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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (6,624)
      • Faculty Publications  (636)

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      Creating Value and Setting Standards
      Four New U.K. Accounting Standards Proposed
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      • March–April 2021
      • Article

      Manage the Suppliers That Could Harm Your Brand: Know When to Avoid, Engage, or Drop Them

      By: Jodi L Short and Michael W. Toffel
      The pandemic has placed a new spotlight on working conditions in factories that supply global companies. To avert problems, firms often impose codes of conduct on their suppliers and perform audits to assess compliance. Do these measures help identify unethical...  View Details
      Keywords: Auditing; Supply Chain; Agency Cost; Quality And Safety; Quality; Quality Management System; Quality Management; Unions; Wages; Environmental Management; Globalization; Goods And Commodities; Governance; Labor; Labor Unions; Working Conditions; Operations; Supply Chain; Safety; China; Bangladesh; Asia; Pakistan
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      Short, Jodi L., and Michael W. Toffel. "Manage the Suppliers That Could Harm Your Brand: Know When to Avoid, Engage, or Drop Them." Harvard Business Review 99, no. 2 (March–April 2021).
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Consuming Contests: Outcome Uncertainty and Spectator Demand for Contest-based Entertainment

      By: Patrick J. Ferguson and Karim R. Lakhani
      Contests that are designed to be consumed for entertainment by non-contestants are a fixture of economic, cultural and political life. In this paper, we examine whether individuals prefer to consume contests that have more uncertain outcomes. We look to...  View Details
      Keywords: Contest Design
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      Ferguson, Patrick J., and Karim R. Lakhani. "Consuming Contests: Outcome Uncertainty and Spectator Demand for Contest-based Entertainment." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-087, February 2021.
      • February 2021
      • Technical Note

      Probability Distributions

      By: Michael Parzen and Paul J. Hamilton
      This technical note introduces students to the concept of random variables, and from there the normal and binomial distributions. After a brief introduction to random variables, the note describes the standard properties of the normal distribution: a single peak, and a...  View Details
      Keywords: Analysis; Risk And Uncertainty; Theory
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      Parzen, Michael, and Paul J. Hamilton. "Probability Distributions." Harvard Business School Technical Note 621-704, February 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Auditor Independence and Outsourcing: Aligning Incentives to Mitigate Shilling and Shirking

      By: Ashley Palmarozzo, Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
      Multinational corporations (MNCs) hire auditors to assess their business partners’ compliance with quality, working conditions, and environmental standards. Independent third-party auditors are widely assumed to outperform second-party auditors employed and thus...  View Details
      Keywords: Concurrent Sourcing; Transaction Cost Economics; Outsourcing; Suppliers; Monitoring; Business Strategy; Vertical Integration; Supply Chain Management; Quality; Safety; Risk And Uncertainty; Apparel And Accessories Industry; Retail Industry; China; India; Bangladesh
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      Palmarozzo, Ashley, Jodi L. Short, and Michael W. Toffel. "Auditor Independence and Outsourcing: Aligning Incentives to Mitigate Shilling and Shirking." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-078, January 2021.
      • Article

      Resilience vs. Vulnerability: Psychological Safety and Reporting of Near Misses with Varying Proximity to Harm in Radiation Oncology

      By: Olivia Jung, Palak Kundu, Amy C. Edmondson, John Hegde, Nzhde Agazaryan, Michael Steinberg and Ann Raldow
      Background
      Psychological safety, a shared belief that interpersonal risk taking is safe, is an important determinant of incident reporting. However, how psychological safety affects near-miss reporting is unclear, as near misses contain contrasting cues that...  View Details
      Keywords: Psychological Safety; Near-miss Reporting; Health Care And Treatment; Safety
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      Jung, Olivia, Palak Kundu, Amy C. Edmondson, John Hegde, Nzhde Agazaryan, Michael Steinberg, and Ann Raldow. "Resilience vs. Vulnerability: Psychological Safety and Reporting of Near Misses with Varying Proximity to Harm in Radiation Oncology." Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 47, no. 1 (January 2021): 15–22.
      • January–February 2021
      • Article

      Food and Drug Administration Guidance Documents and New Medical Devices: The Case of Breast Prostheses

      By: Rachel E. Weitzman, Ariel Dora Stern and Daniel B. Kramer
      As pressure mounts on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to speed its review process for novel devices, and budgetary pressures further strain its resources, the critical role of guidance documents in assuring consistent, rigorous, and scientifically grounded...  View Details
      Keywords: Medical Devices; Fda; Health Care And Treatment; Government Administration; Information; standards
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      Weitzman, Rachel E., Ariel Dora Stern, and Daniel B. Kramer. "Food and Drug Administration Guidance Documents and New Medical Devices: The Case of Breast Prostheses." American Journal of Therapeutics 28, no. 1 (January–February 2021).
      • December 2020
      • Article

