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      • Faculty Publications  (476)

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      • May–June 2023
      • Article

      Analytics for Marketers: When to Rely on Algorithms and When to Trust Your Gut

      By: Fabrizio Fantini and Das Narayandas
      Advanced analytics can help companies solve a host of management problems, including those related to marketing, sales, and supply-chain operations, which can lead to a sustainable competitive advantage. But as more data becomes available and advanced analytics are...  View Details
      Keywords: Analytics and Data Science; Decision Making
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      Fantini, Fabrizio, and Das Narayandas. "Analytics for Marketers: When to Rely on Algorithms and When to Trust Your Gut." Harvard Business Review 101, no. 3 (May–June 2023): 82–91.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      El Dorado Lost: Local Elites, Real Estate and the Education Business in China

      By: Geoffrey Jones and Yuhai Wu
      This working paper examines the evolving, complex and multifaceted relationship between the real estate industry and the education sector in China. The current crises in the private education and real estate sectors caused by policy shifts reflect the inter-meshing of...  View Details
      Keywords: Business and Government Relations; Policy; Government and Politics; Economic Sectors; Education Industry; Real Estate Industry; China
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      Jones, Geoffrey, and Yuhai Wu. "El Dorado Lost: Local Elites, Real Estate and the Education Business in China." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-065, May 2023.
      • April 12, 2023
      • Article

      Using AI to Adjust Your Marketing and Sales in a Volatile World

      By: Das Narayandas and Arijit Sengupta
      Why are some firms better and faster than others at adapting their use of customer data to respond to changing or uncertain marketing conditions? A common thread across faster-acting firms is the use of AI models to predict outcomes at various stages of the customer...  View Details
      Keywords: Forecasting and Prediction; AI and Machine Learning; Consumer Behavior; Technology Adoption; Competitive Advantage
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      Narayandas, Das, and Arijit Sengupta. "Using AI to Adjust Your Marketing and Sales in a Volatile World." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (April 12, 2023).
      • April 6, 2023
      • Article

      A New NFT Launch Strategy: The Wave Mint

      By: Scott Duke Kominers and 1337 Skulls Sers
      In an NFT project, the mint—the process by which tokens are initially allocated—largely determines who your community is and how they and the broader market view the project going forward. In this piece, we review a new minting strategy recently introduced by 1337...  View Details
      Keywords: NFTs; Mechanism Design; Sales Management; Sales Model; Crypto Economy; Non-fungible Tokens; Networks; Product Launch; Auctions; Market Design
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      Kominers, Scott Duke, and 1337 Skulls Sers. "A New NFT Launch Strategy: The Wave Mint." a16zcrypto.com (April 6, 2023).
      • 2023
      • Article

      Estimating Causal Peer Influence in Homophilous Social Networks by Inferring Latent Locations.

      By: Edward McFowland III and Cosma Rohilla Shalizi
      Social influence cannot be identified from purely observational data on social networks, because such influence is generically confounded with latent homophily, that is, with a node’s network partners being informative about the node’s attributes and therefore its...  View Details
      Keywords: Causal Inference; Homophily; Social Networks; Peer Influence; Social and Collaborative Networks; Power and Influence; Mathematical Methods
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      McFowland III, Edward, and Cosma Rohilla Shalizi. "Estimating Causal Peer Influence in Homophilous Social Networks by Inferring Latent Locations." Journal of the American Statistical Association 118, no. 541 (2023): 707–718.
      • April 2023
      • Article

      Inattentive Inference

      By: Thomas Graeber
      This paper studies how people infer a state of the world from information structures that include additional, payoff-irrelevant states. For example, learning from a customer review about a product’s quality requires accounting for the reviewer’s otherwise irrelevant...  View Details
      Keywords: Cognition and Thinking; Information Types; Behavior; Knowledge Acquisition
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      Graeber, Thomas. "Inattentive Inference." Journal of the European Economic Association 21, no. 2 (April 2023): 560–592.
      • March 2023
      • Case

      Patagonia: 'Earth Is Now Our Only Shareholder'

      By: Brian Trelstad, Nien-hê Hsieh, Michael Norris and Susan Pinckney
      Patagonia’s change of ownership from a privately held company to a perpetual purpose trust and 501(c)(4) nonprofit in order to use the company’s profit to fight the environmental crisis and be a model for future businesses.  View Details
      Keywords: Trusts; Business Ventures; Business Organization; Family Business; Restructuring; Change; Disruption; Transition; Decision Making; Ethics; Values and Beliefs; Finance; Financial Management; Governance; Corporate Governance; Investment Activism; Leadership; Labor; Law; Common Law; Management; Goals and Objectives; Organizations; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Ownership; Ownership Type; Family Ownership; Private Ownership; Social Enterprise; Nonprofit Organizations; Society; Social Issues; Wealth and Poverty; Value; Value Creation; Apparel and Accessories Industry; United States
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      Trelstad, Brian, Nien-hê Hsieh, Michael Norris, and Susan Pinckney. "Patagonia: 'Earth Is Now Our Only Shareholder'." Harvard Business School Case 323-057, March 2023.
      • March 2023
      • Background Note

