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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (505)
      • Faculty Publications  (193)

      Social Cognition Remove Social Cognition →

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      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Stories, Statistics and Memory

      By: Thomas Graeber, Christopher Roth and Florian Zimmermann
      For most decisions, we rely on information encountered over the course of days, months or years. We consume this information in various forms, including abstract summaries of multiple data points – statistics – and contextualized anecdotes about individual instances...  View Details
      Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Information Types; Media; Cognition and Thinking
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      Graeber, Thomas, Christopher Roth, and Florian Zimmermann. "Stories, Statistics and Memory." Working Paper, December 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Improving Human-Algorithm Collaboration: Causes and Mitigation of Over- and Under-Adherence

      By: Maya Balakrishnan, Kris Ferreira and Jordan Tong
      Even if algorithms make better predictions than humans on average, humans may sometimes have “private” information which an algorithm does not have access to that can improve performance. How can we help humans effectively use and adjust recommendations made by...  View Details
      Keywords: Cognitive Biases; Algorithm Transparency; Forecasting and Prediction; Behavior; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Cognition and Thinking
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      Balakrishnan, Maya, Kris Ferreira, and Jordan Tong. "Improving Human-Algorithm Collaboration: Causes and Mitigation of Over- and Under-Adherence." Working Paper, December 2022.
      • November 2022
      • Technical Note

      Leader Action Orientations

      By: Ryan Raffaelli, Akshaya Varghese and Laura Weimer
      Leaders are responsible for planning and executing actions that advance organizational goals. As individuals gain career experience, they tend to develop and rely on implicit mental models that shape how they go about “getting things done.” Without knowing it, most...  View Details
      Keywords: Leadership Development; Prejudice and Bias; Cognition and Thinking; Decision Making; Behavior
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      Raffaelli, Ryan, Akshaya Varghese, and Laura Weimer. "Leader Action Orientations." Harvard Business School Technical Note 423-050, November 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Shared Models in Networks, Organizations, and Groups

      By: Joshua Schwartzstein and Adi Sunderam
      To understand new information, we exchange models or interpretations with others. This paper provides a framework for thinking about such social exchanges of models. The key assumption is that people adopt the interpretation in their network that best explains the...  View Details
      Keywords: Social Learning Theory; Theory; Social Issues; Cognition and Thinking; Social and Collaborative Networks; Attitudes
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      Schwartzstein, Joshua, and Adi Sunderam. "Shared Models in Networks, Organizations, and Groups." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30642, November 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      When Do Individuals Give Up Agency? The Role of Decision Avoidance

      By: Holly Dykstra, Christine L. Exley and Muriel Niederle
      A common policy problem is that individuals reject recommended options and insist on making their own choices. Via a large-scale experiment, we document and investigate what factors contribute to this preference for agency. Our main results show that individuals’...  View Details
      Keywords: Choice; Decision Making; Policy; Cognition and Thinking
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      Dykstra, Holly, Christine L. Exley, and Muriel Niederle. "When Do Individuals Give Up Agency? The Role of Decision Avoidance." Working Paper, October 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Confidence, Self-Selection and Bias in the Aggregate

      By: Benjamin Enke, Thomas Graeber and Ryan Oprea
      The influence of behavioral biases on aggregate outcomes like prices and allocations depends in part on self-selection: whether rational people opt more strongly into aggregate interactions than biased individuals. We conduct a series of betting market, auction and...  View Details
      Keywords: Prejudice and Bias; Cognition and Thinking; Markets; Price
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      Enke, Benjamin, Thomas Graeber, and Ryan Oprea. "Confidence, Self-Selection and Bias in the Aggregate." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30262, July 2022.
      • July 2022
      • Article

      The Developmental Origins and Behavioral Consequences of Attributions for Inequality

      By: Antonya Marie Gonzalez, Lucia Macchia and Ashley V. Whillans
      Attributions, or lay explanations for inequality, have been linked to inequality-relevant behavior. In adults and children, attributing inequality to an individual rather than contextual or structural causes is linked to greater support for economic inequality and less...  View Details
      Keywords: Social Cognition; Inequality; Prosocial Behavior; Parent-child Transmission; Equality and Inequality; Cognition and Thinking; Attitudes; Behavior
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      Gonzalez, Antonya Marie, Lucia Macchia, and Ashley V. Whillans. "The Developmental Origins and Behavioral Consequences of Attributions for Inequality." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 101 (July 2022).
      • July 2022
      • Article

