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    • All HBS Web  (422)
      • Faculty Publications  (64)

      Social Signaling Remove Social Signaling →

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      • April 2022
      • Article

      Consumers Value Effort over Ease When Caring for Close Others

      By: Ximena Garcia-Rada, Mary Steffel, Elanor F. Williams and Michael I. Norton
      Many products and services are designed to make caregiving easier, from premade meals for feeding families to robo-cribs that automatically rock babies to sleep. Yet, using these products may come with a cost: consumers may feel they have not exerted enough effort....  View Details
      Keywords: Effor; Caregiving; Close Relationships; Symbolic Meaning; Signaling; Relationships; Consumer Behavior; Perception
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      Garcia-Rada, Ximena, Mary Steffel, Elanor F. Williams, and Michael I. Norton. "Consumers Value Effort over Ease When Caring for Close Others." Journal of Consumer Research 48, no. 6 (April 2022): 970–990.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Going Beyond the ‘Self’ in Self-Control: Interpersonal Consequences of Commitment Strategy Use

      By: Ariella Kristal and Julian Zlatev
      Commitment strategies are effective mechanisms individuals can use to overcome self-control problems. In this paper we explore the negative interpersonal consequences of commitment strategy use. In an incentivized trust game (Study 1), we demonstrate that individuals...  View Details
      Keywords: Self-control; Willpower; Commitment Strategies; Goals and Objectives; Behavior; Strategy; Perception
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      Kristal, Ariella, and Julian Zlatev. "Going Beyond the ‘Self’ in Self-Control: Interpersonal Consequences of Commitment Strategy Use." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-033, November 2021.
      • Article

      The Pitfalls of Pricing Algorithms: Be Mindful of How They Can Hurt Your Brand

      By: Marco Bertini and Oded Koenigsberg
      More and more companies are relying on pricing algorithms to maximize profits. The use of artificial intelligence and machine learning enables real-time price adjustments based on supply and demand, competitors’ activities, delivery schedules, and so forth. But...  View Details
      Keywords: Algorithmic Pricing; Dynamic Pricing; Price; Change; Information Technology; Brands and Branding; Perception; Consumer Behavior
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      Bertini, Marco, and Oded Koenigsberg. "The Pitfalls of Pricing Algorithms: Be Mindful of How They Can Hurt Your Brand." Harvard Business Review 99, no. 5 (September–October 2021): 74–83.
      • August 2021
      • Technical Note

      Brand You: Crafting Your Personal Brand

      By: Jill Avery and Rachel Greenwald
      Selling oneself is something that we have to do every day in both professional and personal settings. We face it when we apply for a job, advocate for a promotion or a raise, vie for a leadership position, attempt to land a new client, write a dating profile, or meet a...  View Details
      Keywords: Personal Brand; Brand Management; Marketing; Brands and Branding; Identity; Opportunities; Talent and Talent Management; Jobs and Positions; Strength and Weakness; Communication
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      Avery, Jill, and Rachel Greenwald. "Brand You: Crafting Your Personal Brand." Harvard Business School Technical Note 522-031, August 2021.
      • August 2021
      • Article

      Voter Mobilization and Trust in Electoral Institutions: Evidence from Kenya

      By: Benjamin Marx, Vincent Pons and Tavneet Suri
      Voter mobilization campaigns face trade-offs in young democracies. In a large-scale experiment implemented in 2013 with the Kenyan Electoral Commission (IEBC), text messages intended to mobilize voters boosted participation but also decreased trust in electoral...  View Details
      Keywords: Political Participation; Electoral Institutions; Field Experiment; Voting; Political Elections; Behavior; Trust
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      Marx, Benjamin, Vincent Pons, and Tavneet Suri. "Voter Mobilization and Trust in Electoral Institutions: Evidence from Kenya." Economic Journal 131, no. 638 (August 2021): 2585–2612.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Risk Sensitivity or Social Signaling? Unmasking Behaviors with Video Analytics

      By: Shunyuan Zhang, Kaiquan Xu and Kannan Srinivasan
      In 2020, as the novel coronavirus spread globally, face masks were recommended in public settings to protect against and slow down the spread of the coronavirus. Why did people comply, or not, while shopping in 2020? Do these motivations relate to their shopping...  View Details
      Keywords: Video Analytics; In-store Shopping; Mask; Sensitivity To Risk; Social Perception; COVID-19; Health Pandemics; Consumer Behavior; Risk and Uncertainty; Attitudes
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      Zhang, Shunyuan, Kaiquan Xu, and Kannan Srinivasan. "Risk Sensitivity or Social Signaling? Unmasking Behaviors with Video Analytics." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-143, June 2021. (SSRN Working Paper Series, No. 3871144, June 2021.)
      • 2021
      • Article

