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  • July–August 2019
  • Article

Coupling Labor Codes of Conduct and Supplier Labor Practices: The Role of Internal Structural Conditions
By: Yanhua Bird, Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
Exploitive working conditions have spurred companies to pressure their suppliers to adopt labor codes of conduct and to conform their labor practices to the standards set forth in those codes. Yet little is known about whether organizational structures such as codes...  View Details
Keywords: Organization Theory; Economic Sociology; Social Responsibility; Sustainability; Auditing; Process Improvement; Organizational Structure; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact; Supply Chain; Labor; Working Conditions
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  • Article

Platform Competition: Betfair and the U.K. Market for Sports Betting
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Neil Campbell
We examine two episodes of strategic interaction in the U.K. betting industry: (i) Betfair (an entrant multi-sided platform or MSP) vs. Flutter (also an MSP) and (ii) Betfair vs. traditional bookmakers. We find that although Betfair was an underfunded second mover in...  View Details
Keywords: Platform Design; Betting; Complements; Competing Business Models; Co-opetition; Entry; Multi-sided Platforms; Design; Network Effects; Business Model; Competition; Cooperation
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  • March 2019 (Revised January 2021)
  • Module Note

Strategic Interactions
By: Ashish Nanda
This note provides a perspective and some tools to predict and shape interactions with other players when making strategic decisions. As a strategist, you must consider that your firm’s actions evoke reactions from other players in the market and that, reciprocally,...  View Details
Keywords: Strategic Interaction; Value Capture; Strategy; Value Creation; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Education Industry
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  • 2019
  • Book

Disciples of the State?: Religion and State-Building in the Former Ottoman World
By: Kristin Fabbe
As the Ottoman Empire crumbled, the Middle East and Balkans became the site of contestation and cooperation between the traditional forces of religion and the emergent machine of the sovereign state. Yet such strategic interaction rarely yielded a decisive victory for...  View Details
Keywords: Ottoman Empire; Secularism; State-building; Religion; Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms; History; Turkey; Greece; Middle East
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  • Article

Choice Architects Reveal a Bias Toward Positivity and Certainty
By: David P. Daniels and Julian Zlatev
Biases influence important decisions, but little is known about whether and how individuals try to exploit others’ biases in strategic interactions. Choice architects—that is, people who present choices to others—must often decide between presenting choice sets with...  View Details
Keywords: Nudges; Biases; Strategic Decision Making; Social Influence; Choice Architects; Choice Architecture; Reflection Effect; Certainty Effect; Loss Aversion; Decision Making; Risk And Uncertainty; Power And Influence
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  • December 2018 (Revised December 2020)
  • Course Overview Note

Introduction to the RC Strategy Course
By: Ashish Nanda
This note offers an overview of the Strategy course offered in HBS’s Required Curriculum. The RC Strategy course aims to help students become effective strategists. The note introduces the six modules of the course: What is Strategy, Market Attractiveness, Competitive...  View Details
Keywords: Market Attractiveness; Strategic Interactions; Strategy; Corporate Strategy
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  • Article

The Strategy in Competitive Interactions
By: Eric J. Van den Steen
This paper reviews, discusses, and expands the “core guidance” definition of strategy as “the smallest set of choices to optimally guide (or force) other choices.” It first discusses what this definition contributes to the existing proposed definitions. It then...  View Details
Keywords: Strategy Formulation; Strategy Definition; Strategy; Competition; Analysis; Competitive Strategy; Decision Making
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  • 2018
  • Working Paper

Platform Competition: Betfair and the U.K. Market for Sports Betting
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Neil Campbell
We examine two episodes of strategic interaction in the U.K. betting industry: (i) Betfair (an entrant multi-sided platform or MSP) vs. Flutter (also an MSP), and (ii) Betfair vs. traditional bookmakers. We find that although Betfair was an underfunded second mover in...  View Details
Keywords: Platform Design; Betting; Multi-sided Platforms; Design; Network Effects; Business Model; Competition; Cooperation; Market Entry And Exit
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  • October 2018
  • Article

Strategy and the Strategist: How it Matters Who Develops the Strategy
By: Eric J. Van den Steen
This paper addresses primarily two questions. First, when (and why) should a company’s strategy be developed by its CEO versus by some outside analyst or other insider? Second, how does strategy interact with vision (in the sense of a strong belief about the right...  View Details
Keywords: Strategy; Strategy And Leadership; Strategy And Execution; Strategy; Leadership
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  • March 2018
  • Article

Enacting Knowledge Strategy Through Social Media: Passable Trust and the Paradox of Non-work Interactions
By: Tsedal Neeley and Paul Leonardi
Despite the recognition that knowledge sharing among employees is necessary to enact knowledge strategy, little is known about how to enable such sharing. Recent research suggests that social media may promote knowledge sharing because they allow social lubrication and...  View Details
Keywords: Knowledge Sharing; Strategy; Social And Collaborative Networks; Employees; interactive Communication; Trust
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  • October 2017
  • Article

