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    • All HBS Web  (542)
      • Faculty Publications  (38)

      Standardized Testing Remove Standardized Testing →

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      • August 2022
      • Case

      Rocket Learning: Evidence in Action

      By: Brian Trelstad, Tomas Rosales and Malini Sen
      Founders of Rocket Learning, an India-based nonprofit which focused on early childhood education (ECE), received an invitation from MIT’s Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (JPAL), a development research organization, to test its intervention for ECE with a...  View Details
      Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship; Early Childhood Education; Nonprofit Organizations; Literacy; Values and Beliefs; Social and Collaborative Networks; Education Industry; India; Asia
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      Trelstad, Brian, Tomas Rosales, and Malini Sen. "Rocket Learning: Evidence in Action." Harvard Business School Case 323-002, August 2022.
      • 2022
      • Article

      Values and Inequality: Prosocial Jobs and the College Wage Premium

      By: Nathan Wilmers and Letian Zhang
      Employers often recruit workers by invoking corporate social responsibility, organizational purpose, or other claims to a prosocial mission. In an era of substantial labor market inequality, commentators typically dismiss these claims as hypocritical: prosocial...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Equality and Inequality; Wages; Recruitment
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      Wilmers, Nathan, and Letian Zhang. "Values and Inequality: Prosocial Jobs and the College Wage Premium." American Sociological Review 87, no. 3 (2022): 415–442.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Cognitive Biases: Mistakes or Missing Stakes?

      By: Benjamin Enke, Uri Gneezy, Brian Hall, David Martin, Vadim Nelidov, Theo Offerman and Jeroen van de Ven
      Despite decades of research on heuristics and biases, empirical evidence on the effect of large incentives—as present in relevant economic decisions—on cognitive biases is scant. This paper tests the effect of incentives on four widely documented biases: base rate...  View Details
      Keywords: Cognitive Biases; Incentives; Motivation and Incentives; Decision Making; Performance
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      Enke, Benjamin, Uri Gneezy, Brian Hall, David Martin, Vadim Nelidov, Theo Offerman, and Jeroen van de Ven. "Cognitive Biases: Mistakes or Missing Stakes?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-102, March 2021.
      • March 16, 2021
      • Article

      From Driverless Dilemmas to More Practical Commonsense Tests for Automated Vehicles

      By: Julian De Freitas, Andrea Censi, Bryant Walker Smith, Luigi Di Lillo, Sam E. Anthony and Emilio Frazzoli
      For the first time in history, automated vehicles (AVs) are being deployed in populated environments. This unprecedented transformation of our everyday lives demands a significant undertaking: endowing complex autonomous systems with ethically acceptable behavior. We...  View Details
      Keywords: Automated Driving; Public Health; Artificial Intelligence; Transportation; Health; Ethics; Policy; AI and Machine Learning
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      De Freitas, Julian, Andrea Censi, Bryant Walker Smith, Luigi Di Lillo, Sam E. Anthony, and Emilio Frazzoli. "From Driverless Dilemmas to More Practical Commonsense Tests for Automated Vehicles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 11 (March 16, 2021).
      • March 2021
      • Article

      Opting-in to Prosocial Incentives

      By: Daniel Schwartz, Elizabeth A. Keenan, Alex Imas and Ayelet Gneezy
      The design of effective incentive schemes that are both successful in motivating employees and keeping down costs is of critical importance. Research has demonstrated that prosocial incentives, where individuals’ effort benefits a charitable organization, can sometimes...  View Details
      Keywords: Incentives; Prosocial Behavior; Behavioral Economics; Field Experiments; Recycling; Prosocial Motivation; Decision Making; Motivation and Incentives; Behavior
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      Schwartz, Daniel, Elizabeth A. Keenan, Alex Imas, and Ayelet Gneezy. "Opting-in to Prosocial Incentives." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 163 (March 2021): 132–141.
      • Article

