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    • All HBS Web  (70)
      • Faculty Publications  (10)

      Variance Generation Remove Variance Generation →

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      • Article

      What Evolution Can Teach Us About Innovation

      By: Noubar Afeyan and Gary P. Pisano
      Many people believe that the process for achieving breakthrough innovations is chaotic, random, and unmanageable. But that view is flawed, the authors argue. Breakthroughs can be systematically generated using a process modeled on the principles that drive evolution in...  View Details
      Keywords: Breakthrough Innovation; Variance Generation; Selection Pressure; Emergent Discovery; Innovation and Invention; Value Creation; Innovation Leadership
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      Afeyan, Noubar, and Gary P. Pisano. "What Evolution Can Teach Us About Innovation." Harvard Business Review 99, no. 5 (September–October 2021): 62–72.
      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Nowcasting the Local Economy: Using Yelp Data to Measure Economic Activity

      By: Edward L. Glaeser, Hyunjin Kim and Michael Luca
      Can new data sources from online platforms help to measure local economic activity? Government datasets from agencies such as the U.S. Census Bureau provide the standard measures of economic activity at the local level. However, these statistics typically appear only...  View Details
      Keywords: Economy; Analytics and Data Science; Local Range; Social and Collaborative Networks
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      Glaeser, Edward L., Hyunjin Kim, and Michael Luca. "Nowcasting the Local Economy: Using Yelp Data to Measure Economic Activity." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-022, September 2017. (Revised October 2017.)
      • October 2016 (Revised December 2016)
      • Module Note

      Strategy Execution Module 6: Evaluating Strategic Profit Performance

      By: Robert Simons
      This module reading demonstrates how to calculate and analyze the profit generated by different business strategies. Formulas and examples are provided to calculate profit generated by changes in market share, revenue growth, efficiency improvements, and support costs....  View Details
      Keywords: Management Control Systems; Implementing Strategy; Execution; Evaluating Business Performance; Profitability Analysis; Variance Analysis; Measuring Effectiveness; Measuring Efficiency; Activity-Based Costing; Flexible Budget; Accounting; Strategy
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      Simons, Robert. "Strategy Execution Module 6: Evaluating Strategic Profit Performance." Harvard Business School Module Note 117-106, October 2016. (Revised December 2016.)
      • January 2013
      • Case

      Luotang Power: Variances Explained

      By: Robert Simons and Craig Chapman
      The general manager of Luotang Power, a coal-fired power plant located in central China, reviews annual results before a meeting with the board of directors. He thought the company performed well during the year and both plant availability and fuel economy had improved...  View Details
      Keywords: China; Financial Statements; Management Accounting; Variance Analysis; Environmental Regulations; Incentives; Electric Power Generation; Contracts; Valuation; Energy Generation; Accounting; Performance Evaluation; Energy Industry; China
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      Simons, Robert, and Craig Chapman. "Luotang Power: Variances Explained." Harvard Business School Brief Case 913-533, January 2013.
      • January 2013 (Revised March 2017)
      • Teaching Note

      Luotang Power: Variances Explained (Brief Case)

      By: Robert Simons and Craig Chapman
      The primary objective is to explore the concepts of variance analysis in performance from one year to the next and the predictability of contracting counterparts to extract value from contract positions where they can. The general manager of a coal-fired power plant...  View Details
      Keywords: Variance Analysis; Strategy And Execution; Profitability Analysis; Management Control Systems; Contracts; Valuation; Energy Generation; Accounting; Performance Evaluation; China
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      Simons, Robert, and Craig Chapman. "Luotang Power: Variances Explained (Brief Case)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 913-534, January 2013. (Revised March 2017.)
      • November 2012
      • Article

      The Variance of Non-Parametric Treatment Effect Estimators in the Presence of Clustering

      By: Samuel G. Hanson and Adi Sunderam
      Non-parametric estimators of treatment effects are often applied in settings where clustering may be important. We provide a general methodology for consistently estimating the variance of a large class of non-parametric estimators, including the simple matching...  View Details
      Keywords: Treatment Effects; Matching Estimators; Clustering; Applications and Software; Mathematical Methods
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      Hanson, Samuel G., and Adi Sunderam. "The Variance of Non-Parametric Treatment Effect Estimators in the Presence of Clustering." Review of Economics and Statistics 94, no. 4 (November 2012). (Stata and Matlab Code Here.)
      • October 2004 (Revised January 2006)
      • Tutorial

      Introduction to Responsibility Accounting Systems

      By: David F. Hawkins, V.G. Narayanan, Jacob Cohen and Michele Jurgens
      Responsibility accounting systems generate financial and related nonfinancial information about the actual and planned activities of a company's responsibility centers--organizational units headed by managers responsible for a unit's performance. The principal...  View Details
      Keywords: Business or Company Management; Cost Accounting; Governance Controls; Financial Reporting; Performance Evaluation; Budgets and Budgeting; Planning
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      "Introduction to Responsibility Accounting Systems." Harvard Business School Tutorial 105-703, October 2004. (Revised January 2006.)
      • Other Article

      What Do We Know About Variance in Accounting Profitability?

      By: Anita M. McGahan and Michael E. Porter
      In this paper, we analyze the variance of accounting profitability among a broad cross-section of firms in the American economy from 1981 to 1994. The purpose of the analysis is to identify the importance of year, industry, corporate-parent, and business-specific...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; United States
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      McGahan, Anita M., and Michael E. Porter. "What Do We Know About Variance in Accounting Profitability?" Management Science 48, no. 7 (July 2002): 834–851.
      • Article

      Variance-Minimizing Monetary Policies with Lagged Price Adjustment and Rational Expectations

      By: Jerry R. Green and Seppo Honkapohja
      This paper considers a macroeconomic model with rational expectations in which prices are incompletely flexible. Markets therefore fail to clear. In such a model monetary policy is not neutral. The variance of real and nominal quantities and interest rates is sensitive...  View Details
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      Green, Jerry R., and Seppo Honkapohja. "Variance-Minimizing Monetary Policies with Lagged Price Adjustment and Rational Expectations." European Economic Review 20, nos. 1-3 (January 1983): 123–141.
      • Article

      Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules

      By: Kosuke Imai and Michael Lingzhi Li
      The increasing availability of individual-level data has led to numerous applications of individualized (or personalized) treatment rules (ITRs). Policy makers often wish to empirically evaluate ITRs and compare their relative performance before implementing them in a...  View Details
      Keywords: Causal Inference; Heterogeneous Treatment Effects; Precision Medicine; Uplift Modeling; Analytics and Data Science; AI and Machine Learning
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      Imai, Kosuke, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules." Journal of the American Statistical Association (in press). (Published online 6/21/21.)
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