      To Thine Own Self Be True? Incentive Problems in Personalized Law

      By: Jordan M. Barry, John William Hatfield and Scott Duke Kominers
      Recent years have seen an explosion of scholarship on “personalized law.” Commentators foresee a world in which regulators armed with big data and machine learning techniques determine the optimal legal rule for every regulated party, then instantaneously disseminate...  View Details
      Keywords: Personalized Law; Regulation; Regulatory Avoidance; Regulatory Arbitrage; Law And Economics; Law And Technology; Law And Artificial Intelligence; Futurism; Moral Hazard; Elicitation; Signaling; Privacy; Law; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Information Technology; AI and Machine Learning
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      Barry, Jordan M., John William Hatfield, and Scott Duke Kominers. "To Thine Own Self Be True? Incentive Problems in Personalized Law." Art. 2. William & Mary Law Review 62, no. 3 (2021).
      • Article

      Emotional Acknowledgment: How Verbalizing Others' Emotions Fosters Interpersonal Trust

      By: Alisa Yu, Justin M. Berg and Julian Zlatev
      People often respond to others’ emotions using verbal acknowledgment (e.g., “You seem upset”). Yet, little is known about the relational benefits and risks of acknowledging others’ emotions in the workplace. We draw upon Costly Signaling Theory to posit how emotional...  View Details
      Keywords: Emotion; Costly Signaling; Interpersonal Trust; Emotional Valence; Interpersonal Relationships; Empathic Accuracy; Emotions; Relationships; Trust; Interpersonal Communication
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      Yu, Alisa, Justin M. Berg, and Julian Zlatev. "Emotional Acknowledgment: How Verbalizing Others' Emotions Fosters Interpersonal Trust." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 164 (May 2021): 116–135.
      • 2021
      • Book

      Sales Management That Works: How to Sell in a World That Never Stops Changing

      By: Frank V. Cespedes
      Selling is changing, but the impact on sales of megatrends like ecommerce, big data, and AI is often misunderstood and not supported by empirical data. Managers who fail to separate fact from hype will make decisions based on bad assumptions and, in a competitive...  View Details
      Keywords: Sales; Strategy; Salesforce Management; Change; Adaptation
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      Cespedes, Frank V. Sales Management That Works: How to Sell in a World That Never Stops Changing. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      False Signaling and Personal Moral Failings: Two Distinct Pathways to Hypocrisy with Unequal Moral Weight

      By: Jillian J. Jordan and Roseanna Sommers
      Moral engagement is a key feature of human nature: we hold moral values, condemn those who violate those values, and attempt to adhere to them ourselves. Yet moral engagement can make us appear hypocritical if we fail to behave morally. When does moral engagement risk...  View Details
      Keywords: Moral Engagement; Hypocrite; Dishonesty; Moral Values; Moral Sensibility; Behavior; Values and Beliefs
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      Jordan, Jillian J., and Roseanna Sommers. "False Signaling and Personal Moral Failings: Two Distinct Pathways to Hypocrisy with Unequal Moral Weight." Working Paper, January 2021.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Reputation Fuels Moralistic Punishment That People Judge to Be Questionably Merited

      By: Jillian J. Jordan and Nour Kteily
      Critics of outrage culture allege that virtue signaling fuels morally questionable punishment. But does reputation actually have the power to motivate punishment that people see as ambiguously deserved? Across four studies (total n = 9,587), among both liberals and...  View Details
      Keywords: Outrage; Signaling; Ideology; Moralistic Punishment; Reputation; Moral Sensibility
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      Jordan, Jillian J., and Nour Kteily. "Reputation Fuels Moralistic Punishment That People Judge to Be Questionably Merited." Working Paper, December 2020.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      The Market for Healthcare in Low Income Countries

      By: Abhijit Banerjee, Jishnu Das, Jeffrey Hammer, Reshmaan Hussam and Aakash Mohpal
      New research clearly identifies trust as an important driver of the demand for healthcare. However, doctors who realize that patients may not trust them may also alter their behavior in response. We assemble a large dataset that assesses clinical performance using...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Quality; Developing Countries and Economies; Trust
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      Banerjee, Abhijit, Jishnu Das, Jeffrey Hammer, Reshmaan Hussam, and Aakash Mohpal. "The Market for Healthcare in Low Income Countries." Working Paper, December 2020.
      • Article

      Forgoing Earned Incentives to Signal Pure Motives

      By: Erika L. Kirgios, Edward H. Chang, Emma E. Levine, Katherine L. Milkman and Judd B. Kessler
      Policy makers, employers, and insurers often provide financial incentives to encourage citizens, employees, and customers to take actions that are good for them or for society (e.g., energy conservation, healthy living, safe driving). Although financial incentives are...  View Details
      Keywords: Incentives; Motivation Laundering; Self-signaling; Motivation and Incentives; Behavior; Perception
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      Kirgios, Erika L., Edward H. Chang, Emma E. Levine, Katherine L. Milkman, and Judd B. Kessler. "Forgoing Earned Incentives to Signal Pure Motives." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 29 (July 21, 2020): 16891–16897.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Can Shared Service Delivery Increase Customer Engagement? A Study of Shared Medical Appointments

