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    • All HBS Web  (185)
      • Faculty Publications  (54)

      Unethical Behavior Remove Unethical Behavior →

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      • 2022
      • Book

      Complicit: How We Enable the Unethical and How to Stop

      By: Max H. Bazerman
      It is easy to condemn obvious wrongdoers such as Elizabeth Holmes, Adam Neumann, Harvey Weinstein, and the Sackler family. But we rarely think about the many people who supported their unethical or criminal behavior. In each case there was a supporting cast of...  View Details
      Keywords: Complicity; Enabling; Ethics; Behavior; Personal Characteristics; Society
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      Bazerman, Max H. Complicit: How We Enable the Unethical and How to Stop. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2022.
      • Article

      The Deception Spiral: Corporate Obfuscation Leads to Perceptions of Immorality and Cheating Behavior

      By: D.M. Markowitz, M. Kouchaki, J.T. Hancock and F. Gino
      In four studies, we evaluated how corporate misconduct relates to language patterns, perceptions of immorality, and unethical behavior. First, we analyzed nearly 190 codes of conduct from S&P 500 manufacturing companies and observed that corporations with ethics...  View Details
      Keywords: Obfuscation; Corporate Unethicality; Deception; Deception Spiral; Organizations; Values and Beliefs; Ethics; Perception; Behavior
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      Markowitz, D.M., M. Kouchaki, J.T. Hancock, and F. Gino. "The Deception Spiral: Corporate Obfuscation Leads to Perceptions of Immorality and Cheating Behavior." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 40, no. 2 (March 2021): 277–296.
      • Article

      'Many Others Are Doing It, So Why Shouldn't I?': How Being in Larger Competitions Leads to More Cheating

      By: Celia Chui, Maryam Kouchaki and Francesca Gino
      In many spheres of life, from applying for a job to participating in an athletic contest to vying for a date, we face competition. Does the size of the competition pool affect our propensity to behave unethically in our pursuit of the prize? We propose that it does....  View Details
      Keywords: Unethical Behavior; Cheating; Competitors; Social Norms; Ethics; Behavior; Competition; Societal Protocols
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      Chui, Celia, Maryam Kouchaki, and Francesca Gino. "'Many Others Are Doing It, So Why Shouldn't I?': How Being in Larger Competitions Leads to More Cheating." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 164 (May 2021): 102–115.
      • June 2020
      • Article

      Air Pollution, State Anxiety, and Unethical Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review

      By: J Lu, J. Lee, F. Gino and A. Galinsky
      Lu, Lee, Gino, and Galinsky (2018) reported four studies demonstrating that air pollution predicted unethical behavior and that one mediating mechanism was state anxiety. In contrast, Heck and colleagues reported two null-effect studies on air pollution, trait...  View Details
      Keywords: State Anxiety; Pollution; Behavior; Moral Sensibility; Analysis
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      Lu, J., J. Lee, F. Gino, and A. Galinsky. "Air Pollution, State Anxiety, and Unethical Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review." Psychological Science 31, no. 6 (June 2020): 748–755.
      • February 2019
      • Article

      Bounded Ethicality and Ethical Fading in Negotiations: Understanding Unintended Unethical Behavior

      By: McKenzie Rees, Ann E. Tenbrunsel and Max Bazerman
      The business scandals in the past several decades led to the rising importance of ethics as a topic central to management scholarship. Behavioral scientists in particular were attracted to the topic in far greater numbers, and the study of ethical decision-making...  View Details
      Keywords: Ethics; Behavior; Negotiation; Situation or Environment; Perception
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      Rees, McKenzie, Ann E. Tenbrunsel, and Max Bazerman. "Bounded Ethicality and Ethical Fading in Negotiations: Understanding Unintended Unethical Behavior." Academy of Management Perspectives 33, no. 1 (February 2019): 1–17.
      • March 2018
      • Article

      Polluted Morality: Air Pollution Predicts Criminal Activity and Unethical Behavior

      By: Jackson G. Lu, Julia J. Lee, F. Gino and Adam D. Galinsky
      Air pollution is a serious problem that influences billions of people globally. Although the health and environmental costs of air pollution are well known, the present research investigates its ethical costs. We propose that air pollution can increase criminal and...  View Details
      Keywords: Pollutants; Behavior; Moral Sensibility; Crime and Corruption
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      Lu, Jackson G., Julia J. Lee, F. Gino, and Adam D. Galinsky. "Polluted Morality: Air Pollution Predicts Criminal Activity and Unethical Behavior." Psychological Science 29, no. 3 (March 2018): 340–355.
      • August 2017
      • Case

