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Publications

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      • Faculty Publications  (57)

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      • November 2022 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      Replika AI: Monetizing a Chatbot

      By: Julian De Freitas and Nicole Tempest Keller
      In early 2018, Eugenia Kuyda, co-founder and CEO of San Francisco-based chatbot Replika AI, was deciding how to monetize the app she had built. Launched in 2017, Replika was a consumer AI “companion app” developed by a team of AI software engineers originally based in...  View Details
      Keywords: Mental Health; Subscriber Models; TAM; Monetization Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Product Marketing; AI and Machine Learning; Applications and Software; Product Positioning; Health Disorders; Technology Industry
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      De Freitas, Julian, and Nicole Tempest Keller. "Replika AI: Monetizing a Chatbot." Harvard Business School Case 523-016, November 2022. (Revised December 2022.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      The Disagreement Problem in Explainable Machine Learning: A Practitioner's Perspective

      By: Satyapriya Krishna, Tessa Han, Alex Gu, Javin Pombra, Shahin Jabbari, Steven Wu and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      As various post hoc explanation methods are increasingly being leveraged to explain complex models in high-stakes settings, it becomes critical to develop a deeper understanding of if and when the explanations output by these methods disagree with each other, and how...  View Details
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      Krishna, Satyapriya, Tessa Han, Alex Gu, Javin Pombra, Shahin Jabbari, Steven Wu, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "The Disagreement Problem in Explainable Machine Learning: A Practitioner's Perspective." Working Paper, 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      TalkToModel: Explaining Machine Learning Models with Interactive Natural Language Conversations

      By: Dylan Slack, Satyapriya Krishna, Himabindu Lakkaraju and Sameer Singh
      Practitioners increasingly use machine learning (ML) models, yet they have become more complex and harder to understand. To address this issue, researchers have proposed techniques to explain model predictions. However, practitioners struggle to use explainability...  View Details
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      Slack, Dylan, Satyapriya Krishna, Himabindu Lakkaraju, and Sameer Singh. "TalkToModel: Explaining Machine Learning Models with Interactive Natural Language Conversations." Working Paper, 2022.
      • Article

      The Translucent Hand of Managed Ecosystems: Engaging Communities for Value Creation and Capture

      By: Elizabeth J. Altman, Frank Nagle and Michael Tushman
      Management research has increasingly explored the domains of ecosystems, platforms, and open/user/distributed innovation—governance structures focused on engaging with external communities. While these research areas include substantial empirical and theoretical work...  View Details
      Keywords: Ecosystems; Platforms; Open And User Innovation Strategy; Capabilities; Governance; Innovation Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Value Creation
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      Altman, Elizabeth J., Frank Nagle, and Michael Tushman. "The Translucent Hand of Managed Ecosystems: Engaging Communities for Value Creation and Capture." Academy of Management Annals 16, no. 1 (January 2022).
      • December 2021
      • Article

      Left- and Right-Leaning News Organizations Use Negative Emotional Content and Elicit User Engagement Similarly

      By: Andrea Bellovary, Nathaniel Young and Amit Goldenberg
      Negativity has historically dominated news content; however, little research has examined how news organizations use affect on social media, where content is generally positive. In the current project we ask a few questions: Do news organizations on Twitter use...  View Details
      Keywords: Negative Press; Twitter; Political Affiliation; Affect; News; Media; Internet and the Web; Emotions; Perspective; Social Media
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      Bellovary, Andrea, Nathaniel Young, and Amit Goldenberg. "Left- and Right-Leaning News Organizations Use Negative Emotional Content and Elicit User Engagement Similarly." Affective Science 2, no. 4 (December 2021): 391–396.
      • 2021
      • Article

      Does Fair Ranking Improve Minority Outcomes? Understanding the Interplay of Human and Algorithmic Biases in Online Hiring