      What Do I Make of the Rest of My Life? Global and Quotidian Life Construal across the Retirement Transition

      By: Jeff Steiner and Teresa M. Amabile
      Retirement means relinquishing the daily structure that work provides and the career-dependent meanings that it offers life narratives. The retirement transition can therefore involve contemplating both how to spend newly-freed daily time and the implications of...  View Details
      Keywords: Retirement Transition; Life Narrative; Construal Level Theory; Global Construal; Quotidian Construal; Meanings Of Work And Retirement; Retirement; Transition; Perspective
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      Steiner, Jeff, and Teresa M. Amabile. "What Do I Make of the Rest of My Life? Global and Quotidian Life Construal across the Retirement Transition." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 171 (July 2022).
      • 2022
      • Article

      Social Interactivity in Live Video Experiences Reduces Loneliness

      By: Benjamin T. Kaveladze, Robert R. Morris, Rosa Victoria Dimitrova-Gammeltoft, Amit Goldenberg, James J. Gross, Judd Antin, Melissa Sandgren and Melissa C. Thomas-Hunt
      Background: Loneliness, especially when chronic, can substantially reduce one's quality of life. However, positive social experiences might help to break cycles of loneliness by promoting more prosocial cognitions and behaviors. Internet-mediated live video...  View Details
      Keywords: Lonelines; Social Connection; Internet-mediated Communication; Experiment; Emotions; Well-being; Interpersonal Communication; Internet
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      Kaveladze, Benjamin T., Robert R. Morris, Rosa Victoria Dimitrova-Gammeltoft, Amit Goldenberg, James J. Gross, Judd Antin, Melissa Sandgren, and Melissa C. Thomas-Hunt. "Social Interactivity in Live Video Experiences Reduces Loneliness." Frontiers in Digital Health 4:859849 (2022).
      • 2022
      • Article

      Open or Closed? Your Mind, Your Decision!

      By: Gerald Zaltman
      The marketing profession faces challenging times. The shelf life for decisions and the half-life of the knowledge used, are becoming shorter and shorter while the problems addressed are becoming messier. Fortunately, the emergence of what I call the “prosthetic age” is...  View Details
      Keywords: Marketing; Information; Cognition and Thinking; Innovation and Invention
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      Zaltman, Gerald. "Open or Closed? Your Mind, Your Decision!" Special Issue on Reflections of Eminent Marketing Scholars. Foundations and Trends® in Marketing 16, nos. 1-2 (2022): 300–307.
      • January 10, 2022
      • Article

      The Secret Ingredient of Thriving Companies? Human Magic

      By: Hubert Joly
      The traditional corporate approach to motivating people has been a combination of carrots and sticks: a system of financial incentives designed to mobilize everyone around a plan designed by a few smart people at the top. Multiple studies have confirmed that, for any...  View Details
      Keywords: Meaning; Purpose; Organizational Culture; Employees; Motivation and Incentives; Performance
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      Joly, Hubert. "The Secret Ingredient of Thriving Companies? Human Magic." Harvard Business Review (website) (January 10, 2022).
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Cognitive Uncertainty in Intertemporal Choice

      By: Benjamin Enke and Thomas Graeber
      This paper studies the relevance of cognitive uncertainty – subjective uncertainty over one's utility-maximizing action – for understanding and predicting intertemporal choice. The main idea is that when people are cognitively noisy, such as when a decision is complex,...  View Details
      Keywords: Cognitive Uncertainty; Intertemporal Choice; Cognition and Thinking; Complexity; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Enke, Benjamin, and Thomas Graeber. "Cognitive Uncertainty in Intertemporal Choice." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29577, December 2021. (R&R at The Quarterly Journal of Economics.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Channeled Attention and Stable Errors

