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- March 2022 (Revised March 2022)
- Case
El Salvador: Launching Bitcoin as Legal Tender
By: Laura Alfaro, Carla Larangeira and Ruth Costas
In June 2021, Nayib Bukele, El Salvador’s president, surprised the world with the announcement that the country would adopt bitcoin as legal tender, becoming the first nation to do so. Bitcoin was mostly used for trading and had one of the most volatile track records...
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Keywords:
Bitcoin;
Currency;
Financial Strategy;
Economic Growth;
Governance;
Macroeconomics;
Assets;
Latin America;
El Salvador
- March 2022
- Article
Loan Types and the Bank Lending Channel
By: Victoria Ivashina, Luc Laeven and Enrique Moral-Benito
Using credit-registry data for Spain and Peru, we document that four main types of commercial credit—asset-based loans, cash flow loans, trade finance and leasing—are easily identifiable and represent the bulk of corporate credit. We show that credit growth dynamics...
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- July 2021 (Revised December 2021)
- Case
Pershing Square's Pandemic Trade (A)
By: Emil N. Siriwardane, Luis M. Viceira, Dean Xu and Lucas Baker
This case explores the decision that Bill Ackman, CEO and founder of the hedge fund Pershing Square Capital, was considering in late February 2020 about hedging the exposure of the fund’s portfolio from the potential financial fallout ensuing from an extreme event like...
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- 2021
- Working Paper
Currency Hedging: Managing Cash Flow Exposure
By: Laura Alfaro, Maurici Mauricio and Liliana Varela
Foreign currency derivative markets are among the largest in the world, yet their role in emerging markets is relatively understudied. We study firms' currency risk exposure and their hedging choices by employing a unique dataset covering the universe of FX derivatives...
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- Article
CDS Trading and Nonrelationship Lending Dynamics
By: Jung Koo Kang, Christopher Williams and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman
We investigate how credit default swaps (CDSs) affect lenders’ incentives to initiate new lending relationships. We predict that CDSs reduce adverse selection that nonrelationship lead arrangers face when competing for loans. Consistently, we find that a loan is...
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- 2020
- Working Paper
Currency Hedging in Emerging Markets: Managing Cash Flow Exposure
By: Laura Alfaro, Mauricio Calani and Liliana Varela
Foreign currency derivative markets are among the largest in the world, yet their role in emerging markets in particular, is relatively understudied. We study firms' currency risk exposure and their hedging choices by employing a unique dataset covering the universe of...
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- March 2021
- Article
On the Direct and Indirect Real Effects of Credit Supply Shocks
By: Laura Alfaro, Manuel García-Santana and Enrique Moral-Benito
We explore the real effects of bank-lending shocks and how they permeate the economy through buyer-supplier linkages. We combine administrative data on all Spanish firms with a matched bank-firm-loan dataset of all corporate loans from 2003 to 2013 to estimate...
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- January 2021 (Revised May 2021)
- Case
Delta Air Lines: Navigating the COVID-19 Storm
By: Ted Berk and Ryan Flamerich
This case examines Delta Air Lines’ response as demand for its services plummeted in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on the company’s funding needs and capital structure. Following a series of initial actions, the company’s cash “burn” had reduced from...
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- October 2020
- Article
Peer Influence on Trade Credit
By: Daniel Gyimah, Michael Machokoto and Anywhere (Siko) Sikochi
We examine the influence of peer firms on trade credit policies of listed firms in the United States. We posit and find evidence that firms mimic their peers in formulating trade credit policies. The findings are more pronounced for firms in highly competitive product...
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Keywords:
Trade Credit;
Peer Effects;
Product Market Competition;
Trade;
Credit;
Policy;
Competition
- 2020
- Working Paper
Why is Dollar Debt Cheaper? Evidence from Peru
By: Victoria Ivashina, Bryan Gutiérrez and Juliana Salomao
In emerging markets, a significant share of corporate loans are denominated in dollars. Using novel data that enables us to see currency and the cost of credit, in addition to several other transaction-level characteristics, we re-examine the reasons behind dollar...
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- January 2020
- Case
SK Group: Social Progress Credits
By: George Serafeim, Ethan Rouen and David Freiberg
SK Group was one of the largest companies South Korea. A family-run conglomerate consisting of around 120 subsidiaries and employing more than 100,000, SK was tightly knit into the fabric of Korean society. SK viewed their future success as contingent upon the strength...