      The Impact of Penalties for Wrong Answers on the Gender Gap in Test Scores

      By: Katherine B. Coffman and David Klinowski
      Multiple-choice exams play a critical role in university admissions across the world. A key question is whether imposing penalties for wrong answers on these exams deters guessing from women more than men, disadvantaging female test-takers. We consider data from a...  View Details
      Keywords: Behavioral Economics; Standardized Testing; Gender; Higher Education; Prejudice and Bias
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      Coffman, Katherine B., and David Klinowski. "The Impact of Penalties for Wrong Answers on the Gender Gap in Test Scores." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 16 (April 21, 2020): 8794–8803.
      • Article

      The Hidden Costs of Initial Coin Offerings

      By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang and Ramana Nanda
      In recent years, much has been written about how the Blockchain is poised to transform traditional industries such as banking, real estate, and healthcare. More recently, it has gained attention as a way to finance new ventures, through what is known as an Initial Coin...  View Details
      Keywords: Initial Coin Offerings; Business Ventures; Entrepreneurship; Finance
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      Bussgang, Jeffrey J., and Ramana Nanda. "The Hidden Costs of Initial Coin Offerings." Harvard Business Review (website) (November 7, 2018).
      • Article

      Applying Random Coefficient Models to Strategy Research: Identifying and Exploring Firm Heterogeneous Effects

      By: Juan Alcácer, Wilbur Chung, Ashton Hawk and Gonçalo Pacheco-de-Almeida
      Strategy aims at understanding the differential effects of firms’ actions on performance. However, standard regression models estimate only the average effects of these actions across firms. Our paper discusses how random coefficient models (RCMs) may generate new...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Research; Competitive Advantage; Competitive Strategy; Performance
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      Alcácer, Juan, Wilbur Chung, Ashton Hawk, and Gonçalo Pacheco-de-Almeida. "Applying Random Coefficient Models to Strategy Research: Identifying and Exploring Firm Heterogeneous Effects." Strategy Science 3, no. 3 (September 2018): 481–553.
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      Detecting Anomalies: The Relevance and Power of Standard Asset Pricing Tests

      By: Malcolm Baker, Patrick Luo and Ryan Taliaferro
      The two standard approaches for identifying capital market anomalies are cross-sectional coefficient tests, in the spirit of Fama and MacBeth (1973), and time-series intercept tests, in the spirit of Jensen (1968). A new signal can pass the first test, which we label a...  View Details
      Keywords: Investment Management; Anomalies; Portfolio Construction; Transaction Costs; Investment; Management; Asset Pricing; Market Transactions; Cost
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      Baker, Malcolm, Patrick Luo, and Ryan Taliaferro. "Detecting Anomalies: The Relevance and Power of Standard Asset Pricing Tests." Working Paper, July 2018.
      • Article

      Scenario Generation for Long Run Interest Rate Risk Assessment

      By: Robert F. Engle, Guillaume Roussellet and Emil N. Siriwardane
      We propose a statistical model of the term structure of U.S. treasury yields tailored for long-term probability-based scenario generation and forecasts. Our model is easy to estimate and is able to simultaneously reproduce the positivity, persistence, and factor...  View Details
      Keywords: Forecasting; Stress Testing; Interest Rates; Forecasting and Prediction; Risk Management; United States
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      Engle, Robert F., Guillaume Roussellet, and Emil N. Siriwardane. "Scenario Generation for Long Run Interest Rate Risk Assessment." Special Issue on Theoretical and Financial Econometrics: Essays in Honor of C. Gourieroux. Journal of Econometrics 201, no. 2 (December 2017): 333–347.
      • September 2017 (Revised January 2018)
      • Case

      Adaptive Platform Trials: The Clinical Trial of the Future?