      Consumer Reactance to Promotional Favors

      By: Marco Bertini and Aylin Aydinli
      Promotional favors are an increasingly popular but seldom researched form of price promotion where the receipt of the saving by consumers depends on an action on their part that is nonmonetary in nature, such as completing a questionnaire, posting a review, or making a...  View Details
      Keywords: Promotional Favors; Conditional Discounts; Psychological Reactance; Price Promotions; Pricing; Marketing; Price; Consumer Behavior
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      Bertini, Marco, and Aylin Aydinli. "Consumer Reactance to Promotional Favors." Journal of Retailing 96, no. 4 (December 2020): 578–589.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      The Political Effects of Immigration: Culture or Economics?

      By: Alberto Alesina and Marco Tabellini
      We review the growing literature on the political effects of immigration. After a brief summary of the economics of immigration, we turn to the main focus of the paper: how immigrants influence electoral outcomes in receiving countries, and why. We start from the...  View Details
      Keywords: Political Backlash; Cultural Beliefs; Immigration; Political Elections; Outcome Or Result
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      Alesina, Alberto, and Marco Tabellini. "The Political Effects of Immigration: Culture or Economics?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-069, November 2020.
      • Article

      Want to See the Future of Digital Health Tools? Look to Germany

      By: Ariel Dora Stern, Henrik Matthies, Julia Hagen, Jan B. Brönneke and Jörg F. Debatin
      A new law will make it easier to introduce and determine the benefits of new tools. Perhaps its most important provisions are its formalization of “prescribable applications,” which include standard software, SaaS, and mobile as well as browser-based apps, and the...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Care And Treatment; Transformation; Online Technology; Technological Innovation; Germany
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      Stern, Ariel Dora, Henrik Matthies, Julia Hagen, Jan B. Brönneke, and Jörg F. Debatin. "Want to See the Future of Digital Health Tools? Look to Germany." Harvard Business Review (website) (December 2, 2020).
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Social Influence in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Community Establishments’ Closure Decisions Follow Those of Nearby Chain Establishments

      By: Abhishek Nagaraj, Mathijs de Vaan, Saqib Mumtaz and Sameer Srivastava
      As conveners that bring various stakeholders into the same physical space, firms can powerfully influence the course of pandemics such as COVID-19. Even when operating under government orders and health guidelines, firms have considerable discretion to keep their...  View Details
      Keywords: Covid-19; Peer Influence; Closure Decisions; Health Pandemics; Business Ventures; Decisions; Business And Community Relations
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      Nagaraj, Abhishek, Mathijs de Vaan, Saqib Mumtaz, and Sameer Srivastava. "Social Influence in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Community Establishments’ Closure Decisions Follow Those of Nearby Chain Establishments." Working Paper, December 2020.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      The Market for Healthcare in Low Income Countries

      By: Reshmaan Hussam, Abhijit Banerjee, Jishnu Das, Jeffrey Hammer and Aakash Mohpal
      New research clearly identifies trust as an important driver of the demand for healthcare. However, doctors who realize that patients may not trust them may also alter their behavior in response. We assemble a large dataset that assesses clinical performance using...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Care And Treatment; Quality; Developing Countries And Economies; Trust
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      Hussam, Reshmaan, Abhijit Banerjee, Jishnu Das, Jeffrey Hammer, and Aakash Mohpal. "The Market for Healthcare in Low Income Countries." Working Paper, December 2020.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Translating Information into Action: A Public Health Experiment in Bangladesh

      By: Reshmaan Hussam, Kailash Pandey, Abu Shonchoy and Chikako Yamauchi
      Standard models of technology adoption posit learning as the basis of adoption. However, hygiene campaigns centered around information provision have been overwhelmingly unsuccessful in changing behavior and improving child health across the developing world. We design...  View Details
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      Hussam, Reshmaan, Kailash Pandey, Abu Shonchoy, and Chikako Yamauchi. "Translating Information into Action: A Public Health Experiment in Bangladesh." Working Paper, December 2020.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Institutional Corporate Bond Demand

      By: Ishita Sen, Lorenzo Bretscher, Lukas Schmid and Varun Sharma
      We compile a rich dataset that links institutional investors' position level holdings with corporate bond characteristics and estimate demand elasticities with respect to critical sources of risk. Persistence in institutions' holdings provide us with an instrument to...  View Details
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      Sen, Ishita, Lorenzo Bretscher, Lukas Schmid, and Varun Sharma. "Institutional Corporate Bond Demand." Working Paper, December 2020.
      • Article

