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    • All HBS Web  (155)
      • Faculty Publications  (36)

      Valuation Multiples Remove Valuation Multiples →

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      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Private Equity Fund Valuation Management during Fundraising

      By: Brian K. Baik
      I investigate whether and how private equity fund managers (GPs) inflate their interim fund valuations (net asset values, or NAVs) during fundraising periods. Specifically, I study the extent to which the GPs inflate NAVs by managing valuation assumptions (e.g.,...  View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Institutional Investors; Valuation Multiples; Earnings Management; Private Firms; Valuation; Investment Funds
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      Baik, Brian K. "Private Equity Fund Valuation Management during Fundraising." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-013, August 2022.
      • February 2022
      • Supplement

      SpartanNash Company: The Amazon Warrants (A)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, E. Scott Mayfield and Daniel Fisher
      As of 12/31/21, Amazon held $22 billion of equity and warrants in related companies. In fact, it often requests a free grant of warrants when it enters into a new commercial agreement with a supplier. Over the past 20 years, Amazon has gotten warrants almost 20...  View Details
      Keywords: Valuation; Value Creation; Consumer Behavior; Negotiation; Distribution; Ownership; Partners and Partnerships; Business Strategy; Equity; Distribution Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; United States
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      Esty, Benjamin C., E. Scott Mayfield, and Daniel Fisher. "SpartanNash Company: The Amazon Warrants (A)." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 222-704, February 2022.
      • January 2022
      • Supplement

      Kornit Digital: The Amazon Warrants (C)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, E. Scott Mayfield and Daniel Fisher
      As of 12/31/21, Amazon held $22 billion of equity and warrants in related companies. In fact, it often requests a free grant of warrants when it enters into a new commercial agreement with a supplier. Over the past 20 years, Amazon has gotten warrants almost 20...  View Details
      Keywords: Valuation; Value Creation; Consumer Behavior; Negotiation; Distribution; Ownership; Partners and Partnerships; Business Strategy; Equity; Distribution Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; United States
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      Esty, Benjamin C., E. Scott Mayfield, and Daniel Fisher. "Kornit Digital: The Amazon Warrants (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 222-045, January 2022.
      • January 2022
      • Case

      SpartanNash Company: The Amazon Warrants (A)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, E. Scott Mayfield and Daniel Fisher
      As of 12/31/21, Amazon held $22 billion of equity and warrants in related companies. In fact, it often requests a free grant of warrants when it enters into a new commercial agreement with a supplier. Over the past 20 years, Amazon has gotten warrants in almost 20...  View Details
      Keywords: Valuation; Value Creation; Consumer Behavior; Negotiation; Distribution; Ownership; Partners and Partnerships; Business Strategy; Equity; Distribution Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; United States
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      Esty, Benjamin C., E. Scott Mayfield, and Daniel Fisher. "SpartanNash Company: The Amazon Warrants (A)." Harvard Business School Case 222-022, January 2022.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Connecting Expected Stock Returns to Accounting Valuation Multiples: A Primer

      By: Akash Chattopadhyay, Matthew R. Lyle and Charles C.Y. Wang
      We outline a framework in which accounting “valuation anchors" could be connected to expected stock returns. Under two general conditions, expected log returns is a log-linear function of a valuation (market value-to-accounting) multiple and the expected growth in the...  View Details
      Keywords: Expected Returns; Present Value; Investment Return; Accounting; Valuation; Information; Framework
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      Chattopadhyay, Akash, Matthew R. Lyle, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Connecting Expected Stock Returns to Accounting Valuation Multiples: A Primer." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-081, January 2021.
      • June 2020
      • Case

      TransDigm: The Acquisition of Aerosonic Corp.

