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      • Faculty Publications  (140)

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      • March 2023
      • Module Note

      The Social Purpose of the Firm

      By: Debora L. Spar and Julia Comeau
      The Social Purpose of the Firm (SPF) is a short module designed to explore how, and under what circumstances, business leaders can harness the power of capitalism and markets to “make a difference in the world” – that is, to address a significant societal problem as a...  View Details
      Keywords: Social Accounting; Purpose; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Social Enterprise; Mission and Purpose; United States; Sweden; Kenya; Netherlands
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      Spar, Debora L., and Julia Comeau. "The Social Purpose of the Firm." Harvard Business School Module Note 323-051, March 2023.
      • February 2023
      • Case

      Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil

      By: Hise O. Gibson, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Ruth Costas and Pedro Levindo
      The case uses the example of a large investment made by French retail group Carrefour in Brazil to discuss the opportunities and challenges of doing businesses in the country. It gives readers an overview of Brazil’s economic transformation since its colonial years...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Cycles; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economy; Macroeconomics; Business History; Brazil; Latin America
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      Gibson, Hise O., Leonard A. Schlesinger, Ruth Costas, and Pedro Levindo. "Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil." Harvard Business School Case 323-084, February 2023.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Summarizing the Mental Customer Journey

      By: Julian De Freitas, Ahmet Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, Pechthida Kim and Tomer Ullman
      How do consumers summarize and act on their experiences, as when deciding whether an interaction with a firm was satisfying and whether to buy from it? Previous work on the summary of continuous experiences has tended to focus on a handful of experience patterns and...  View Details
      Keywords: Customer Experience; Customer Journey; Natural Language Processing; Summarization; Customer Satisfaction; Outcome or Result; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      De Freitas, Julian, Ahmet Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, Pechthida Kim, and Tomer Ullman. "Summarizing the Mental Customer Journey." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-038, January 2023.
      • 2022
      • Talk

      Evaluative Dynamics: Summarizing Customer Journeys, Interviews, and Lives

      By: Julian De Freitas, P. Kim and T. Ullman
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      De Freitas, Julian, P. Kim, and T. Ullman. "Evaluative Dynamics: Summarizing Customer Journeys, Interviews, and Lives." Association for Consumer Research Annual Conference, 2022.
      • 2022
      • Chapter

      Redirecting Rawlsian Reasoning Toward the Greater Good

      By: Joshua D. Greene, Karen Huang and Max Bazerman
      In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls employed the ‘veil of Ignorance’ as a moral reasoning device designed to promote impartial thinking. By imagining the choices of decision-makers who are blind to biasing information, one might see more clearly the organizing...  View Details
      Keywords: Moral Sensibility; Judgments; Prejudice and Bias; Decision Making
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      Greene, Joshua D., Karen Huang, and Max Bazerman. "Redirecting Rawlsian Reasoning Toward the Greater Good." Chap. 15 in The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology, edited by Manuel Vargas and John M. Doris, 246–261. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2022.
      • Article

      How Much Should We Trust Staggered Difference-In-Differences Estimates?

      By: Andrew C. Baker, David F. Larcker and Charles C.Y. Wang
      We explain when and how staggered difference-in-differences regression estimators, commonly applied to assess the impact of policy changes, are biased. These biases are likely to be relevant for a large portion of research settings in finance, accounting, and law that...  View Details
      Keywords: Difference In Differences; Staggered Difference-in-differences Designs; Generalized Difference-in-differences; Dynamic Treatment Effects; Mathematical Methods
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      Baker, Andrew C., David F. Larcker, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "How Much Should We Trust Staggered Difference-In-Differences Estimates?" Journal of Financial Economics 144, no. 2 (May 2022): 370–395. (Editor's Choice, May 2022.)
      • Article

      A Career Life-Cycle Perspective on Women's Health and Safety

      By: Robert S. Kaplan, Chizoba L. Chukwura, Gregory H. Gorman, Vivian S. Lee, Chester B. Good, Kathleen L. Martin, Gregory A. Ator and Michael D. Parkinson
      Women's health has demanded more attention from employers as women integrated into the workforce. Traditionally male-dominant fields and occupations require special attention to workplace design, physical standards for entry, employment practices, equipment, and health...  View Details
      Keywords: Women's Health; Healthcare Access; Workplace Design; Military Health System; Occupational Health; Medical Equipment & Devices; Employees; Gender; Personal Development and Career
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      Kaplan, Robert S., Chizoba L. Chukwura, Gregory H. Gorman, Vivian S. Lee, Chester B. Good, Kathleen L. Martin, Gregory A. Ator, and Michael D. Parkinson. "A Career Life-Cycle Perspective on Women's Health and Safety." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 64, no. 4 (April 2022): 267–270.
      • March 2022
      • Technical Note

      Ethical Analysis: Society

      By: Nien-hê Hsieh
      How should managers determine and deliver on their responsibilities to society? This note summarizes prevailing approaches to this question and outlines an approach centered on what distinguishes society from other key constituencies, such as investors or customers....  View Details
      Keywords: Social and Collaborative Networks; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Organizational Structure; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Ethics; Analysis
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      Hsieh, Nien-hê. "Ethical Analysis: Society." Harvard Business School Technical Note 322-119, March 2022.
      • February 2022
      • Case

      Business Roundtable 2019 Statement: A New Paradigm or Business as Usual?