      By: Ryan W. Buell, Kamalini Ramdas and Nazlı Sönmez
      Problem Definition: Customers and providers alike often consider one-on-one service delivery to be ideal, assuming – perhaps unquestioningly – that devoting individualized attention maximizes customer engagement and improves outcomes. Alternatively, shared...  View Details
      Keywords: Customer Engagement; Shared Service Delivery; Shared Medical Appointments; Healthcare Operations; Service Delivery; Health Care and Treatment; Service Operations; Customers; Behavior
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      Buell, Ryan W., Kamalini Ramdas, and Nazlı Sönmez. "Can Shared Service Delivery Increase Customer Engagement? A Study of Shared Medical Appointments." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-001, July 2020. (Revised January 2021.)
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      The Pursuit of Passion Propagates Privilege

      By: Josephine Tan and Jon M. Jachimowicz
      For many graduating college students entering the workforce, “pursue your passion” is not only a frequently repeated graduation mantra but also a commonly embraced ideal. In line with this view, prior academic research finds that passion connotes work-related benefits,...  View Details
      Keywords: Passion; Careers; Socioeconomic Status; Discrimination; Emotions; Personal Development and Career; Status and Position; Prejudice and Bias
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      Tan, Josephine, and Jon M. Jachimowicz. "The Pursuit of Passion Propagates Privilege." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-136, June 2020.
      • June 2020
      • Article

      Lazy Prices

      By: Lauren Cohen, Christopher J. Malloy and Quoc Nguyen
      We explore the implications of a subtle "default" choice that firms make in their regular reporting practices, namely that firms typically repeat what they most recently reported. Using the complete history of regular quarterly and annual filings by U.S. corporations...  View Details
      Keywords: Default Behavior; Inertia; Firms; Disclosure; Information; Business or Company Management; Behavior; Annual Reports; Corporate Disclosure; Financial Reporting; United States
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      Cohen, Lauren, Christopher J. Malloy, and Quoc Nguyen. "Lazy Prices." Journal of Finance 75, no. 3 (June 2020): 1371–1415. (Winner of the First Prize, Chicago Quantitative Alliance Academic Paper Competition, 2016. Winner of the Jack Treynor Prize for superior work in the field of investment management and financial markets, sponsored by the Q-Group,The Institute for Quantitative Research in Finance, 2016. Winner of the Hillcrest Behavioral Finance Prize, 2016.)
      • Article

      Signaling When Nobody Is Watching: A Reputation Heuristics Account of Outrage and Punishment in One-shot Anonymous Interactions

      By: Jillian J. Jordan and David G. Rand
      Moralistic punishment can confer reputation benefits by signaling trustworthiness to observers. However, why do people punish even when nobody is watching? We argue that people often rely on the heuristic that reputation is typically at stake, such that reputation...  View Details
      Keywords: Signaling; Morality; Trustworthiness; Anger; Third-party Punishment; Moral Sensibility; Behavior; Trust; Reputation
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      Jordan, Jillian J., and David G. Rand. "Signaling When Nobody Is Watching: A Reputation Heuristics Account of Outrage and Punishment in One-shot Anonymous Interactions." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 118, no. 1 (January 2020).
      • December 2019
      • Article

      It Helps to Ask: The Cumulative Benefits of Asking Follow-up Questions

      By: Michael Yeomans, Alison Wood Brooks, Karen Huang, Julia A. Minson and Francesca Gino
      In a recent article published in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JPSP; Huang, Yeomans, Brooks, Minson, & Gino, 2017), we reported the results of 2 experiments involving “getting acquainted” conversations among strangers and an observational field...  View Details
      Keywords: Question-asking; Conversation; Communication; Relationships; Interpersonal Communication
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      Yeomans, Michael, Alison Wood Brooks, Karen Huang, Julia A. Minson, and Francesca Gino. "It Helps to Ask: The Cumulative Benefits of Asking Follow-up Questions." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 117, no. 6 (December 2019): 1139–1144.
      • 2019
      • White Paper

      Impact-Weighted Financial Accounts: The Missing Piece for an Impact Economy

      By: George Serafeim, T. Robert Zochowski and Jennifer Downing
      Reimagining capitalism is an imperative. We need to create a more inclusive and sustainable form of capitalism that works for every person and the planet. Massive environmental damage, growing income and wealth disparity, stress, and depression within developed...  View Details
      Keywords: Impact-Weighted Accounts; IWAI; Background; Economic Systems; Economy; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Measurement and Metrics; Financial Statements
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      Serafeim, George, T. Robert Zochowski, and Jennifer Downing. "Impact-Weighted Financial Accounts: The Missing Piece for an Impact Economy." White Paper, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, September 2019.
      • 2010
      • Article

      I May Not Agree With You, but I Trust You: Caring About Social Issues Signals Integrity

      By: Julian Zlatev
      What characteristics of an individual signal trustworthiness to other people? I propose that individuals who care about contentious social issues signal to observers that they have integrity and thus can be trusted. Critically, this signal conveys trustworthiness...  View Details
      Keywords: Personal Characteristics; Moral Sensibility; Perception; Trust
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      Zlatev, Julian. "I May Not Agree With You, but I Trust You: Caring About Social Issues Signals Integrity." Psychological Science 30, no. 6 (June 2019): 880–892.
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