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Daniel W. Fisher
      In April 2013, TransDigm, a company that manufactured a wide range of highly engineered aerospace parts for both military and commercial aircraft, announced an agreement to acquire Aerosonic Corporation for $39 million in cash (1.2 times Aerosonic’s sales of $31...  View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Growth Management; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Value Creation; Valuation; Negotiation; Cash Flow; Contracts; Aerospace Industry; Air Transportation Industry; United States
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Daniel W. Fisher. "TransDigm: The Acquisition of Aerosonic Corp." Harvard Business School Case 720-480, June 2020.
      • March 2020
      • Case

      Sizmek Chapter 11: Surviving Walled Gardens in Their Ad Tech Empire

      By: Ayelet Israeli, Danilo Tauro and Sarah Gulick
      This case provides a post-mortem of the advertising technology (adtech) company Sizmek. Sizmek grew via multiple acquisitions, with the vision of becoming an integrated adtech company that could leverage AI to buy digital media, while creating and serving display and...  View Details
      Keywords: Digital Marketing; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Mergers and Acquisitions; Applications and Software; Internet and the Web; Competition; Marketing; Advertising Industry; Web Services Industry; United States; Europe
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      Israeli, Ayelet, Danilo Tauro, and Sarah Gulick. "Sizmek Chapter 11: Surviving Walled Gardens in Their Ad Tech Empire." Harvard Business School Case 520-087, March 2020.
      • December 2018 (Revised October 2019)
      • Case

      Barteca: The Challenge and Opportunity of Private Equity

      By: Lena G. Goldberg and Michael S. Kaufman
      Andy Pforzheimer and Sasa Mahr-Batuz, co-founders of a highly successful seven-location restaurant brand, had just opened the first location of a new brand. They had mapped out future expansion for both brands but wondered if, rather than lining up an assortment of...  View Details
      Keywords: Restaurants; Brands and Branding; Expansion; Private Equity; Strategy; Decision Making
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      Goldberg, Lena G., and Michael S. Kaufman. "Barteca: The Challenge and Opportunity of Private Equity." Harvard Business School Case 319-076, December 2018. (Revised October 2019.)
      • January 2018
      • Case

      Ak Gıda: IPO or Strategic Sale

      By: Suraj Srinivasan and Eren Kuzucu
      In 2015, Yıldiz Holding, one of the world’s largest producer of confections, biscuits and crackers, was at the end of its divestiture process from Ak Gida, one of the leading dairy companies in Turkey. The company had adopted a dual track process, pursuing an initial...  View Details
      Keywords: Valuation; Private Sector; For-Profit Firms; Business Model; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Growth and Development Strategy; Value Creation; Decision Making; Growth Management; Mergers and Acquisitions; Initial Public Offering; Business Conglomerates; Business Exit or Shutdown; Family Business; Joint Ventures; Food and Beverage Industry; Turkey
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, and Eren Kuzucu. "Ak Gıda: IPO or Strategic Sale." Harvard Business School Case 118-036, January 2018.
      • January 2018
      • Case

      OldTown Berhad

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Greg Saldutte
      In December 2017, Jacobs Douwe Egberts (JDE, a Dutch coffee company) made an offer to acquire OldTown Berhad (OTB), a Malaysian coffee company. Three large shareholders, representing more than half of the outstanding shares, have agreed to tender their shares, and...  View Details
      Keywords: Mergers & Acquisitions; Discounted Cash Flow (DCF); Malaysia; Coffee; Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG); Free Cash Flow (FCF); Multiples; Bidding Premia; Netherlands; Tender Offer; Mergers and Acquisitions; Valuation; Value Creation; Food; Investment Return; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Malaysia; Netherlands; Singapore; Asia
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Greg Saldutte. "OldTown Berhad." Harvard Business School Case 218-058, January 2018.
      • January 2018
      • Supplement