      A Primer on OKRs

      By: Suraj Srinivasan and Li-Kuan (Jason) Ni
      The OKR framework is a popular goal-setting and strategy execution tool that uses goal setting through “Objectives” and measuring performance using “Key Results” on a periodic basis to measure and drive performance. The OKR framework has been adopted and practiced at...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Organization; Talent and Talent Management; Framework; Corporate Governance; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Management Practices and Processes; Management Skills; Management Systems; Measurement and Metrics; Outcome or Result; Performance Effectiveness; Performance Evaluation; Performance Expectations; Performance Productivity; Performance Efficiency
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, and Li-Kuan (Jason) Ni. "A Primer on OKRs." Harvard Business School Background Note 123-081, March 2023.
      • March 2023
      • Case

      FinTunes, Inc., Board of Directors

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Jennifer Fonstad
      The board of FinTunes, Inc., a start-up aimed at helping musicians distribute their work and manage their finances, must decide among three candidates to serve as the company’s first independent director. The terms of FinTunes’ last round of financing provided that the...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Governing and Advisory Boards; Corporate Governance; Music Industry; Los Angeles; California
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Jennifer Fonstad. "FinTunes, Inc., Board of Directors." Harvard Business School Case 323-071, March 2023.
      • March 2023
      • Case

      Woven Planet - Designing Software for the Car of the Future

      By: Gary P. Pisano and Catherine Piner
      Founded in 2021, Woven Planet Holdings—a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation—was developing Arene, an automotive software platform consisting of an operating system, development and simulation tools, and a cloud-based service that could store and analyze vehicle...  View Details
      Keywords: Technology; Automated Driving; Innovation
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      Pisano, Gary P., and Catherine Piner. "Woven Planet - Designing Software for the Car of the Future." Harvard Business School Case 623-064, March 2023.
      • 2023
      • Article

      Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules

      By: Kosuke Imai and Michael Lingzhi Li
      The increasing availability of individual-level data has led to numerous applications of individualized (or personalized) treatment rules (ITRs). Policy makers often wish to empirically evaluate ITRs and compare their relative performance before implementing them in a...  View Details
      Keywords: Causal Inference; Heterogeneous Treatment Effects; Precision Medicine; Uplift Modeling; Analytics and Data Science; AI and Machine Learning
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      Imai, Kosuke, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules." Journal of the American Statistical Association 118, no. 541 (2023): 242–256.
      • January–February 2023
      • Article

      External Interfaces and Internal Processes: Market Positioning and Divergent Professionalization Paths in Young Ventures

      By: Alicia DeSantola, Ranjay Gulati and Pavel Zhelyazkov
      We explore how the initial market positioning of entrepreneurial ventures shapes how they professionalize over time, focusing specifically on the development of functional roles. In contrast to existing literature, which has presumed a uniform march toward...  View Details
      Keywords: Market Positioning; Professionalization; Scaling; Entrepreneurship; Strategy; Business Startups; Growth and Development; Organizational Structure
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      DeSantola, Alicia, Ranjay Gulati, and Pavel Zhelyazkov. "External Interfaces and Internal Processes: Market Positioning and Divergent Professionalization Paths in Young Ventures." Organization Science 34, no. 1 (January–February 2023): 1–23.
      • 2022
      • Article

      Efficiently Training Low-Curvature Neural Networks

      By: Suraj Srinivas, Kyle Matoba, Himabindu Lakkaraju and Francois Fleuret
      Standard deep neural networks often have excess non-linearity, making them susceptible to issues such as low adversarial robustness and gradient instability. Common methods to address these downstream issues, such as adversarial training, are expensive and often...  View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning
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      Srinivas, Suraj, Kyle Matoba, Himabindu Lakkaraju, and Francois Fleuret. "Efficiently Training Low-Curvature Neural Networks." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2022).
      • 2022
      • Article

      Which Explanation Should I Choose? A Function Approximation Perspective to Characterizing Post hoc Explanations