      Value of New Performance Information in Healthcare: Evidence from Japan

      By: Susanna Gallani, Takehisa Kajiwara and Ranjani Krishnan
      Mandatory measurement and disclosure of outcome measures are commonly used policy tools in healthcare. The effectiveness of such disclosures relies on the extent to which the new information produced by the mandatory system is internalized by the healthcare...  View Details
      Keywords: Value Of Information; Feedback; Patient Satisfaction; Healthcare; Health Care And Treatment; Satisfaction; Information; Measurement And Metrics; Performance Improvement
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      Gallani, Susanna, Takehisa Kajiwara, and Ranjani Krishnan. "Value of New Performance Information in Healthcare: Evidence from Japan." International Journal of Health Economics and Management 20, no. 4 (December 2020): 319–357.
      • November–December 2020
      • Article

      The Risks You Can't Foresee: What To Do When There's No Playbook

      By: Robert S. Kaplan, Herman B. Leonard and Anette Mikes
      No matter how good their risk management systems are, companies can’t plan for everything. Some risks are outside people’s realm of experience or so remote no one could have imagined them. Some result from a perfect storm of coinciding breakdowns, and some materialize...  View Details
      Keywords: Novel Risks; Risk Management; Crisis Management
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      Kaplan, Robert S., Herman B. Leonard, and Anette Mikes. "The Risks You Can't Foresee: What To Do When There's No Playbook." Harvard Business Review 98, no. 6 (November–December 2020): 40–46.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Designing, Not Checking, for Policy Robustness: An Example with Optimal Taxation

      By: Benjami Lockwood, Afras Y. Sial and Matthew C. Weinzierl
      Economists typically check the robustness of their results by comparing them across plausible ranges of parameter values and model structures. A preferable approach to robustness—for the purposes of policymaking and evaluation—is to design policy that takes these...  View Details
      Keywords: Optimal Taxation; Robust Optimization; Taxation; Income; Policy; Design
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      Lockwood, Benjami, Afras Y. Sial, and Matthew C. Weinzierl. "Designing, Not Checking, for Policy Robustness: An Example with Optimal Taxation." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28098, November 2020.
      • November 2020
      • Article

      Migrant Inventors and the Technological Advantage of Nations

      By: Dany Bahar, Prithwiraj Choudhury and Hillel Rapoport
      We investigate the relationship between the presence of migrant inventors and the dynamics of innovation in the migrants’ receiving countries. We find that countries are 25 to 60 percent more likely to gain advantage in patenting in certain technologies given a twofold...  View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Migration; Patent; Knowledge; Innovation And Invention; Immigration; Patents; Technology; Knowledge Dissemination
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      Bahar, Dany, Prithwiraj Choudhury, and Hillel Rapoport. "Migrant Inventors and the Technological Advantage of Nations." Special Issue on STEM Migration, Research, and Innovation. Research Policy 49, no. 9 (November 2020).
      • October 2020
      • Article

      Collusion in Markets with Syndication

      By: John William Hatfield, Scott Duke Kominers, Richard Lowery and Jordan M. Barry
      Markets for IPOs and debt issuances are syndicated, in the sense that a bidder who wins a contract may invite losing bidders to join a syndicate that together fulfills the contract. We show that in markets with syndication, standard intuitions from industrial...  View Details
      Keywords: Collusion; Antitrust; Ipo Underwriting; Syndication; "repeated Games"; Markets; Game Theory
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      Hatfield, John William, Scott Duke Kominers, Richard Lowery, and Jordan M. Barry. "Collusion in Markets with Syndication." Journal of Political Economy 128, no. 10 (October 2020).
      • September 2020 (Revised October 2020)
      • Case

      Briscola—Pizza Society: Scaling Affordable Luxury

      By: Gary P. Pisano and Federica Gabrieli
      Riccardo Cortese and Federico Pinna were the CEOs of Briscola—Pizza Society, a restaurant chain they had founded in 2014 with a clear ambition: create a distinctive international pizza chain that would combine a fast-casual format with the devotion to quality that...  View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Growth And Development Strategy; Expansion; Geographic Location; Business Model; Ownership Type; Food And Beverage Industry; Europe; Italy
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      Pisano, Gary P., and Federica Gabrieli. "Briscola—Pizza Society: Scaling Affordable Luxury." Harvard Business School Case 621-031, September 2020. (Revised October 2020.)
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 6 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 1: Mapping Functional Relationships

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      Organizations are formed in a free economy because an individual or group perceives value in carrying out a technical recipe that is beyond the capacity of a single person. Technology specifies what must be done, what resources must be assembled, what actions taken in...  View Details
      Keywords: Modularity; Technology; Organizations; Value Creation
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 6 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 1: Mapping Functional Relationships." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-039, September 2020.
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