Elevating Repositioning Costs: Strategy Dynamics and Competitive Interactions
By: Anoop R. Menon and Dennis Yao
This paper proposes an approach for modeling competitive interactions that incorporates the costs to firms of changing strategy. The costs associated with strategy modifications, which we term “repositioning costs,” are particularly relevant to competitive interactions...  View Details
Keywords: ＂repositioning Costs; Strategy Dynamics; Strategic Interaction; Game Theory; Capabilities; Cost; Strategy; Change; Game Theory; Organizational Change And Adaptation
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  • August 2017
  • Article

A Formal Theory of Strategy
By: Eric J. Van den Steen
What makes a decision strategic? When is strategy most important? This paper formally studies these questions, starting from a (functional) definition of strategy as “the smallest set of choices to optimally guide (or force) other choices.” The paper shows that this...  View Details
Keywords: Strategy; Strategy Development; Strategy; Decisions
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  • 2017
  • Chapter

Platforms, Open/User Innovation, and Ecosystems: A Strategic Leadership Perspective
By: Elizabeth J. Altman and Michael Tushman
Platform, open/user innovation, and ecosystem strategies embrace and enable interactions with external entities. Firms pursuing these approaches conduct business and interact with environments differently than those pursuing traditional closed strategies. This chapter...  View Details
Keywords: Platforms; Open/user Innovation; Ecosystems; Crowdsourcing; Strategic Leadership; Top Management Teams; Ceo Role; Business Strategy; Organizational Change And Adaptation; Leadership; Managerial Roles
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  • Summer 2017
  • Article

Measuring Consumer Preferences for Video Content Provision via Cord-Cutting Behavior
By: Jeffrey Prince and Shane Greenstein
The television industry is undergoing a generational shift in structure; however, many demand-side determinants are still not well understood. We model how consumers choose video content provision among over-the-air (OTA), paid subscription to cable or satellite, and...  View Details
Keywords: Technology; Service Delivery; Consumer Behavior; Television Entertainment; Service Industry; Media And Broadcasting Industry
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  • 2017
  • Working Paper

Rationalizing Outcomes: Mental-Model-Guided Learning in Competitive Markets
By: Anoop R. Menon and Dennis Yao
This paper explores how mental models affect the analysis of dynamic strategic interactions. We develop an explanation-based view of mental models founded on a regression analogy and implement this view in simulations involving market competition between two firms with...  View Details
Keywords: Mental Models; Strategic Interactions; Rationalization; Explanation-based View; Learning; Competition; Performance; Analysis
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  • 2017
  • Working Paper

Platforms, Open/User Innovation, and Ecosystems: A Strategic Leadership Perspective
By: Elizabeth J. Altman and Michael L. Tushman
Platform, open/user innovation, and ecosystem strategies embrace and enable interactions with external entities. Firms pursuing these approaches conduct business and interact with environments differently than those pursuing traditional closed strategies. This paper...  View Details
Keywords: Platforms; Open/user Innovation; Ecosystems; Crowdsourcing; Institutional Logics; Strategic Leadership; Top Management Teams; Ceo Role; Organizational Change And Adaptation; Market Platforms; Innovation And Invention; Organizational Design; Strategy; Managerial Roles
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  • November 2016 (Revised December 2016)
  • Module Note

Strategy Execution Module 11: Using Diagnostic and Interactive Control Systems
By: Robert Simons
This module reading introduces diagnostic and interactive control systems. Diagnostic control systems are the management-by-exception systems that managers use to monitor the achievement of their business strategy. Interactive control systems are the systems that top...  View Details
Keywords: Management Control Systems; Implementing Strategy; Strategy; Execution; Performance Measurement; Diagnostic Control Systems; Interactive Control Systems; Emergent Strategy; Goal Setting; Incentives; Strategy; Motivation And Incentives; Goals And Objectives; Management Systems; Performance Evaluation
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  • September–October 2016
  • Article

Growing New Corporate Businesses: From Initiation to Graduation
By: Sebastian Raisch and Michael Tushman
Large companies initiate many new businesses, but few of them reach scale. The ambidexterity literature describes how companies create exploratory businesses, but says little about how they subsequently scale these businesses. The strategy literature uses real option...  View Details
Keywords: Ambidexterity; Comparative Case Study; Corporate Venturing; Exploration; Organization Design; Real Option Theory; Organizational Design; Corporate Strategy; Corporate Entrepreneurship
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  • 2016
  • Book

Management: An Integrated Approach
By: Ranjay Gulati, Anthony Mayo and Nitin Nohria
The goal of Management: An Integrated Approach 2nd ed., is to prepare students for leadership positions in 21st century companies by addressing the many facets involved in answering one key question: How are leaders successfully managing competitive companies in...  View Details
Keywords: Management; Leadership; Competition; Organizational Design
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  • 2015
  • Chapter

The Business Model: Nature and Benefits
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and John Heilbron
This paper considers the nature of the business model and its strategic relevance to negotiations. We elaborate a substantive definition of the business model as decisions enforced by the authority of the firm; this definition enables the analysis of business models...  View Details
Keywords: Business Models; Value Capture; Value-based Business Strategy; Ambivalent Value; Business Model; Value; Negotiation Deal
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