      Wake Up Call

      By: David G. Fubini and Christine Snively
      In 1993, three consultants at different stages in their careers must decide how to respond to what they considered to be unethical behavior from a partner at their firm. They each considered the potential consequences of reporting a senior colleague and the impact it...  View Details
      Keywords: Decision Making; Judgments; Leadership Style; Ethics; Consulting Industry; United States
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      Fubini, David G., and Christine Snively. "Wake Up Call." Harvard Business School Case 418-001, August 2017.
      • March 2017
      • Article

      Creativity in Unethical Behavior Attenuates Condemnation and Breeds Social Contagion: When Transgressions Seem to Create Little Harm

      By: Scott S. Wiltermuth, Lynne C. Vincent and F. Gino
      Across six studies, people judged creative forms of unethical behavior to be less unethical than less creative forms of unethical behavior, particularly when the unethical behaviors imposed relatively little direct harm on victims. As a result of perceiving behaviors...  View Details
      Keywords: Ethics; Perception; Creativity
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      Wiltermuth, Scott S., Lynne C. Vincent, and F. Gino. "Creativity in Unethical Behavior Attenuates Condemnation and Breeds Social Contagion: When Transgressions Seem to Create Little Harm." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 139 (March 2017): 106–126.
      • September 2016
      • Article

      Bounded Awareness: Implications for Ethical Decision Making

      By: Max Bazerman and Ovul Sezer
      In many of the business scandals of the new millennium, the perpetrators were surrounded by people who could have recognized the misbehavior, yet failed to notice it. To explain such inaction, management scholars have been developing the area of behavioral ethics and...  View Details
      Keywords: Ethics
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      Bazerman, Max, and Ovul Sezer. "Bounded Awareness: Implications for Ethical Decision Making." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 136 (September 2016): 95–106.
      • 2016
      • Chapter

      Envy and Interpersonal Corruption: Social Comparison Processes and Unethical Behavior in Organizations

      By: Julia J. Lee and Francesca Gino
      Book Abstract: Competition for resources, recognition, and favorable outcomes are all facts of life in professional settings. When one falls short in comparison to colleagues or subordinates, feelings of envy may arise. Fueled by inferiority, hostility, and resentment,...  View Details
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      Lee, Julia J., and Francesca Gino. "Envy and Interpersonal Corruption: Social Comparison Processes and Unethical Behavior in Organizations." In Envy at Work and in Organizations, edited by Richard H. Smith, Ugo Merlone, and Michelle K. Duffy, 347–372. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
      • September 2016
      • Article

      Monitoring Global Supply Chains

      By: Jodi L. Short, Michael W. Toffel and Andrea R. Hugill
      Firms seeking to avoid reputational spillovers that can arise from dangerous, illegal, and unethical behavior at supply chain factories are increasingly relying on private social auditors to provide strategic information about suppliers' conduct. But little is known...  View Details
      Keywords: Monitoring; Transaction Cost Economics; Industry Self-regulation; Auditing; Codes Of Conduct; Supply Chains; Corporate Social Responsibility; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Supply Chain; Globalization
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      Short, Jodi L., Michael W. Toffel, and Andrea R. Hugill. "Monitoring Global Supply Chains." Strategic Management Journal 37, no. 9 (September 2016): 1878–1897. (Video abstract (4 minutes). Working Knowledge article for practitioners.)
      • 2016
      • Chapter

      Dishonesty Explained: What Leads Moral People To Act Immorally

      By: F. Gino and D. Ariely
      The last two decades have witnessed what seems to be an increasing number of cases of dishonesty, from corporate corruption and employee misconduct to questionable behaviors during the financial crisis and individual acts of unethical behavior in many spheres of...  View Details
      Keywords: Behavior; Ethics; Organizations; Attitudes; Financial Crisis
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      Gino, F., and D. Ariely. "Dishonesty Explained: What Leads Moral People To Act Immorally." In The Social Psychology of Good and Evil. 2nd ed. Edited by Arthur G. Miller. New York: Guilford Press, 2016.
      • 2016
      • Chapter

      How Moral Flexibility Constrains Our Moral Compass

      By: F. Gino
      Cheating, fraud, deception, uncooperative actions, and many other forms of unethical behavior are among the greatest personal and societal challenges of our time. While the media commonly focuses on the most sensational scams (e.g., Enron, Bernard Madoff), less...  View Details
      Keywords: Moral Sensibility; Behavior; Organizations; Attitudes
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      Gino, F. "How Moral Flexibility Constrains Our Moral Compass." In Cheating, Corruption, and Concealment: The Roots of Dishonesty, edited by Jan-Willem van Prooijen and Paul A.M. van Lange. Cambridge University Press, 2016.
      • May 31, 2016
      • Article

