshua D. Margolis, and Kim Eric Bettcher. "Up to Code: Does Your Company's Conduct Meet World-Class Standards?" Harvard Business Review 83, no. 12 (December 2005): 122–133.
- September 2003 (Revised October 2010)
- Case
A Pain in the Hip
By: Richard M.J. Bohmer
Describes in detail the process of diagnosing the cause of a sore hip in a young girl. Referred to the emergency room by her pediatrician, the child is subjected to a set of diagnostic tests over a two-day period, each designed to reduce the uncertainty surrounding the...
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Keywords:
Production;
Service Delivery;
Service Operations;
Performance Improvement;
Health Industry
Bohmer, Richard M.J. "A Pain in the Hip." Harvard Business School Case 604-012, September 2003. (Revised October 2010.)
- November 2013
- Article
Organizational Ambidexterity: Past, Present and Future
By: Charles A. O'Reilly III and Michael Tushman
Organizational ambidexterity refers to the ability of an organization to both explore and exploit—to compete in mature technologies and markets where efficiency, control, and incremental improvement are prized and to also compete in new technologies and markets where...
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Keywords:
Organizational Ambidexterity;
Organization Design;
Innovation;
Leadership;
Organizational Design;
Innovation and Invention
O'Reilly, Charles A., III, and Michael Tushman. "Organizational Ambidexterity: Past, Present and Future." Academy of Management Perspectives 27, no. 4 (November 2013): 324–338.
- 1979
- Article
Approximating the Efficiency Gain of Tax Reforms
By: Jerry R. Green and Eytan Sheshinski
Proper analysis of tax reform requires evaluation of the welfare effects induced by a change from one tax system to another. We present two methods for estimating these changes using only local information pertaining to an initial equilibrium with distortive taxes. It...
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Green, Jerry R., and Eytan Sheshinski. "Approximating the Efficiency Gain of Tax Reforms." Journal of Public Economics 11, no. 2 (1979): 179–195.
Signaling with Dividends
We outline a dividend signaling model that features investors who are behaviorally averse to dividend cuts. Managers with strong unobservable cash earnings separate by paying high dividends but retain enough to be likely not to fall short next period. The model is... View Details
Price Anchors and Mergers and Acquisitions
Prior stock price peaks of targets affect several aspects of merger and acquisition activity. Offer prices are biased toward recent peak prices although they are economically unremarkable. An offer's probability of acceptance jumps discontinuously when it exceeds a... View Details