      By: Tessa Han, Suraj Srinivas and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      A critical problem in the field of post hoc explainability is the lack of a common foundational goal among methods. For example, some methods are motivated by function approximation, some by game theoretic notions, and some by obtaining clean visualizations. This...  View Details
      Keywords: Mathematical Methods; Decision Choices and Conditions; Analytics and Data Science
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      Han, Tessa, Suraj Srinivas, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "Which Explanation Should I Choose? A Function Approximation Perspective to Characterizing Post hoc Explanations." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2022). (Best Paper Award, International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) Workshop on Interpretable ML in Healthcare.)
      • October 2022
      • Background Note

      Note on Cyberattacks and Regulatory Regimes

      By: Frank Nagle, George A. Riedel, William R. Kerr and David Lane
      Describes common types of cyberattacks on enterprises and their costs, as well as the fragmentary regulatory regimes through which U.S. states and regulatory agencies at the start of 2021 attempted to encourage disclosure of cyberattacks and to pursue enforcement...  View Details
      Keywords: Regulations; Regulatory Agencies; Cyberattacks; Governance; Corporate Disclosure; Cybersecurity; Information Industry; Information Technology Industry; Health Industry; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Nagle, Frank, George A. Riedel, William R. Kerr, and David Lane. "Note on Cyberattacks and Regulatory Regimes." Harvard Business School Background Note 723-392, October 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      When Do Individuals Give Up Agency? The Role of Decision Avoidance

      By: Holly Dykstra, Christine L. Exley and Muriel Niederle
      A common policy problem is that individuals reject recommended options and insist on making their own choices. Via a large-scale experiment, we document and investigate what factors contribute to this preference for agency. Our main results show that individuals’...  View Details
      Keywords: Choice; Decision Making; Policy; Cognition and Thinking
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      Dykstra, Holly, Christine L. Exley, and Muriel Niederle. "When Do Individuals Give Up Agency? The Role of Decision Avoidance." Working Paper, October 2022.
      • October–December 2022
      • Article

      Achieving Reliable Causal Inference with Data-Mined Variables: A Random Forest Approach to the Measurement Error Problem

      By: Mochen Yang, Edward McFowland III, Gordon Burtch and Gediminas Adomavicius
      Combining machine learning with econometric analysis is becoming increasingly prevalent in both research and practice. A common empirical strategy involves the application of predictive modeling techniques to "mine" variables of interest from available data, followed...  View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning; Econometric Analysis; Instrumental Variable; Random Forest; Causal Inference; AI and Machine Learning; Forecasting and Prediction
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      Yang, Mochen, Edward McFowland III, Gordon Burtch, and Gediminas Adomavicius. "Achieving Reliable Causal Inference with Data-Mined Variables: A Random Forest Approach to the Measurement Error Problem." INFORMS Journal on Data Science 1, no. 2 (October–December 2022): 138–155.
      • September 2022
      • Background Note

      On CUE: The Quest for Optimal Customer Unit Economics

      By: Elie Ofek, Barak Libai and Eitan Muller
      Startups are often evaluated by how well they perform on unit economics, defined as the ratio of a customer’s lifetime value (LTV) to acquisition costs (CAC). A common target for unit economics, advocated by many VCs and analysts, is 3:1 (i.e., LTV/CAC=3). While there...  View Details
      Keywords: Unit Economics; Business Startups; Performance Evaluation; Customer Value and Value Chain; Customer Relationship Management; Analysis
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      Ofek, Elie, Barak Libai, and Eitan Muller. "On CUE: The Quest for Optimal Customer Unit Economics." Harvard Business School Background Note 523-050, September 2022.
      • 2022
      • Chapter

      Coordinating Marketing and Sales in B2B Organizations

      By: Frank V. Cespedes
      This Handbook is targeted at academics and graduate students who want an overview of the academic state of the business-to-business marketing domain and at B2B practitioners who want to be aware of the current state of knowledge in their domains. This chapter examines...  View Details
      Keywords: B2B Marketing; Marketing
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      Cespedes, Frank V. "Coordinating Marketing and Sales in B2B Organizations." Chap. 7 in Handbook of Business-to-Business Marketing. 2nd ed. Edited by Gary L. Lilien, J. Andrew Petersen, and Stefan Wuyts, 117–137. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022.
      • September–October 2022
      • Article

      Seeking Purity, Avoiding Pollution: Strategies for Moral Career Building

      By: Erin Reid and Lakshmi Ramarajan
      This study builds theory on how people construct moral careers. Analyzing interviews with 102 journalists, we show how people build moral careers by seeking jobs that allow them to fulfill both the institution’s moral obligations and their own material aims. We...  View Details
      Keywords: Personal Development and Career; Moral Sensibility
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      Reid, Erin, and Lakshmi Ramarajan. "Seeking Purity, Avoiding Pollution: Strategies for Moral Career Building." Organization Science 33, no. 5 (September–October 2022): 1909–1937.
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