      Memories of Unethical Actions Become Obfuscated over Time

      By: Maryam Kouchaki and Francesca Gino
      Despite our optimistic belief that we would behave honestly when facing the temptation to act unethically, we often cross ethical boundaries. This paper explores one possibility for why people engage in unethical behavior over time by suggesting that memory for their...  View Details
      Keywords: Behavior; Ethics; Cognition and Thinking
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      Kouchaki, Maryam, and Francesca Gino. "Memories of Unethical Actions Become Obfuscated over Time." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 22 (May 31, 2016).
      • Article

      Ethical Blind Spots: Explaining Unintentional Unethical Behavior

      By: Ovul Sezer, F. Gino and Max H. Bazerman
      People view themselves as more ethical, fair, and objective than others, yet often act against their moral compass. This paper reviews recent research on unintentional unethical behavior and provides an overview of the conditions under which ethical blind spots lead...  View Details
      Keywords: Behavior; Ethics; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Sezer, Ovul, F. Gino, and Max H. Bazerman. "Ethical Blind Spots: Explaining Unintentional Unethical Behavior." Special Issue on Morality and Ethics edited by Francesca Gino and Shaul Salvi. Current Opinion in Psychology 6 (December 2015): 77–81.
      • Article

      Three Principles to REVISE People's Unethical Behavior

      By: Shahar Ayal, Francesca Gino, Rachel Barkan and Dan Ariely
      Dishonesty and unethical behavior are widespread in the public and private sectors and cause immense annual losses. For instance, estimates of U.S. annual losses indicate $1 trillion paid in bribes, $270 billion lost due to unreported income, as well as $42 billion...  View Details
      Keywords: Behavior; Ethics; Policy
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      Ayal, Shahar, Francesca Gino, Rachel Barkan, and Dan Ariely. "Three Principles to REVISE People's Unethical Behavior." Perspectives on Psychological Science 10, no. 6 (November 2015): 738–741.
      • October 2015
      • Article

      Hormones and Ethics: Understanding the Biological Basis of Unethical Conduct

      By: Jooa Julie Lee, Francesca Gino, Ellie Shuo Jin, Leslie K. Rice and Robert A. Josephs
      Globally, fraud has been rising sharply over the last decade, with current estimates placing financial losses at greater than $3.7 trillion dollars annually. Unfortunately, fraud prevention has been stymied by lack of a clear and comprehensive understanding of its...  View Details
      Keywords: Behavior; Ethics; Science
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      Lee, Jooa Julie, Francesca Gino, Ellie Shuo Jin, Leslie K. Rice, and Robert A. Josephs. "Hormones and Ethics: Understanding the Biological Basis of Unethical Conduct." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 144, no. 5 (October 2015): 891–897.
      • October–December 2015
      • Article

      Reducing Bounded Ethicality: How to Help Individuals Notice and Avoid Unethical Behavior

      By: Ting Zhang, Pinar O. Fletcher, Francesca Gino and Max H. Bazerman
      Research on ethics has focused on the factors that help individuals act ethically when they are tempted to cheat. However, we know little about how best to help individuals notice unethical behaviors in others and in themselves. This paper identifies a solution:...  View Details
      Keywords: Ethics; Management Skills; Behavior; Perception
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      Zhang, Ting, Pinar O. Fletcher, Francesca Gino, and Max H. Bazerman. "Reducing Bounded Ethicality: How to Help Individuals Notice and Avoid Unethical Behavior." Special Issue on Bad Behavior. Organizational Dynamics 44, no. 4 (October–December 2015): 310–317.
      • 2015
      • Article

      Approach, Ability, Aftermath: A Psychological Framework of Unethical Behavior at Work

      By: C. Moore and F. Gino
      Many of the scandalous organizational practices that have come to light in the last decade—rigging LIBOR, misselling payment protection insurance, rampant Wall Street insider trading, large-scale bribery of foreign officials, and the packaging and sale of toxic...  View Details
      Keywords: Working Conditions; Ethics; Decision Making
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      Moore, C., and F. Gino. "Approach, Ability, Aftermath: A Psychological Framework of Unethical Behavior at Work." Academy of Management Annals 9 (2015): 235–289.
      • June 2015
      • Article

      Understanding Ordinary Unethical Behavior: Why People Who Value Morality Act Immorally

      By: F. Gino
      Cheating, deception, organizational misconduct, and many other forms of unethical behavior are among the greatest challenges in today's society. As regularly highlighted by the media, extreme cases and costly scams are common. Yet, even more frequent and pervasive are...  View Details
      Keywords: Moral Sensibility; Behavior
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      Gino, F. "Understanding Ordinary Unethical Behavior: Why People Who Value Morality Act Immorally." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 3 (June 2015): 107–111.
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