      By: Charles C.Y. Wang and Amram Migdal
      This note focuses on the antecedents of, reactions to, and clarifications about The Business Roundtable’s August 19, 2019, “Statement on the Purpose of a Corporation.” The note includes background information on corporate governance as practiced in the United States in...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Accountability; Corporate Governance; Business History; Mission and Purpose; Agency Theory; Business and Shareholder Relations; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; United States
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      Wang, Charles C.Y., and Amram Migdal. "Business Roundtable 2019 Statement: A New Paradigm or Business as Usual?" Harvard Business School Case 122-023, February 2022.
      • 2021
      • Conference Presentation

      Lifelines: Summarizing the Pattern of a Meaningful Life

      By: P. Kim, J. De Freitas and T. Ullman
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      Kim, P., J. De Freitas, and T. Ullman. "Lifelines: Summarizing the Pattern of a Meaningful Life." Paper presented at the Society for Philosophy and Psychology Annual Meeting, 2021. (Virtual meeting.)
      • 2021
      • Book

      Lead and Disrupt: How to Solve the Innovator's Dilemma

      By: Charles A. O'Reilly III and Michael Tushman
      Why do successful firms find it so difficult to adapt in the face of change—to innovate? In the past ten years, the importance of this question has increased as more industries and firms confront disruptive change. The pandemic has accelerated this crisis, collapsing...  View Details
      Keywords: Organization Change And Adaptation; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation and Management; Leading Change
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      O'Reilly, Charles A., III, and Michael Tushman. Lead and Disrupt: How to Solve the Innovator's Dilemma. Second ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books, 2021.
      • July 2021
      • Course Overview Note

      Social Entrepreneurship and Systems Change

      By: Brian Trelstad and Preeti Varma
      Systems thinking is a discipline that emerged in the 20th century as a way to understand the complex interrelationships among various players and dynamics within an industry or field that resist simple, reductionist thinking. The big challenges we face play out in...  View Details
      Keywords: Systems Thinking; Social Entrepreneurship; System; Change
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      Trelstad, Brian, and Preeti Varma. "Social Entrepreneurship and Systems Change." Harvard Business School Course Overview Note 322-029, July 2021.
      • April 2021
      • Article

      Work-From-Anywhere: The Productivity Effects of Geographical Flexibility

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury, Cirrus Foroughi and Barbara Larson
      An emerging form of remote work allows employees to work-from-anywhere, so that the worker can choose to live in a preferred geographic location. While traditional work-from-home (WFH) programs offer the worker temporal flexibility, work-from-anywhere (WFA) programs...  View Details
      Keywords: Geographic Flexibility; Work-from-anywhere; Remote Work; Telecommuting; Geographic Mobility; USPTO; Employees; Geographic Location; Performance Productivity
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj, Cirrus Foroughi, and Barbara Larson. "Work-From-Anywhere: The Productivity Effects of Geographical Flexibility." Strategic Management Journal 42, no. 4 (April 2021): 655–683.
      • February 2021
      • Module Note

      Intellectual Property Strategy

      By: Andy Wu and Aticus Peterson
      Managing intellectual property (IP) in information technology—digital technologies like software or computing hardware—requires a distinct strategic approach. This note summarizes the high-level strategic considerations for managers of information technology businesses...  View Details
      Keywords: Intellectual Property; Information Technology; Management; Strategy
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      Wu, Andy, and Aticus Peterson. "Intellectual Property Strategy." Harvard Business School Module Note 721-436, February 2021.
      • Article

      Robust and Stable Black Box Explanations

      By: Himabindu Lakkaraju, Nino Arsov and Osbert Bastani
      As machine learning black boxes are increasingly being deployed in real-world applications, there has been a growing interest in developing post hoc explanations that summarize the behaviors of these black boxes. However, existing algorithms for generating such...  View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning; Black Box Models; Framework
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      Lakkaraju, Himabindu, Nino Arsov, and Osbert Bastani. "Robust and Stable Black Box Explanations." Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) 37th (2020): 5628–5638. (Published in PMLR, Vol. 119.)
      • August 2020
      • Background Note

      U.S. Private Equity Firms: ESG and Impact (A)

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Holly Fetter
      This Note has two parts. The first part (A) explores how U.S. private equity firms are incorporating ESG (Environmental, Social, & Governance) factors and impact objectives into their investment strategies and firm practices. It is based on publicly available...  View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Social Issues; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Holly Fetter. "U.S. Private Equity Firms: ESG and Impact (A)." Harvard Business School Background Note 321-036, August 2020.
      • August 2020
      • Background Note

      U.S. Private Equity Firms: ESG and Impact (B)

