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- Faculty Publications (59)
- 2017
- Working Paper
Digital Agility: The Impact of Software Portfolio Architecture on IT System Evolution
By: Alan MacCormack, Robert Lagerström, Martin Mocker and Carliss Y. Baldwin
The modern industrial firm increasingly relies on software to support its competitive position. However, the uncertain and dynamic nature of today’s global marketplace dictates that this software be continually evolved and adapted to meet new business challenges. This...
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Keywords:
Information Systems;
Software;
Architecture;
Modularity;
Agility;
Coupling;
Applications and Software;
Design;
Decisions;
Performance
MacCormack, Alan, Robert Lagerström, Martin Mocker, and Carliss Y. Baldwin. "Digital Agility: The Impact of Software Portfolio Architecture on IT System Evolution." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-105, May 2017. (Revised October 2017.)
- 2017
- Working Paper
Exploring the Relationship between Architecture Coupling and Software Vulnerabilities: A Google Chrome Case
By: Robert Lagerstrom, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack, Dan Sturtevant and Lee Doolan
Employing software metrics, such as size and complexity, for predicting defects has been given a lot of attention over the years and has proven very useful. However, the few studies looking at software architecture and vulnerabilities are limited in scope and findings....
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Keywords:
Software;
Architecture;
Coupling;
Vulnerabilities;
Applications and Software;
Complexity;
Measurement and Metrics
Lagerstrom, Robert, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack, Dan Sturtevant, and Lee Doolan. "Exploring the Relationship between Architecture Coupling and Software Vulnerabilities: A Google Chrome Case." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-078, February 2017.
- October 2016 (Revised April 2018)
- Case
ASICS: Chasing a 2020 Vision
By: Elie Ofek, Nobuo Sato and Akiko Kanno
In early 2016, Motoi Oyama, president and CEO of ASICS, a major sports apparel and footwear manufacturer based in Japan, lays out his company’s growth plan for the upcoming 5 years. The new plan set ambitious goals in terms of revenue and profit increases. At the heart...
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Keywords:
Brand Management;
Sports Apparel;
Competitive Positioning;
Direct To Consumer Marketing;
Retail Formats;
Lifestyle Brands;
Information Technology;
Competition;
Brands and Branding;
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Digital Platforms;
Product Positioning;
Marketing Channels;
Sports;
Retail Industry;
Apparel and Accessories Industry;
Sports Industry;
Entertainment and Recreation Industry
Ofek, Elie, Nobuo Sato, and Akiko Kanno. "ASICS: Chasing a 2020 Vision." Harvard Business School Case 517-060, October 2016. (Revised April 2018.)
- October 2016
- Article
Technical Debt and System Architecture: The Impact of Coupling on Defect-related Activity
By: Alan MacCormack and Daniel J. Sturtevant
Technical debt is created when design decisions that are expedient in the short-term increase the costs of maintaining and adapting this system in future. An important component of technical debt relates to decisions about system architecture. As systems grow and...
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Keywords:
Information Infrastructure;
Performance Efficiency;
Applications and Software;
Infrastructure
MacCormack, Alan, and Daniel J. Sturtevant. "Technical Debt and System Architecture: The Impact of Coupling on Defect-related Activity." Journal of Systems and Software 120 (October 2016): 170–182. (Received 31 May 2015. Revised 28 May 2016. Accepted 4 June 2016.)
- July–August 2016
- Article
Beyond the Holacracy Hype: The Overwrought Claims—and Actual Promise—of the Next Generation of Self-Managed Teams
By: Ethan Bernstein, John Bunch, Niko Canner and Michael Lee
Holacracy and other forms of self-organization have been getting a lot of press. Proponents hail them as "flat" environments that foster flexibility, engagement, productivity, and efficiency. Critics say they're naive, unrealistic experiments. We argue, using evidence...
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Keywords:
Self-Managed Organizations;
Self-Managed Teams;
Reliability;
Adaptability;
Holacracy;
Organization Design;
Organization Structure;
Organizational Charts;
Organizational Architecture;
Organizational Forms;
Organizational Design;
Organizational Structure;
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Performance Effectiveness;
Performance Productivity;
Management Practices and Processes;
Management Systems;
Managerial Roles;
Human Resources;
Technology Industry;
Technology Industry;
Technology Industry;
Technology Industry;
Technology Industry;
North America
Bernstein, Ethan, John Bunch, Niko Canner, and Michael Lee. "Beyond the Holacracy Hype: The Overwrought Claims—and Actual Promise—of the Next Generation of Self-Managed Teams." Harvard Business Review 94, nos. 7-8 (July–August 2016): 38–49.