      By: Tom Sühr, Sophie Hilgard and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      Ranking algorithms are being widely employed in various online hiring platforms including LinkedIn, TaskRabbit, and Fiverr. Prior research has demonstrated that ranking algorithms employed by these platforms are prone to a variety of undesirable biases, leading to the...  View Details
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      Sühr, Tom, Sophie Hilgard, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "Does Fair Ranking Improve Minority Outcomes? Understanding the Interplay of Human and Algorithmic Biases in Online Hiring." Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, and Society 4th (2021).
      • Article

      Beyond Individualized Recourse: Interpretable and Interactive Summaries of Actionable Recourses

      By: Kaivalya Rawal and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      As predictive models are increasingly being deployed in high-stakes decision-making, there has been a lot of interest in developing algorithms which can provide recourses to affected individuals. While developing such tools is important, it is even more critical to...  View Details
      Keywords: Predictive Models; Decision Making; Framework; Mathematical Methods
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      Rawal, Kaivalya, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "Beyond Individualized Recourse: Interpretable and Interactive Summaries of Actionable Recourses." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) 33 (2020).
      • November 2020
      • Teaching Note

      DayTwo: Going to Market with Gut Microbiome

      By: Ayelet Israeli
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 519-010. DayTwo is a young Israeli startup that applies research on the gut microbiome and machine learning algorithms to deliver personalized nutritional recommendations to its users in order to minimize blood sugar spikes after meals....  View Details
      Keywords: Start-up Growth; Startup; Positioning; Targeting; Go To Market Strategy; B2B Vs. B2C; B2B2C; Health & Wellness; AI; Machine Learning; Female Ceo; Female Protagonist; Science-based; Science And Technology Studies; Ecommerce; Applications; DTC; Direct To Consumer Marketing; US Health Care; "USA,"; Innovation; Pricing; Business Growth; Segmentation; Distribution Channels; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Startups; Science-Based Business; Health; Innovation and Invention; Marketing; Information Technology; Business Growth and Maturation; E-commerce; Applications and Software; Health Industry; Technology Industry; Insurance Industry; Information Technology Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Israel; United States
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      Israeli, Ayelet. "DayTwo: Going to Market with Gut Microbiome." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 521-052, November 2020.
      • November 2020
      • Article

      Disrupting the Disruptors or Enhancing Them? How Blockchain Re‐Shapes Two‐Sided Platforms

      By: Daniel Trabucchi, Antonella Moretto, Tommaso Buganza and Alan MacCormack
      The importance of platform‐based businesses in the modern economy is growing continuously and becoming increasingly relevant. Specifically, the deployment of digital technologies has enhanced the applicability of two‐sided business models, enabling companies to act not...  View Details
      Keywords: Blockchain; Two-Sided Platforms; Business Model; Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation
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      Trabucchi, Daniel, Antonella Moretto, Tommaso Buganza, and Alan MacCormack. "Disrupting the Disruptors or Enhancing Them? How Blockchain Re‐Shapes Two‐Sided Platforms." Journal of Product Innovation Management 37, no. 6 (November 2020): 552–574.
      • August 2020 (Revised January 2022)
      • Case

      1928 Diagnostics: Fighting Antibiotics Resistance

      By: Ariel D. Stern and Daniela Beyersdorfer
      In 2019, the co-founders of the Swedish medical start-up 1928 Diagnostics, CEO Dr. Kristina Lagerstedt and COO Dr. Susanne Staaf, had to pick the right business model to commercialize their novel technology to hospitals and health care providers. Developed in...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Entrepreneurship; Leadership; Science-Based Business; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Model; Information Technology; Digital Platforms; Health Disorders; Market Entry and Exit; Value Creation; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Health Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Technology Industry; Europe; Sweden
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      Stern, Ariel D., and Daniela Beyersdorfer. "1928 Diagnostics: Fighting Antibiotics Resistance." Harvard Business School Case 621-025, August 2020. (Revised January 2022.)
      • Article

      Assessing the Food and Drug Administration's Risk-Based Framework for Software Precertification with Top Health Apps in the United States: Quality Improvement Study