      By: Ariel D. Stern and Sarah Mehta
      In July 2017, Dr. Brian M. Alexander, president and CEO of the AGILE Research Foundation, was preparing to launch a new type of clinical trial—an adaptive platform trial—to study potential therapies for glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive form of brain cancer....  View Details
      Keywords: Clinical Trials; Cancer; Adaptive Platform Trials; Platform Trials; Adaptive Trials; Glioblastoma; Health; Health Care and Treatment; Health Testing and Trials; Business Strategy; Innovation Strategy; Health Industry; United States
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      Stern, Ariel D., and Sarah Mehta. "Adaptive Platform Trials: The Clinical Trial of the Future?" Harvard Business School Case 618-025, September 2017. (Revised January 2018.)
      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Nowcasting the Local Economy: Using Yelp Data to Measure Economic Activity

      By: Edward L. Glaeser, Hyunjin Kim and Michael Luca
      Can new data sources from online platforms help to measure local economic activity? Government datasets from agencies such as the U.S. Census Bureau provide the standard measures of economic activity at the local level. However, these statistics typically appear only...  View Details
      Keywords: Economy; Analytics and Data Science; Local Range; Social and Collaborative Networks
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      Glaeser, Edward L., Hyunjin Kim, and Michael Luca. "Nowcasting the Local Economy: Using Yelp Data to Measure Economic Activity." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-022, September 2017. (Revised October 2017.)
      • 2017
      • Case

      Uncommon Schools (A): A Network of Networks

      By: John J-H Kim and Sarah McAra
      In 2013, Brett Peiser, CEO of the charter school management organization (CMO) Uncommon Schools, is reassessing the nonprofit’s strategy. For nearly 10 years, Uncommon had fulfilled its mission to bring high-quality education to students in low-income, urban areas...  View Details
      Keywords: Charter Schools; Nonprofit Organizations; Teaching; Talent Management; Innovation; Organization Structure; Education; Early Childhood Education; Middle School Education; Organizational Structure; Performance Consistency; Strategy; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Education Industry
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      Kim, John J-H, and Sarah McAra. "Uncommon Schools (A): A Network of Networks." Harvard Business Publishing Case, 2017. (Case No. PEL-079.)
      • 2017
      • Supplement

      Uncommon Schools (B): Seeking Excellence at Scale through Standardized Practice

      By: John J-H Kim and Sarah McAra
      The (B) case provides an update to the (A) case by illustrating how charter school management organization Uncommon Schools responded to the disparity in its students’ 2013 standardized test results. In 2015, CEO Brett Peiser and his management team decided to align...  View Details
      Keywords: Charter Schools; Nonprofit Organizations; Strategy; Teaching; Talent And Talent Management; Innovation; Education; Early Childhood Education; Middle School Education; Organizational Structure; Performance Consistency; Growth and Development Strategy; Innovation and Invention; Education Industry
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      Kim, John J-H, and Sarah McAra. "Uncommon Schools (B): Seeking Excellence at Scale through Standardized Practice." Harvard Business Publishing Supplement, 2017. (Case No. PEL-080.)
      • December 2016
      • Article

      The Effects of Endowment Size and Strategy Method on Third Party Punishment

      By: Jillian J. Jordan, Katherine McAuliffe and David G. Rand
      Numerous experiments have shown that people often engage in third-party punishment (3PP) of selfish behavior. This evidence has been used to argue that people respond to selfishness with anger, and get utility from punishing those who mistreat others. Elements of the...  View Details
      Keywords: Third-party Punishment; Norm-enforcement; Strategy Method; Economic Games; Cooperation; Emotions; Fairness
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      Jordan, Jillian J., Katherine McAuliffe, and David G. Rand. "The Effects of Endowment Size and Strategy Method on Third Party Punishment." Experimental Economics 19, no. 4 (December 2016): 741–763.
      • 2016
      • Working Paper

      Experimental Evidence on Policies Aimed at Closing the Gender Gap in Willingness to Guess on Multiple-Choice Tests

