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    • All HBS Web  (5,477)
      • Faculty Publications  (136)

      Time As Money Remove Time As Money →

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      Thinking About Time as Money Decreases Environmental Behavior
      Thinking About Time as Money Decreases Environmental Behavior
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      • December 2020
      • Article

      Can't Buy Me Love (or Friendship): Social Consequences of Financially Contingent Self-Worth

      By: D. Ward, L.E. Park, K. Naragon-Gainey, H. Jung and A.V. Whillans
      Although people may think that money improves one’s relationships, research suggests otherwise. Focusing on money is associated with spending less time maintaining relationships (Whillans & Dunn, 2018) and less desire to rely on others for help (Vohs, Mead, & Goode,...  View Details
      Keywords: Self-esteem; money; Relationships; Welfare
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      Ward, D., L.E. Park, K. Naragon-Gainey, H. Jung, and A.V. Whillans. "Can't Buy Me Love (or Friendship): Social Consequences of Financially Contingent Self-Worth." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 12 (December 2020): 1665–1681.
      • November 2020
      • Case

      Community-First Public Safety

      By: Mitchell B. Weiss and Sarah Mehta
      How many police officer positions to fund? In August 2020, the question facing St. Paul Mayor Melvin Carter, which might have seemed routine to another mayor at another time in another place, was anything but. A pandemic had rendered the city some $19-$34 million short...  View Details
      Keywords: Race; Law Enforcement; Governance; Decision Making; Public Administration Industry; United States; Minnesota; Saint Paul
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      Weiss, Mitchell B., and Sarah Mehta. "Community-First Public Safety." Harvard Business School Case 821-005, November 2020.
      • October 2020
      • Article

      Overcoming Resource Scarcity: Consumers' Response to Gifts Intending to Save Time and Money

      By: Alice Lee-Yoon, Grant Donnelly and A.V. Whillans
      Consumers feel increasingly pressed for time and money. Gifts have the potential to reduce scarcity in recipients’ lives, yet little is known about how recipients perceive gifts given with the intention of saving them time or money. Across four studies (N=1,403), we...  View Details
      Keywords: Scarcity; Status; time; Gift Giving; Status And Position; money; Attitudes; Emotions
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      Lee-Yoon, Alice, Grant Donnelly, and A.V. Whillans. "Overcoming Resource Scarcity: Consumers' Response to Gifts Intending to Save Time and Money." Special Issue on Scarcity and Consumer Decision Making. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 5, no. 4 (October 2020): 391–403.
      • September 2020
      • Case

      Building India's 2.0: PayNearby

      By: Lauren Cohen and Spencer C. N. Hagist
      Headquartered in Mumbai, India, FinTech startup Nearby Technologies has seen its flagship brand, PayNearby, rapidly flourish across most of its target market within just four years. The unprecedented success of its payment app, which allows users to access banking...  View Details
      Keywords: Fintech; Developing Markets; Payments; Finance; Entrepreneurship; Emerging Markets; Competitive Strategy; Banking Industry; India
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      Cohen, Lauren, and Spencer C. N. Hagist. "Building India's 2.0: PayNearby." Harvard Business School Case 221-027, September 2020.
      • September 2020
      • Case

      Getaway

      By: Ryan W. Buell and Amy Klopfenstein
      Since its founding, Getaway’s service offering – tiny, modern cabins in the woods, located within a two-hour drive of major metropolitan areas – had been met with tremendous demand. Overworked and overconnected city dwellers reveled in the opportunity to take a break...  View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Service Operations; Management; Demand And Consumers; Marketing; Strategy; Accommodations Industry
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      Buell, Ryan W., and Amy Klopfenstein. "Getaway." Harvard Business School Case 621-054, September 2020.
      • 2020
      • Book

      Better, Not Perfect: A Realist's Guide to Maximum Sustainable Goodness

      By: Max Bazerman
      Every day, you make hundreds of decisions. They’re largely personal, but these choices have an ethical twinge as well; they value certain principles and ends over others. Bazerman argues that we can better balance both dimensions—and we needn’t seek perfection to make...  View Details
      Keywords: Decision Making; Moral Sensibility; Ethics; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact
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      Bazerman, Max. Better, Not Perfect: A Realist's Guide to Maximum Sustainable Goodness. New York: Harper Business, 2020.
      • August 2020
      • Case

      Gerald Chertavian

      By: Leslie Perlow and Matthew Preble
      Gerald Chertavian (HBS 1992) finds himself at a personal crossroads. It is 1999--the height of the dot com-bubble--and Chertavian and his business partners have just sold their Internet-based business for $83 million. His share of the sale’s proceeds means that he has...  View Details
      Keywords: Social Enterprise; Personal Development And Career; Decision Choices And Conditions
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      Perlow, Leslie, and Matthew Preble. "Gerald Chertavian." Harvard Business School Case 421-030, August 2020.
      • August 2020 (Revised October 2020)
      • Exercise

