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      • Faculty Publications  (41)

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      • February 2023
      • Article

      OTC Intermediaries

      By: Andrea L. Eisfeldt, Bernard Herskovic, Sriram Rajan and Emil Siriwardane
      We study the effect of dealer exit on prices and quantities in a model of an over-the-counter (OTC) market featuring a core-periphery network with bilateral trading costs. The model is calibrated using regulatory data on the entire U.S. credit default swap (CDS) market...  View Details
      Keywords: OTC Markets; Intermediaries; Dealers; Credit Default Swaps; Risk Sharing; Financial Markets; Networks; Price; Risk and Uncertainty
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      Eisfeldt, Andrea L., Bernard Herskovic, Sriram Rajan, and Emil Siriwardane. "OTC Intermediaries." Review of Financial Studies 36, no. 2 (February 2023): 615–677.
      • January 2023
      • Case

      EKI Energy Services: One Billion Carbon Credits

      By: George Serafeim
      Within nine months from the time of its Initial Public Offering (IPO) in April of 2021, EKI Energy Services (EKI) shares had increased by more than 8,000%. Equally explosive was the growth of the company’s revenues and Earnings Before Interest, Taxes and Depreciation...  View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Credits; Carbon Emissions; Growth; Business Analysis; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Valuation; Climate Change; Accounting; Valuation; Transition; Renewable Energy; Analysis; Product Positioning; India
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      Serafeim, George. "EKI Energy Services: One Billion Carbon Credits." Harvard Business School Case 123-060, January 2023.
      • March 2022 (Revised June 2022)
      • Case

      El Salvador: Launching Bitcoin as Legal Tender

      By: Laura Alfaro, Carla Larangeira and Ruth Costas
      In June 2021, Nayib Bukele, El Salvador’s president, surprised the world with the announcement that the country would adopt bitcoin as legal tender, becoming the first nation to do so. Bitcoin was mostly used for trading and had one of the most volatile track records...  View Details
      Keywords: Bitcoin; Cryptocurrency; Currency; Financial Strategy; Economic Growth; Governance; Macroeconomics; Assets; Latin America; El Salvador
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      Alfaro, Laura, Carla Larangeira, and Ruth Costas. "El Salvador: Launching Bitcoin as Legal Tender." Harvard Business School Case 322-055, March 2022. (Revised June 2022.)
      • March 2022
      • Article

      Loan Types and the Bank Lending Channel

      By: Victoria Ivashina, Luc Laeven and Enrique Moral-Benito
      Using credit-registry data for Spain and Peru, we document that four main types of commercial credit—asset-based loans, cash flow loans, trade finance and leasing—are easily identifiable and represent the bulk of corporate credit. We show that credit growth dynamics...  View Details
      Keywords: Bank Credit; Loan Types; Bank Lending Channel; Credit Registry; Banks and Banking; Credit; Financing and Loans
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      Ivashina, Victoria, Luc Laeven, and Enrique Moral-Benito. "Loan Types and the Bank Lending Channel." Journal of Monetary Economics 126 (March 2022): 171–187.
      • July 2021 (Revised December 2021)
      • Case

      Pershing Square's Pandemic Trade (A)

      By: Emil N. Siriwardane, Luis M. Viceira, Dean Xu and Lucas Baker
      This case explores the decision that Bill Ackman, CEO and founder of the hedge fund Pershing Square Capital, was considering in late February 2020 about hedging the exposure of the fund’s portfolio from the potential financial fallout ensuing from an extreme event like...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Pandemics; Financial Liquidity; Cost Management; Decision Choices and Conditions; Risk Management
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      Siriwardane, Emil N., Luis M. Viceira, Dean Xu, and Lucas Baker. "Pershing Square's Pandemic Trade (A)." Harvard Business School Case 222-007, July 2021. (Revised December 2021.)
      • Article

      CDS Trading and Nonrelationship Lending Dynamics

      By: Jung Koo Kang, Christopher Williams and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman
      We investigate how credit default swaps (CDSs) affect lenders’ incentives to initiate new lending relationships. We predict that CDSs reduce adverse selection that nonrelationship lead arrangers face when competing for loans. Consistently, we find that a loan is...  View Details
      Keywords: Credit Default Swaps; CDS Market; Non-relationship Lending; Debt Contracts; Adverse Selection; Lending Monitoring; Cross-selling
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      Kang, Jung Koo, Christopher Williams, and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman. "CDS Trading and Nonrelationship Lending Dynamics." Review of Accounting Studies 26, no. 1 (March 2021): 258–292.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Currency Hedging in Emerging Markets: Managing Cash Flow Exposure