      OldTown Berhad

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Greg Saldutte
      In December 2017, Jacobs Douwe Egberts (JDE, a Dutch coffee company) made an offer to acquire OldTown Berhad (OTB), a Malaysian coffee company. Three large shareholders, representing more than half of the outstanding shares, have agreed to tender their shares and...  View Details
      Keywords: Mergers & Acquisitions; Discounted Cash Flow (DCF); Malaysia; Coffee; Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG); Free Cash Flow (FCF); Multiples; Bidding Premia; Netherlands; Tender Offer; Mergers and Acquisitions; Valuation; Value Creation; Food; Investment Return; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Malaysia; Netherlands; Singapore; Asia
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Greg Saldutte. "OldTown Berhad." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 218-714, January 2018.
      • September 2017
      • Case

      Blackstone's Julia Kahr at the Summit

      By: Paul A. Gompers, John D. Dionne and Amram Migdal
      In 2009, Blackstone, the New York-based alternative asset and financial services firm, committed to invest up to $750 million into Summit Materials, a new company in the aggregates sector (i.e., construction materials, such as crushed stone, sand, gravel, cement,...  View Details
      Keywords: Roll Up; Private Equity Roll Up; Aggregates; Aggregates Materials; Construction Materials; Business Ventures; Acquisition; Leveraged Buyouts; Business Growth and Maturation; Engineering; Construction; Finance; Capital; Equity; Private Equity; Financial Instruments; Investment; Housing; Management; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Personal Development and Career; Management Teams; Planning; Problems and Challenges; Value; Valuation; Value Creation; Construction Industry; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Gompers, Paul A., John D. Dionne, and Amram Migdal. "Blackstone's Julia Kahr at the Summit." Harvard Business School Case 218-002, September 2017.
      • July 2017 (Revised January 2020)
      • Background Note

      Primer on Multiples Valuation and Its Use in the Private Equity Industry

      By: Victoria Ivashina and Henrik Boe
      This note explores the mechanics of multiples, different types of multiples, when and how to use them, and common pitfalls associated with multiples valuation. While a multiples approach is a very convenient valuation method, breaking down the underlying assumptions...  View Details
      Keywords: Valuation Methods; Multiples; Private Equity; Valuation; Measurement and Metrics
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and Henrik Boe. "Primer on Multiples Valuation and Its Use in the Private Equity Industry." Harvard Business School Background Note 218-017, July 2017. (Revised January 2020.)
      • July 2017
      • Case

      Centerbridge Partners and Great Wolf Resorts: Buying from a Highly Regarded Competitor

      By: Josh Lerner, John D. Dionne and Amram Migdal
      The case examines the March 2015 Centerbridge Partners investment decision regarding whether to acquire Great Wolf Resorts, a North American family-oriented indoor water parks and hotel operator, from a private equity (PE) competitor, Apollo Global Management. The case...  View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity Financing; Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities; CMBS; Secondary Buyouts; Business Ventures; Acquisition; Finance; Borrowing and Debt; Cost; Cost of Capital; Equity; Private Equity; Financial Instruments; Debt Securities; Accommodations Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; Financial Services Industry; North and Central America; United States
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      Lerner, Josh, John D. Dionne, and Amram Migdal. "Centerbridge Partners and Great Wolf Resorts: Buying from a Highly Regarded Competitor." Harvard Business School Case 818-023, July 2017.
      • March 2017 (Revised July 2019)
      • Case

      Interline Brands: Don't Stop Believing

      By: Nori Gerardo Lietz and Ricardo Andrade
      Interline Brands, a leading distributor of residential housing maintenance and repair parts and equipment in the U.S., had just held its November 2014 board meeting. The meeting had been productive but not without some soul searching for both the company’s management...  View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity Exit; Consumer Goods; IPO; Private Equity; Initial Public Offering; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Lietz, Nori Gerardo, and Ricardo Andrade. "Interline Brands: Don't Stop Believing." Harvard Business School Case 217-061, March 2017. (Revised July 2019.)
      • February 2017 (Revised June 2017)
      • Supplement

      ExxonMobil: Business as Usual? (B)