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Keywords:
Impact;
Impact Investing;
Impact Measurement;
Social Value;
Social Development;
Conglomerates;
Measurement Of Purpose;
ESG;
ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance;
Capital Markets;
Innovation;
Environmental Impact;
Collaboration;
Social Enterprise;
Social and Collaborative Networks;
Social Issues;
Measurement and Metrics;
Value Creation;
Cooperation;
Environmental Sustainability;
Employment;
Accounting;
Energy Industry;
Telecommunications Industry;
Chemical Industry;
South Korea
- May 2019
- Teaching Note
Tesla, Inc. in 2018
By: Siko Sikochi and Suraj Srinivasan
Teaching Note for HBS No. 119-013. The case facilitates a discussion about corporate governance and its role in achieving sustainable profitability and driving long-term shareholder value. The discussion can focus on such questions as what constitutes good governance,...
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- 2018
- Working Paper
OTC Intermediaries
By: Andrea L. Eisfeldt, Bernard Herskovic, Sriram Rajan and Emil Siriwardane
Over-the-counter (OTC) markets for financial assets are dominated by a relatively small number of core intermediaries and a large number of peripheral customers. In this paper, we develop a model of trade in a core-periphery network and estimate its key structural...
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- January 2018 (Revised April 2021)
- Case
Capital Allocation at HCA
By: W. Carl Kester and Emily R. McComb
In early 2017, HCA Holdings, an investor-owned hospital management company, faced a strategically important capital allocation decision. After the exit of its private equity sponsors in 2016, HCA had to determine how best to allocate its substantial annual free cash...
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Keywords:
Capital Allocation;
Cash Distribution Policy;
Dividends;
Share Repurchases;
Growth Strategy And Execution;
Growth Investing;
Capital Expenditures;
Debt Management;
Debt Reduction;
Debt Policy;
Hospital Management;
Investor-owned Hospital Chains;
Capital Budgeting;
Capital Structure;
Cash Flow;
Corporate Finance;
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Health Industry;
United States
- 2018
- Working Paper
Trade Creditors' Information Advantage
By: Victoria Ivashina and Benjamin Iverson
Using information on the sales of debt claims for 132 U.S. Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases, we show that large trade creditors’ decisions to sell receivables of a distressed company in bankruptcy are predictive of lower recovery rates, and that in such cases these...
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- 2016
- Working Paper
The Stock Market and Bank Risk-Taking
By: David S. Scharfstein and Antonio Falato
We argue that stock market pressure to generate earnings encourages banks to increase risk. We measure risk using confidential supervisory ratings as well as financial information released in regulatory filings. We document that there is an increase in the risk-taking...
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- May 2016
- Supplement
2016 Update: Argentina Turns the Page
By: David E. Bell, Forest Reinhardt and Natalie Kindred
This brief case is a supplement to “Cresud and Argentina” (515-043) and “Note on Agriculture in Argentina” (515-069). Set in early 2016, it describes developments in Argentina under newly elected President Mauricio Macri, including the country’s return to international...
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Keywords:
Argentina;
＂ Cresud;
Agriculture;
Economic Reform;
Economic Policy;
Land Investment;
Macri;
Currency;
Agribusiness;
Diversification;
Economy;
Emerging Markets;
Credit;
Currency Exchange Rate;
Investment;
Business and Government Relations;
Government and Politics;
Inflation and Deflation;
Trade;
Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
Argentina;
Buenos Aires;
South America
- March 2016
- Article
Trade Credit and Taxes
By: Mihir Desai, C. Fritz Foley and James R. Hines Jr.
This paper analyzes the extent to which firms use trade credit to reallocate capital in response to tax incentives. Tax-induced differences in pretax returns encourage the use of trade credit to reallocate capital from firms facing low tax rates to those facing high...
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- 2015
- Working Paper
Collateral Shortages and Intermediation Networks
By: Marco Di Maggio and Alireza Tahbaz-Salehi
This paper argues that in the presence of trading frictions and agency problems, the interbank market may be overly fragile, in the sense that small changes in the liquidity of assets used as collateral may lead to large swings in haircuts and a potential credit...
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- Article
Reaching for Yield in the Bond Market
By: Bo Becker and Victoria Ivashina
Reaching for yield—the propensity to buy riskier assets in order to achieve higher yields—is believed to be an important factor contributing to the credit cycle. This paper analyzes this phenomenon in the corporate bond market. Specifically, we show evidence for...
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