      To Prioritize Money or Time? The P-Mot Exercise (Student)

      By: Ashley Whillans and Liz Goldenberg
      Working professionals are often in the predicament of needing to make a choice between activities that will grant them more money or more time. Indeed, in large-scale representative panels of working adults, most respondents report feeling pressed for both time and...  View Details
      Keywords: time; Time-as Money; money; money; time Management; Decision Making
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      Whillans, Ashley, and Liz Goldenberg. "To Prioritize Money or Time? The P-Mot Exercise (Student)." Harvard Business School Exercise 921-012, August 2020. (Revised October 2020.)
      • August 2020 (Revised October 2020)
      • Teaching Note

      To Prioritize Money or Time? The P-Mot Exercise (Instructor)

      By: Ashley Whillans and Liz Goldenberg
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 921-012. Working professionals are often in the predicament of needing to make a choice between activities that will grant them more money or more time. Indeed, in large-scale representative panels of working adults, most respondents...  View Details
      Keywords: time; Time As Money; Trade-offs; money; time Management; Decision Making
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      Whillans, Ashley, and Liz Goldenberg. "To Prioritize Money or Time? The P-Mot Exercise (Instructor)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 921-013, August 2020. (Revised October 2020.)
      • August 2020
      • Article

      Does Spending Money on Others Promote Happiness? A Registered Replication Report

      By: Lara B. Aknin, Elizabeth W. Dunn, Jason Proulx, Iris Lok and Michael I. Norton
      Research indicates that spending money on others—prosocial spending—leads to greater happiness than spending money on oneself (e.g., Dunn, Aknin, & Norton, 2008, 2014). These findings have received widespread attention because they offer insight into why people engage...  View Details
      Keywords: Prosocial Spending; Generosity; Well-being; Replication; Happiness; Behavior; Spending
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      Aknin, Lara B., Elizabeth W. Dunn, Jason Proulx, Iris Lok, and Michael I. Norton. "Does Spending Money on Others Promote Happiness? A Registered Replication Report." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 119, no. 2 (August 2020).
      • June 2020 (Revised October 2020)
      • Case

      Muddy Waters vs. eHealth: The Debate of a 'Lifetime'

      By: Jonas Heese and Cristo Liautaud
      In May 2020, an analyst was assessing eHealth’s performance. eHealth was an online / tele-sales broker of health insurance products. The stock had recently hit all-time highs, closing at a peak of $146 on March 4, 2020. But now, May 4, 2020, eHealth traded at $103. The...  View Details
      Keywords: Revenue Recognition; Health; Insurance; Online Technology; Insurance Industry
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      Heese, Jonas, and Cristo Liautaud. "Muddy Waters vs. eHealth: The Debate of a 'Lifetime'." Harvard Business School Case 120-114, June 2020. (Revised October 2020.)
      • 2020
      • Article

      Service Provider Salience: When Guilt Undermines Consumer Willingness to Buy Time

      By: Ashley V. Whillans, Alice Lee-Yoon and Elizabeth W. Dunn
      Spending money on time-saving services can improve happiness and reduce stress. Yet many people do not spend money to save time even when they can afford to do so, potentially because they feel guilty about paying other people to complete disliked tasks on their...  View Details
      Keywords: time; Identifiable Victim Effect; Social Support; Happiness; money; Spending; Attitudes; Consumer Behavior
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      Whillans, Ashley V., Alice Lee-Yoon, and Elizabeth W. Dunn. "Service Provider Salience: When Guilt Undermines Consumer Willingness to Buy Time." Art. 28. Collabra: Psychology 6 (2020).
      • April 2020
      • Other Article

      Time Versus Money and the American Dream

      By: Allan Schweyer, A.V. Whillans and Phillip Bryant
      Keywords: time; money
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      Schweyer, Allan, A.V. Whillans, and Phillip Bryant. "Time Versus Money and the American Dream." Compensation & Benefits Review 52, no. 2 (April 2020): 31–33.
      • Article

      Prosocial Spending and Buying Time: Money as a Tool for Increasing Subjective Well-Being

      By: Elizabeth Dunn, A.V. Whillans, Michael I. Norton and Lara B. Aknin
      Researchers have long been interested in the relationship between income and happiness, but a newer wave of work suggests that how people use their money also matters. We discuss the three primary areas in which psychologists have explored the relationship...  View Details
      Keywords: Wellbeing; money; Spending; Decision Making; Happiness
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      Dunn, Elizabeth, A.V. Whillans, Michael I. Norton, and Lara B. Aknin. "Prosocial Spending and Buying Time: Money as a Tool for Increasing Subjective Well-Being." Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 61 (2020).
      • January 2020
      • Article

      Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing to Demonstrate Value in Perioperative Care: Recommendations and Review from the Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement

      By: O. Allin, RD Urman, AF Edwards, JD Blitz, KJ Pfeifer, TW Feeley and AM Bader
      A shift in health care payment models from volume toward value-based incentives will require deliberate input into systems development from both perioperative clinicians and administrators to ensure appropriate recognition of the value of all services...  View Details
      Keywords: Value-based Health Care; Outcomes; Time-driven Activity-based Costing; Health Care And Treatment; Cost Management; Value; Activity Based Costing And Management
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      Allin, O., RD Urman, AF Edwards, JD Blitz, KJ Pfeifer, TW Feeley, and AM Bader. "Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing to Demonstrate Value in Perioperative Care: Recommendations and Review from the Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement." Journal of Medical Systems 44, no. 1 (January 2020).
      • November 14, 2019
      • Article

      Leisure Beliefs and the Subjective Well-being of Nations

      By: A.V. Whillans and Lucia Macchia
      Here, we construct a data set of 79 countries (N = 220,000) and explore whether differences in the prioritization of time (leisure) vs. money (work) explain cross-country differences in happiness. Consistent with our predictions, countries whose citizens value leisure...  View Details
      Keywords: Leisure; Work; Subjective Well-being; Public Policy; Employment; Happiness; Governance; Policy
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      Whillans, A.V., and Lucia Macchia. "Leisure Beliefs and the Subjective Well-being of Nations." Journal of Positive Psychology (November 14, 2019). (Shared Authorship.)
      • Article

      Valuing Time Over Money Predicts Happiness After a Major Life Transition: A Preregistered Longitudinal Study of Graduating Students

      By: A.V. Whillans, Lucia Macchia and Elizabeth Dunn
      When making major life decisions—such as choosing what to do after graduation—is it better to prioritize time or money? In a pre-registered longitudinal study of 1,232 graduating university students, respondents who valued time over money chose more intrinsically...  View Details
      Keywords: Time Use; money; Trade-offs; Career Decisions; time Management; money; Happiness; Values And Beliefs; Personal Development And Career
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      Whillans, A.V., Lucia Macchia, and Elizabeth Dunn. "Valuing Time Over Money Predicts Happiness After a Major Life Transition: A Preregistered Longitudinal Study of Graduating Students." Science Advances 5, no. 9 (September 2019).
      • August 2019 (Revised September 2019)
      • Case

      Dirk Nowitzki: Changing the Game

      By: Boris Groysberg, Sascha L. Schmidt and Evan M.S. Hecht
      NBA Superstar Dirk Nowitzki was unsure whether the 2018–2019 season would be his last as an NBA player. He had not faced such uncertainty since 1998, when he had navigated a difficult decision regarding the timing of his move to the NBA. He also did not know what he...  View Details
      Keywords: Career Decisions; Career Journey; "sports Organizations,; Mentoring; Retirement; Sports; Performance; Training; Personal Development And Career; Sports Industry; United States
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      Groysberg, Boris, Sascha L. Schmidt, and Evan M.S. Hecht. "Dirk Nowitzki: Changing the Game." Harvard Business School Case 420-031, August 2019. (Revised September 2019.)
      • Article

      Are New Graduates Happier Making More Money or Having More Time?

      By: A.V. Whillans
      Each year across North America, millions of graduates have to make tradeoffs between time and money as they plan their next steps. Despite the importance of these choices, we know surprisingly little about how people navigate major life decisions that involve making...  View Details
      Keywords: time; Tradeoffs; money; Decision Making; Personal Development And Career; Satisfaction
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      Whillans, A.V. "Are New Graduates Happier Making More Money or Having More Time?" Harvard Business Review (website) (July 25, 2019).
      • Article

      Valuing Time Over Money Is Associated with Greater Social Connection

      By: A.V. Whillans and Elizabeth W. Dunn
      Can the trade-offs that people make between time and money shape our social relationships? Across three studies, utilizing self-report (N=127; N=249) and behavioral outcomes (N=358), we provide the first evidence that the chronic orientation to prioritize time over...  View Details
      Keywords: time; Belonging; Social Connection; Trade-offs; Well-being; money; Value; Relationships; Social And Collaborative Networks
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      Whillans, A.V., and Elizabeth W. Dunn. "Valuing Time Over Money Is Associated with Greater Social Connection." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36, no. 8 (August 2019): 2549–2565.
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