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Holly Fetter
      This is the second part of a two-part note. The first part (A) explores how US private equity firms are incorporating ESG (Environmental, Social, & Governance) factors and impact objectives into their investment strategies and firm practices. It is based on publicly...  View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Social Issues; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Holly Fetter. "U.S. Private Equity Firms: ESG and Impact (B)." Harvard Business School Background Note 321-037, August 2020.
      • February 2020
      • Technical Note

      Talent Management and the Future of Work

      By: William R. Kerr and Gorick Ng
      The nature of work is changing—and it is changing rapidly. Few days go by without industry giants such as Amazon and AT&T announcing plans to invest billions of dollars towards retraining nearly half of their respective workforces for jobs of the future. What changes...  View Details
      Keywords: Human Resource Management; Human Capital Development; Human Resource Practices; Talent; Talent Acquisition; Talent Development; Talent Development And Retention; Talent Management; Talent Retention; Labor Flows; Labor Management; Labor Market; Strategy Development; Strategy Management; Strategy Execution; Strategy And Execution; Strategic Change; Transformations; Organization; Organization Alignment; Organization Design; Organizational Adaptation; Organizational Effectiveness; Management Challenges; Management Of Business And Political Risk; Change Leadership; Future Of Work; Future; Skills Gap; Skills Development; Skills; Offshoring And Outsourcing; Investment; Capital Allocation; Work; Work Culture; Work Force Management; Work/life Balance; Work/family Balance; Work-family Boundary Management; Workers; Worker Productivity; Worker Performance; Work Engagement; Work Environment; Work Environments; Productivity; Organization Culture; Soft Skills; Technology Management; Technological Change; Technological Change: Choices And Consequences; Technology Diffusion; Disruptive Technology; Global Business; Global; Workplace; Workplace Context; Workplace Culture; Workplace Wellness; Collaboration; Competencies; Productivity Gains; Digital; Digital Transition; Competitive Dynamics; Competitiveness; Competitive Strategy; Data Analytics; Data; Data Management; Data Strategy; Data Protection; Aging Society; Diversity; Diversity Management; Millennials; Communication Complexity; Communication Technologies; International Business; Work Sharing; Global Competitiveness; Global Corporate Cultures; Intellectual Property; Intellectual Property Management; Intellectual Property Protection; Intellectual Capital And Property Issues; Globalization Of Supply Chain; Inequality; Recruiting; Hiring; Hiring Of Employees; Training; Job Cuts And Outsourcing; Job Performance; Job Search; Job Design; Job Satisfaction; Jobs; Employee Engagement; Employee Attitude; Employee Benefits; Employee Compensation; Employee Fairness; Employee Relationship Management; Employee Retention; Employee Selection; Employee Motivation; Employee Feedback; Employee Coordination; Employee Performance Management; Employee Socialization; Process Improvement; Application Performance Management; Stigma; Institutional Change; Candidates; Digital Enterprise; Cultural Adaptation; Cultural Change; Cultural Diversity; Cultural Context; Cultural Strategies; Cultural Psychology; Cultural Reform; Performance; Performance Effectiveness; Performance Management; Performance Evaluation; Performance Appraisal; Performance Feedback; Performance Measurement; Performance Metrics; Performance Measures; Performance Efficiency; Efficiency; Performance Analysis; Performance Appraisals; Performance Improvement; Automation; Artificial Intelligence; Technology Companies; Managerial Processes; Skilled Migration; Assessment; Human Resources; Management; Human Capital; Talent and Talent Management; Retention; Demographics; Labor; Strategy; Change; Change Management; Transformation; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Working Conditions; Information Technology; Technology Adoption; Disruption; Economy; Competition; Globalization; AI and Machine Learning; Digital Transformation
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      Kerr, William R., and Gorick Ng. "Talent Management and the Future of Work." Harvard Business School Technical Note 820-084, February 2020.
      • January 2020 (Revised April 2020)
      • Case

      Fossil Fuel Divestment

      By: Michael W. Toffel and Sarah Gulick
      The president of Harvard University is facing growing pressure from students, alumni, and other climate change activists that are urging the university to divest its multi-billion dollar endowment from fossil fuel companies. The case summarizes the arguments for and...  View Details
      Keywords: Divestment; Harvard University; Higher Education; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Climate Change; Public Opinion; Ethics; Education Industry
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      Toffel, Michael W., and Sarah Gulick. "Fossil Fuel Divestment." Harvard Business School Case 620-093, January 2020. (Revised April 2020.)
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Industrial Change, the Boundary of the Firm, and Racial Employment Segregation

      By: John-Paul Ferguson and Rembrand Koning
      Racial employment segregation between large workplaces in America has grown over the last generation. We know little about how changes in patterns of employment by economic sector have contributed to this growth, though. While there are many stylized narratives about...  View Details
      Keywords: Workplace Segregation; Firm Boundaries; Organizations; Employees; Segmentation; Race; Change; United States
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      Ferguson, John-Paul, and Rembrand Koning. "Industrial Change, the Boundary of the Firm, and Racial Employment Segregation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-069, December 2019.
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