      By: Noy Alon, Ariel Dora Stern and John Torous
      BACKGROUND: As the development of mobile health apps continues to accelerate, the need to implement a framework that can standardize categorizing these apps to allow for efficient, yet robust regulation grows. However, regulators and researchers are faced with numerous...  View Details
      Keywords: Mobile Health; Smartphone; Food And Drug Administration; Risk-based Framework; Health Care and Treatment; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Applications and Software; Framework
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      Alon, Noy, Ariel Dora Stern, and John Torous. "Assessing the Food and Drug Administration's Risk-Based Framework for Software Precertification with Top Health Apps in the United States: Quality Improvement Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 10 (October 2020).
      • June 2020
      • Teaching Note

      Understanding the Brand Equity of Nestlé Crunch Bar

      By: Jill Avery and Gerald Zaltman
      Teaching Note for HBS Case Nos. 519-061 and 519-062. In early 2018, Nestlé announced the sale of its U.S. candy-making division and a select collection of twenty of its confectionery brands, including the Nestlé Crunch Bar, to Ferrero SpA for $2.8 billion. Under the...  View Details
      Keywords: Brand Management; Brand Storytelling; Brand Equity; Market Research; Qualitative Methods; Marketing; Brands and Branding; Marketing Communications; Consumer Behavior; Marketing Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Avery, Jill, and Gerald Zaltman. "Understanding the Brand Equity of Nestlé Crunch Bar." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 520-124, June 2020.
      • 2020
      • Article

      Inconvenient Truths: Interpreting the Origins of the Internet

      By: Shane Greenstein
      A conventional economic narrative provides intellectual underpinnings for governments to subsidize research and development ("R&D") that coordinates risky research to benefit many in society. This essay compares this narrative with the origins and invention of the...  View Details
      Keywords: Lead Users; Technology Transfer; Internet and the Web; History; Analysis; Research and Development; Governance; Information Technology; Policy
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      Greenstein, Shane. "Inconvenient Truths: Interpreting the Origins of the Internet." Journal of Law & Innovation 3 (2020): 36–68.
      • 2020
      • Article

      Why Do User Communities Matter for Strategy?

      By: Sonali K. Shah and Frank Nagle
      In this essay, we explore how strategic management research and practice could benefit from considering the benefits and challenges obtainable through working with user communities. User communities represent a unique organizing structure for the exchange of ideas and...  View Details
      Keywords: User Communities; Innovation; Open Source; Collaboration; Cooperative Strategy; Knowledge Sharing; Strategy; Collaborative Innovation and Invention
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      Shah, Sonali K., and Frank Nagle. "Why Do User Communities Matter for Strategy?" Special Issue on Open Innovation. Strategic Management Review 1, no. 2 (2020): 305–353.
      • March 2020
      • Case

      A Tower for the People: 425 Park Avenue

      By: John Macomber, Joseph G. Allen and Emily Jones
      Healthy buildings and superior air quality are increasingly important since people now spend so much time indoors. Indoor spaces drive performance and productivity. Commercial real estate landlords and investors are responding to the demands of sophisticated tenants...  View Details
      Keywords: Health And Wellness; Real Estate; Sustainability; Health; Pollution; Buildings and Facilities; Performance Productivity; Finance; Real Estate Industry; New York (city, NY)
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      Macomber, John, Joseph G. Allen, and Emily Jones. "A Tower for the People: 425 Park Avenue." Harvard Business School Case 220-065, March 2020.
      • May, 2019
      • Article

      Who Would You Like to Work With?: Use of Individual Characteristics and Social Networks in Team Formation Systems

      By: Diego Gomez-Zara, Matthew Paras, Marlon Twyman, Jacqueline N. Lane, Leslie A. DeChurch and Noshir Contractor
      People and organizations are increasingly using online platforms to assemble teams. In response, HCI researchers have theorized frameworks and created systems to support team assembly. However, little is known about how users search for and choose teammates on these...  View Details
      Keywords: Team Formation; Groups and Teams; Recruitment; Networks; Diversity
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      Gomez-Zara, Diego, Matthew Paras, Marlon Twyman, Jacqueline N. Lane, Leslie A. DeChurch, and Noshir Contractor. "Who Would You Like to Work With? Use of Individual Characteristics and Social Networks in Team Formation Systems." Art. 659. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (May, 2019).
      • March 2019
      • Case