      By: Laura Alfaro, Mauricio Calani and Liliana Varela
      Foreign currency derivative markets are among the largest in the world, yet their role in emerging markets in particular, is relatively understudied. We study firms' currency risk exposure and their hedging choices by employing a unique dataset covering the universe of...  View Details
      Keywords: Foreign Currency Hedging; FX Derivatives; Foreign Currency Debt; Currency Mismatch; Trade Credit; Currency; Cash Flow; Emerging Markets
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      Alfaro, Laura, Mauricio Calani, and Liliana Varela. "Currency Hedging in Emerging Markets: Managing Cash Flow Exposure." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-096, March 2021.
      • March 2021
      • Article

      On the Direct and Indirect Real Effects of Credit Supply Shocks

      By: Laura Alfaro, Manuel García-Santana and Enrique Moral-Benito
      We explore the real effects of bank-lending shocks and how they permeate the economy through buyer-supplier linkages. We combine administrative data on all Spanish firms with a matched bank-firm-loan dataset of all corporate loans from 2003 to 2013 to estimate...  View Details
      Keywords: Credit Supply Shocks; Bank Lending Channel; Input-output Linkages; Output; Mechanisms; Trade Credits; Price Effects; Economics; Credit; System Shocks; Employment; Investment; Spain
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      Alfaro, Laura, Manuel García-Santana, and Enrique Moral-Benito. "On the Direct and Indirect Real Effects of Credit Supply Shocks." Journal of Financial Economics 139, no. 3 (March 2021): 895–921.
      • January 2021 (Revised May 2021)
      • Case

      Delta Air Lines: Navigating the COVID-19 Storm

      By: Ted Berk and Ryan Flamerich
      This case examines Delta Air Lines’ response as demand for its services plummeted in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on the company’s funding needs and capital structure. Following a series of initial actions, the company’s cash “burn” had reduced from...  View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19; Health Pandemics; Financial Condition; Capital Structure; Crisis Management; Risk Management; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Air Transportation Industry
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      Berk, Ted, and Ryan Flamerich. "Delta Air Lines: Navigating the COVID-19 Storm." Harvard Business School Case 221-063, January 2021. (Revised May 2021.)
      • October 2020
      • Article

      Peer Influence on Trade Credit

      By: Daniel Gyimah, Michael Machokoto and Anywhere (Siko) Sikochi
      We examine the influence of peer firms on trade credit policies of listed firms in the United States. We posit and find evidence that firms mimic their peers in formulating trade credit policies. The findings are more pronounced for firms in highly competitive product...  View Details
      Keywords: Trade Credit; Peer Effects; Product Market Competition; Trade; Credit; Policy; Competition
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      Gyimah, Daniel, Michael Machokoto, and Anywhere (Siko) Sikochi. "Peer Influence on Trade Credit." Journal of Corporate Finance 64 (October 2020).
      • January 2020
      • Case

      SK Group: Social Progress Credits

      By: George Serafeim, Ethan Rouen and David Freiberg
      SK Group was one of the largest companies South Korea. A family-run conglomerate consisting of around 120 subsidiaries and employing more than 100,000, SK was tightly knit into the fabric of Korean society. SK viewed their future success as contingent upon the strength...  View Details
      Keywords: Impact; Impact Investing; Impact Measurement; Social Value; Social Development; Conglomerates; Measurement Of Purpose; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Capital Markets; Innovation; Environmental Impact; Collaboration; Social Enterprise; Social and Collaborative Networks; Social Issues; Measurement and Metrics; Value Creation; Cooperation; Environmental Sustainability; Employment; Accounting; Energy Industry; Telecommunications Industry; Chemical Industry; South Korea
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      Serafeim, George, Ethan Rouen, and David Freiberg. "SK Group: Social Progress Credits." Harvard Business School Case 120-071, January 2020.
      • May 2019
      • Teaching Note

      Tesla, Inc. in 2018

      By: Siko Sikochi and Suraj Srinivasan
      Teaching Note for HBS No. 119-013. The case facilitates a discussion about corporate governance and its role in achieving sustainable profitability and driving long-term shareholder value. The discussion can focus on such questions as what constitutes good governance,...  View Details
      Keywords: Public Company; Corporate Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Cost vs Benefits
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      Sikochi, Siko, and Suraj Srinivasan. "Tesla, Inc. in 2018." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 119-101, May 2019.
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      OTC Intermediaries

      By: Andrea L. Eisfeldt, Bernard Herskovic, Sriram Rajan and Emil Siriwardane
      Over-the-counter (OTC) markets for financial assets are dominated by a relatively small number of core intermediaries and a large number of peripheral customers. In this paper, we develop a model of trade in a core-periphery network and estimate its key structural...  View Details
      Keywords: OTC Markets; Intermediaries; Dealers; Credit Default Swaps; Risk Sharing; Networks; Price; Risk and Uncertainty
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      Eisfeldt, Andrea L., Bernard Herskovic, Sriram Rajan, and Emil Siriwardane. "OTC Intermediaries." Working Paper, August 2018.
      • January 2018 (Revised April 2021)
      • Case