- 2016
- Working Paper
The Mirroring Hypothesis: Theory, Evidence and Exceptions
By: Lyra J. Colfer and Carliss Y. Baldwin
The mirroring hypothesis predicts that organizational ties within a project, firm, or group of firms (e.g., communication, collocation, employment) will correspond to the technical patterns of dependency in the work being performed. A thorough understanding of the...
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Keywords:
Modularity;
Innovation;
Product And Process Development;
Organization Design;
Design Structure;
Organizational Ties;
Mirroring Hypothesis;
Industry Architecture;
Product Architecture;
Complex Technical Systems;
Information Technology;
Organizational Design;
Organizational Structure;
Relationships;
Innovation and Invention;
Product Development
Colfer, Lyra J., and Carliss Y. Baldwin. "The Mirroring Hypothesis: Theory, Evidence and Exceptions." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-124, April 2016. (Revised May 2016.)
- Article
Visualizing and Measuring Software Portfolio Architecture: A Power Utility Case
By: Robert Lagerström, Carliss Y. Baldwin and Alan MacCormack
In this paper, we test a Design Structure Matrix (DSM) based method for visualizing and
measuring software portfolio architectures. Our data is drawn from a power utility company, comprising 192 software applications with 614 dependencies between them. We
show that the...
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Lagerström, Robert, Carliss Y. Baldwin, and Alan MacCormack. "Visualizing and Measuring Software Portfolio Architecture: A Power Utility Case." Special Issue on DSM Conference 2014. Journal of Modern Project Management 3, no. 2 (September–December 2015): 114–121.
- Article
Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization
By: Shoshana Zuboff
This article describes an emergent logic of accumulation in the networked sphere, 'surveillance capitalism,' and considers its implications for 'information civilization.' The institutionalizing practices and operational assumptions of Google Inc. are the...
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Keywords:
Surveillance Capitalism;
Big Data;
Google;
Information Society;
Privacy;
Internet Of Everything;
Rights;
Economic Systems;
Analytics and Data Science;
Internet and the Web;
Ethics
Zuboff, Shoshana. "Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization." Journal of Information Technology 30, no. 1 (March 2015): 75–89.
- 2014
- Working Paper
Visualizing and Measuring Software Portfolio Architectures: A Flexibility Analysis
By: Robert Lagerstrom, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack and David Dreyfus
In this paper, we test a method for visualizing and measuring software portfolio architectures and use our measures to predict the costs of architectural change. Our data is drawn from a biopharmaceutical company, comprising 407 architectural components with 1,157...
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Keywords:
Design Structure Matrices;
Software Architecture;
Flexibility;
Software Application Portfolio;
Complexity;
Applications and Software;
Forecasting and Prediction
Lagerstrom, Robert, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack, and David Dreyfus. "Visualizing and Measuring Software Portfolio Architectures: A Flexibility Analysis." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-083, March 2014.
- September 2013
- Case
Boeing 787: More Electric Architecture
By: Willy Shih
The "more electric architecture" of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner represented a significant shift in the design of secondary power systems for commercial aircraft, compared to traditional designs that employed a mix of hydraulic, pneumatic, and electrical power. While the...
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- 2013
- Working Paper
Visualizing and Measuring Enterprise Architecture: An Exploratory BioPharma Case
By: Robert Lagerstrom, Carliss Baldwin, Alan MacCormack and David Dreyfus
We test a method that was designed and used previously to reveal the hidden internal architectural structure of software systems. The focus of this paper is to test if it can also uncover new facts about the components and their relationships in an enterprise...
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Lagerstrom, Robert, Carliss Baldwin, Alan MacCormack, and David Dreyfus. "Visualizing and Measuring Enterprise Architecture: An Exploratory BioPharma Case." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13-105, June 2013.
- 2013
- Working Paper
Visualizing and Measuring Enterprise Application Architecture: An Exploratory Telecom Case
By: Robert Lagerstrom, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack and Stephan Aier
We test a method for visualizing and measuring enterprise application architectures. The method was designed and previously used to reveal the hidden internal architectural structure of software applications. The focus of this paper is to test if it can also uncover...
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Keywords:
Communication Technology;
Complexity;
Applications and Software;
Product Design;
Telecommunications Industry
Lagerstrom, Robert, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack, and Stephan Aier. "Visualizing and Measuring Enterprise Application Architecture: An Exploratory Telecom Case." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13-103, June 2013.
- 2014
- Working Paper
Hidden Structure: Using Network Methods to Map System Architecture
By: Carliss Baldwin, Alan MacCormack and John Rusnak
In this paper, we describe an operational methodology for characterising the architecture of complex technical systems and demonstrate its application to a large sample of software releases. Our methodology is based upon directed network graphs, which allows us to...