      By: George Serafeim, Shiva Rajgopal and David Freiberg
      The case presents ExxonMobil's response to growing pressure to disclose how climate change will impact their business. This includes multiple asset impairments and losing a proxy vote to shareholders to increase climate change related reporting. Supplements the (B)...  View Details
      Keywords: Oil & Gas; Oil Prices; Oil Companies; Asset Impairment; Predictive Analytics; Sustainability; Environmental Impact; Innovation; Disclosure; Accounting; Valuation; Energy Sources; Ethics; Corporate Disclosure; Governance Compliance; Climate Change; Financial Reporting; Energy Industry; United States
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      Serafeim, George, Shiva Rajgopal, and David Freiberg. "ExxonMobil: Business as Usual? (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 117-047, February 2017. (Revised June 2017.)
      • Article

      What Do Private Equity Firms Say They Do?

      By: Paul A. Gompers, Steven N. Kaplan and Vladimir Mukharlyamov
      We survey 79 private equity investors with combined assets under management (AUM) of over $750 billion about their practices in firm valuation, capital structure, governance, and value creation. Investors rely primarily on internal rate of return (IRR) and multiples to...  View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Valuation; Capital Structure; Value Creation
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      Gompers, Paul A., Steven N. Kaplan, and Vladimir Mukharlyamov. "What Do Private Equity Firms Say They Do?" Journal of Financial Economics 121, no. 3 (September 2016): 449–476.
      • March 2016
      • Article

      An Analysis of Firms' Self-reported Anticorruption Efforts

      By: Paul M. Healy and George Serafeim
      We use Transparency International's ratings of self-reported anticorruption efforts for 480 corporations to analyze factors underlying the ratings. Our tests examine whether these forms of disclosure reflect firms' real efforts to combat corruption or are cheap talk....  View Details
      Keywords: Corruption; Corporate Performance; Growth; Disclosure; Disclosure Strategy; Sustainability; Crime and Corruption; Corporate Disclosure; Performance; Sales
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      Healy, Paul M., and George Serafeim. "An Analysis of Firms' Self-reported Anticorruption Efforts." Accounting Review 91, no. 2 (March 2016): 489–511.
      • March 2016
      • Article

      To Groupon or Not to Groupon: The Profitability of Deep Discounts

      By: Benjamin Edelman, Sonia Jaffe and Scott Duke Kominers
      We examine the profitability and implications of online discount vouchers, a relatively new marketing tool that offers consumers large discounts when they prepay for participating firms' goods and services. Within a model of repeat experience good purchase, we examine...  View Details
      Keywords: Voucher Discounts; Groupon; Experience Goods; Repeat Purchase; Internet and the Web; Marketing Strategy; Marketing Communications
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      Edelman, Benjamin, Sonia Jaffe, and Scott Duke Kominers. "To Groupon or Not to Groupon: The Profitability of Deep Discounts." Marketing Letters 27, no. 1 (March 2016): 39–53. (First circulated in June 2011. Featured in Working Knowledge: Is Groupon Good for Retailers? Excerpted in HBR Blogs: To Groupon or Not To Groupon: New Research on Voucher Profitability.)
      • Article

      Search-Based Peer Firms: Aggregating Investor Perceptions Through Internet Co-Searches

      By: Charles M.C. Lee, Paul Ma and Charles C.Y. Wang
      Applying a "co-search" algorithm to Internet traffic at the SEC's EDGAR website, we develop a novel method for identifying economically-related peer firms and for measuring their relative importance. Our results show that firms appearing in chronologically adjacent...  View Details
      Keywords: Peer Firm; EDGAR Search Traffic; Revealed Preference; Co-search; Industry Classification; Perception; Internet and the Web; Investment
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      Lee, Charles M.C., Paul Ma, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Search-Based Peer Firms: Aggregating Investor Perceptions Through Internet Co-Searches." Journal of Financial Economics 116, no. 2 (May 2015): 410–431.
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