      Capital Allocation at HCA

      By: W. Carl Kester and Emily R. McComb
      In early 2017, HCA Holdings, an investor-owned hospital management company, faced a strategically important capital allocation decision. After the exit of its private equity sponsors in 2016, HCA had to determine how best to allocate its substantial annual free cash...  View Details
      Keywords: Capital Allocation; Cash Distribution Policy; Dividends; Share Repurchases; Growth Strategy And Execution; Growth Investing; Capital Expenditures; Debt Management; Debt Reduction; Debt Policy; Hospital Management; Investor-owned Hospital Chains; Capital Budgeting; Capital Structure; Cash Flow; Corporate Finance; Decision Choices and Conditions; Health Industry; United States
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      Kester, W. Carl, and Emily R. McComb. "Capital Allocation at HCA." Harvard Business School Case 218-039, January 2018. (Revised April 2021.)
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      Trade Creditors' Information Advantage

      By: Victoria Ivashina and Benjamin Iverson
      Using information on the sales of debt claims for 132 U.S. Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases, we show that large trade creditors’ decisions to sell receivables of a distressed company in bankruptcy are predictive of lower recovery rates, and that in such cases these...  View Details
      Keywords: Trade Credit; Distress; Bankruptcy; Credit; Information; Insolvency and Bankruptcy
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and Benjamin Iverson. "Trade Creditors' Information Advantage." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 24269, January 2018.
      • 2016
      • Working Paper

      The Stock Market and Bank Risk-Taking

      By: David S. Scharfstein and Antonio Falato
      We argue that stock market pressure to generate earnings encourages banks to increase risk. We measure risk using confidential supervisory ratings as well as financial information released in regulatory filings. We document that there is an increase in the risk-taking...  View Details
      Keywords: Stock Market; Financial Markets; Business Earnings; Banks and Banking; Risk and Uncertainty
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      Scharfstein, David S., and Antonio Falato. "The Stock Market and Bank Risk-Taking." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 22689, September 2016.
      • May 2016
      • Supplement

      2016 Update: Argentina Turns the Page

      By: David E. Bell, Forest Reinhardt and Natalie Kindred
      This brief case is a supplement to “Cresud and Argentina” (515-043) and “Note on Agriculture in Argentina” (515-069). Set in early 2016, it describes developments in Argentina under newly elected President Mauricio Macri, including the country’s return to international...  View Details
      Keywords: Argentina; " Cresud; Agriculture; Economic Reform; Economic Policy; Land Investment; Macri; Currency; Agribusiness; Diversification; Economy; Emerging Markets; Credit; Currency Exchange Rate; Investment; Business and Government Relations; Government and Politics; Inflation and Deflation; Trade; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Argentina; Buenos Aires; South America
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      Bell, David E., Forest Reinhardt, and Natalie Kindred. "2016 Update: Argentina Turns the Page." Harvard Business School Supplement 716-077, May 2016.
      • March 2016
      • Article

      Trade Credit and Taxes

      By: Mihir Desai, C. Fritz Foley and James R. Hines Jr.
      This paper analyzes the extent to which firms use trade credit to reallocate capital in response to tax incentives. Tax-induced differences in pretax returns encourage the use of trade credit to reallocate capital from firms facing low tax rates to those facing high...  View Details
      Keywords: Taxation; Trade; Credit; Capital
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      Desai, Mihir, C. Fritz Foley, and James R. Hines Jr. "Trade Credit and Taxes." Review of Economics and Statistics 98, no. 1 (March 2016): 132–139.
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      Collateral Shortages and Intermediation Networks

      By: Marco Di Maggio and Alireza Tahbaz-Salehi
      This paper argues that in the presence of trading frictions and agency problems, the interbank market may be overly fragile, in the sense that small changes in the liquidity of assets used as collateral may lead to large swings in haircuts and a potential credit...  View Details
      Keywords: Financial Intermediation; Financial Networks; Secured Lending; Collateral; Repo Runs; ABCP Collapse; Networks; Negotiation; Financing and Loans; Financial Crisis
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      Di Maggio, Marco, and Alireza Tahbaz-Salehi. "Collateral Shortages and Intermediation Networks." Working Paper, November 2015. (Revise and Resubmit to The Review of Financial Studies.)
      • Article

      Reaching for Yield in the Bond Market

      By: Bo Becker and Victoria Ivashina
      Reaching for yield—the propensity to buy riskier assets in order to achieve higher yields—is believed to be an important factor contributing to the credit cycle. This paper analyzes this phenomenon in the corporate bond market. Specifically, we show evidence for...  View Details
      Keywords: Fixed Income; Reaching For Yield; Financial Intermediation; Insurance Companies; Insurance; Assets; Bonds; Investment Return; Investment Portfolio; Risk Management; Insurance Industry
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      Becker, Bo, and Victoria Ivashina. "Reaching for Yield in the Bond Market." Journal of Finance 70, no. 5 (October 2015): 1863–1902.
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