      DayTwo: Going to Market with Gut Microbiome

      By: Ayelet Israeli and David Lane
      DayTwo is a young Israeli startup that applies research on the gut microbiome and machine learning algorithms to deliver personalized nutritional recommendations to its users in order to minimize blood sugar spikes after meals. After a first year of trial rollout in...  View Details
      Keywords: Start-up Growth; Startup; Positioning; Targeting; Go To Market Strategy; B2B2C; B2B Vs. B2C; Health & Wellness; AI; Machine Learning; Female Ceo; Female Protagonist; Science-based; Science And Technology Studies; Ecommerce; Applications; DTC; Direct To Consumer Marketing; US Health Care; "USA,"; Innovation; Pricing; Business Growth; Segmentation; Distribution Channels; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Startups; Science-Based Business; Health; Innovation and Invention; Marketing; Information Technology; Business Growth and Maturation; E-commerce; Applications and Software; Health Industry; Technology Industry; Insurance Industry; Information Technology Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Israel; United States
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      Israeli, Ayelet, and David Lane. "DayTwo: Going to Market with Gut Microbiome." Harvard Business School Case 519-010, March 2019.
      • February 2019 (Revised August 2019)
      • Case

      KangaTech

      By: Karim R. Lakhani, Patrick J. Ferguson, Sarah Fleischer, Jin Hyun Paik and Steven Randazzo
      On a warm January afternoon in 2019, Steve Saunders, Dave Scerri, Carl Dilena, and Nick Haslam (see Exhibit 1 for biographies), co-founders of KangaTech, wrapped up the latest round of discussions about the future direction of their sports-technology start-up. Focused...  View Details
      Keywords: Startup; Technology Commercialization; Prototype; Business Startups; Technological Innovation; Sports; Health; Commercialization; Research and Development; Decision Making; Growth and Development Strategy; Technology Industry; Sports Industry; Health Industry; Australia
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      Lakhani, Karim R., Patrick J. Ferguson, Sarah Fleischer, Jin Hyun Paik, and Steven Randazzo. "KangaTech." Harvard Business School Case 619-049, February 2019. (Revised August 2019.)
      • January 2019
      • Case

      Understanding the Brand Equity of Nestlé Crunch Bar: A Market Research Case

      By: Jill Avery and Gerald Zaltman
      In early 2018, Nestlé announced the sale of its U.S. candy-making division and a select collection of 20 of its confectionery brands, including the Nestlé Crunch Bar, to Ferrero SpA for $2.8 billion. Under the terms of the Nestlé acquisition, each of the purchased...  View Details
      Keywords: Brand Equity; Marketing; Market Research; Qualitative Research; Marketing Communication; Customer Satisfaction; Brands and Branding; Consumer Behavior; Marketing Communications; Marketing Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; United States; North America; Italy
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      Avery, Jill, and Gerald Zaltman. "Understanding the Brand Equity of Nestlé Crunch Bar: A Market Research Case." Harvard Business School Case 519-061, January 2019.
      • September 2018
      • Article

      Aggregation of Consumer Ratings: An Application to Yelp.com

      By: Weijia Dai, Ginger Jin, Jungmin Lee and Michael Luca
      Because consumer reviews leverage the wisdom of the crowd, the way in which they are aggregated is a central decision faced by platforms. We explore this "rating aggregation problem" and offer a structural approach to solving it, allowing for (1) reviewers to vary in...  View Details
      Keywords: User Generated Content; Crowdsourcing; Yelp; Social and Collaborative Networks; Information; Internet and the Web; Learning; Mathematical Methods; E-commerce
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      Dai, Weijia, Ginger Jin, Jungmin Lee, and Michael Luca. "Aggregation of Consumer Ratings: An Application to Yelp.com." Quantitative Marketing and Economics 16, no. 3 (September 2018): 289–339.
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