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Baldwin, Carliss, Alan MacCormack, and John Rusnak. "Hidden Structure: Using Network Methods to Map System Architecture." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13-093, May 2013. (Revised April 2014.)
- 2013
- Dictionary Entry
Technology and Innovation Management
The goal of this annotated bibliography on technology and innovation is to organize and present the most important literature relevant to a scholar seeking to understand and advance the field. It includes articles that are highly-cited and foundational pieces, as well...
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Keywords:
Technology;
Technological Change;
Innovation Streams;
Organizational Evolution;
Executive Leadership;
Organizational Architecture;
Information Technology;
Technological Innovation;
Innovation and Management;
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Leadership;
Organizational Design
Altman, Elizabeth J., Frank Nagle, and Michael L. Tushman. "Technology and Innovation Management." In Oxford Bibliographies: Management, edited by Ricky W. Griffin. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Electronic.
- 2012
- Working Paper
Modularity and Organizations
Modularity describes the degree to which a complex system can be broken apart into subunits (modules) that can be recombined in various ways. Modularity is important for organizations and the economy because the boundaries of organizational units and corporations are...
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- August 2012 (Revised August 2013)
- Background Note
Competency-Destroying Technology Transitions: Why the Transition to Digital Is Particularly Challenging
By: Willy Shih
Some technology transitions are exceedingly difficult for incumbent firms to execute. The bankruptcy filing by the Eastman Kodak Company highlighted the difficulty companies faced when their core business transitioned from an analog to a digital world. Kodak's business...
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Keywords:
Technology Transitions;
Competency-destroying;
Digital;
Analog;
Digital Transition;
Modular;
Modularity;
Technological Change;
Radical Innovation;
Incremental Innovation;
Architectural Innovation;
Modular Innovation;
Sustaining Innovation;
Competency-enhancing;
Noise Propagation;
Perfect Copying;
Digital Music;
Digital Media;
Consumer Electronics;
Kodak;
Sony;
Panasonic;
Disruptive Innovation;
Technology Adoption;
Transition;
Change Management;
Consumer Products Industry;
United States
Shih, Willy. "Competency-Destroying Technology Transitions: Why the Transition to Digital Is Particularly Challenging." Harvard Business School Background Note 613-024, August 2012. (Revised August 2013.)
- 2012
- Chapter
IP Modularity in Software Ecosystems: How SugarCRM's IP and Business Model Shape Its Product Architecture
By: Josef Waltl, Joachim Henkel and Carliss Y. Baldwin
Keywords:
Business Model;
Digital Platforms;
Open Source Distribution;
Complexity;
Applications and Software;
Intellectual Property
Waltl, Josef, Joachim Henkel, and Carliss Y. Baldwin. "IP Modularity in Software Ecosystems: How SugarCRM's IP and Business Model Shape Its Product Architecture." In Software Business: Proceedings of the Third International Conference, ICSOB 2012, by M. A. Cusumano, B. Iyer, and N. Venkatraman, 94–106. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2012.
- 6 Apr 2011
- Conference Presentation
Finding Technical Debt in Platform and Network Architectures
By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Alan MacCormack
- November 2010 (Revised February 2013)
- Supplement
Energy Security in Europe (B): The Southern Corridor
By: Rawi E. Abdelal and Sogomon Tarontsi
Nabucco natural gas pipeline, initiated by a group of European energy companies, was intended to connect the broad gas-rich region of the Middle East and Central Asia to Europe for the first time, which would diversify supply sources. At the same time, an...
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Keywords:
Non-Renewable Energy;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Policy;
Distribution;
Business and Government Relations;
Conflict and Resolution;
Energy Industry;
Russia;
European Union
Abdelal, Rawi E., and Sogomon Tarontsi. "Energy Security in Europe (B): The Southern Corridor." Harvard Business School Supplement 711-033, November 2010. (Revised February 2013.)
- 2010
- Working Paper
When Open Architecture Beats Closed: The Entrepreneurial Use of Architectural Knowledge
This paper describes how entrepreneurial firms can use superior architectural knowledge to open up a technical system to gain strategic advantage. The strategy involves, first, identifying "bottlenecks" in the existing system, and then creating a new open architecture...
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Keywords:
Entrepreneurship;
Investment Return;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Product Design;
Organizational Design;
Competitive Advantage;
Technology Industry
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "When Open Architecture Beats Closed: The Entrepreneurial Use of Architectural Knowledge." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-063, February 2010. (Revised July 2010, October 2010.)