      By: Katherine Baldiga Coffman
      Research has shown that women skip more questions than men on multiple-choice tests with penalties for wrong answers. We propose and test five policy changes aimed at eliminating this source of gender bias in test scores. Our data show that simply removing the penalty...  View Details
      Keywords: Competition; Behavior; Decision Choices and Conditions; Gender
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      Coffman, Katherine Baldiga. "Experimental Evidence on Policies Aimed at Closing the Gender Gap in Willingness to Guess on Multiple-Choice Tests." Working Paper, August 2016.
      • March 8, 2016
      • Article

      Cognitive Fatigue Influences Students' Performance on Standardized Tests

      By: Hans Henrik Sievertsen, F. Gino and Marco Piovesan
      Using test data for all children attending Danish public schools between school years 2009–2010 and 2012–2013, we examine how the time of the test affects performance. Test time is determined by the weekly class schedule and computer availability at the school. We find...  View Details
      Keywords: Time Management; Education; Performance Evaluation; Education Industry; Denmark
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      Sievertsen, Hans Henrik, F. Gino, and Marco Piovesan. "Cognitive Fatigue Influences Students' Performance on Standardized Tests." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 10 (March 8, 2016).
      • July 2015
      • Article

      Prosocial Norms in the Classroom: The Role of Self-regulation in Following Norms of Giving

      By: P. R. Blake, M. Piovesan, N. Montinari, F. Werneken and F. Gino
      Children who are prosocial in elementary school tend to have higher academic achievement and experience greater acceptance by their peers in adolescence. Despite this positive influence on educational outcomes, it is still unclear why some children are more prosocial...  View Details
      Keywords: Behavior; Attitudes; Learning; Standards; Education Industry
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      Blake, P. R., M. Piovesan, N. Montinari, F. Werneken, and F. Gino. "Prosocial Norms in the Classroom: The Role of Self-regulation in Following Norms of Giving." Special Issue on Behavioral Economics of Education. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 115 (July 2015): 18–29.
      • December 2013 (Revised September 2017)
      • Case

      Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance

      By: Robert Simons and Natalie Kindred
      The widespread cheating scandal that rocked the Atlanta public school system in 2010 and 2011 illustrates how high-stakes performance pressure, without sufficient risk controls, can drive dangerous behavior. After becoming superintendent of the low-income and...  View Details
      Keywords: Atlanta; Test; Testing; Standardized Test; Standardized Testing; No Child Left Behind; NCLB; Cheating; Performance Pressure; Measurement; Incentives; Atlanta Public Schools; Management; Leadership; Ethics; Performance; Performance Evaluation; Performance Expectations; Risk Management; Education; Education Industry; United States; Georgia (state, US); Atlanta
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      Simons, Robert, and Natalie Kindred. "Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance." Harvard Business School Case 114-001, December 2013. (Revised September 2017.)
      • September–October 2013
      • Article

      The Role of Organizational Scope and Governance in Strengthening Private Monitoring

      By: Lamar Pierce and Michael W. Toffel
      Governments and other organizations often outsource activities to achieve cost savings from market competition. Yet such benefits are often accompanied by poor quality resulting from moral hazard, which can be particularly onerous when outsourcing the monitoring and...  View Details
      Keywords: Crime and Corruption; Decision Choices and Conditions; Corporate Accountability; Governance Compliance; Policy; Management Practices and Processes; Demand and Consumers; Market Design; Market Entry and Exit; Market Transactions; Service Delivery; Service Operations; Business Processes; Organizational Structure; Performance Effectiveness; Performance Expectations; Practice; Transportation; Transportation Industry; Service Industry; United States; New York (state, US)
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      Pierce, Lamar, and Michael W. Toffel. "The Role of Organizational Scope and Governance in Strengthening Private Monitoring." Organization Science 24, no. 5 (September–October 2013): 1558–1584. (Winner of the NBS Research Impact on Practice Award from the Academy of Management (AOM) and Network for Business Sustainability (NBS))
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