      By: Tristan Gagnon-Bartsch, Matthew Rabin and Joshua Schwartzstein
      We develop a framework for assessing when a person will notice that a theory she has about the world is wrong, premised on the idea that people neglect information that they view (through the lens of their misconceptions) to be irrelevant. Focusing on the question of...  View Details
      Keywords: Attentional Stability; Cognition and Thinking; Attitudes; Information; Theory
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      Gagnon-Bartsch, Tristan, Matthew Rabin, and Joshua Schwartzstein. "Channeled Attention and Stable Errors." Working Paper, September 2021.
      • June 2021
      • Article

      Cognition and Emotion in Extreme Political Action: Individual Differences and Dynamic Interactions

      By: Leor Zmigrod and Amit Goldenberg
      Who is most likely to join and engage in extreme political action? While traditional theories have focused on situational factors or group identity attributes, an emerging science illustrates that tendencies for extreme political action may also be rooted in...  View Details
      Keywords: Extreme Political Action; Ideology; Political Psychology; Cognition-emotion Interactions; Cognition and Thinking; Emotions; Personal Characteristics
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      Zmigrod, Leor, and Amit Goldenberg. "Cognition and Emotion in Extreme Political Action: Individual Differences and Dynamic Interactions." Current Directions in Psychological Science 30, no. 3 (June 2021): 218–227.
      • Article

      Sizing Up Entrepreneurial Potential: Gender Differences in Communication and Investor Perceptions of Long-Term Growth and Scalability

      By: Laura Huang, Priyanka D. Joshi, Cheryl J. Wakslak and Andy Wu
      Female entrepreneurs have been found to face disadvantages as compared with male entrepreneurs, especially in acquiring the financial resources they need to sustain and grow their ventures. Across three studies, we examine how disparities in funding outcomes may be due...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Finance; Gender; Prejudice and Bias; Communication; Perception
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      Huang, Laura, Priyanka D. Joshi, Cheryl J. Wakslak, and Andy Wu. "Sizing Up Entrepreneurial Potential: Gender Differences in Communication and Investor Perceptions of Long-Term Growth and Scalability." Academy of Management Journal 64, no. 3 (June 2021): 716–740.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Cognitive Biases: Mistakes or Missing Stakes?

      By: Benjamin Enke, Uri Gneezy, Brian Hall, David Martin, Vadim Nelidov, Theo Offerman and Jeroen van de Ven
      Despite decades of research on heuristics and biases, empirical evidence on the effect of large incentives—as present in relevant economic decisions—on cognitive biases is scant. This paper tests the effect of incentives on four widely documented biases: base rate...  View Details
      Keywords: Cognitive Biases; Incentives; Motivation and Incentives; Decision Making; Performance
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      Enke, Benjamin, Uri Gneezy, Brian Hall, David Martin, Vadim Nelidov, Theo Offerman, and Jeroen van de Ven. "Cognitive Biases: Mistakes or Missing Stakes?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-102, March 2021.
      • March 2021
      • Article

      Bayesian Signatures of Confidence and Central Tendency in Perceptual Judgment

      By: Yang Xiang, Thomas Graeber, Benjamin Enke and Samuel Gershman
      This paper theoretically and empirically investigates the role of Bayesian noisy cognition in perceptual judgment, focusing on the central tendency effect: the well-known empirical regularity that perceptual judgments are biased towards the center of the...  View Details
      Keywords: Visual Perception; Bayesian Modeling; Perception; Judgments
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      Xiang, Yang, Thomas Graeber, Benjamin Enke, and Samuel Gershman. "Bayesian Signatures of Confidence and Central Tendency in Perceptual Judgment." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics (March 2021): 1–11.
      • March 2021
      • Article

      The Crowd Emotion Amplification Effect

      By: Amit Goldenberg, Erika Weisz, Timothy D. Sweeney, Mina Cikara and James Gross
      How do people go about reading a room or taking the temperature of a crowd? When people catch a brief glimpse of an array of faces, they can only focus their attention on some of the faces. We propose that perceivers preferentially attend to faces exhibiting strong...  View Details
      Keywords: Crowds; Social Cognition; Intergroup Dynamics; Emotions; Perception; Judgments; Analysis
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      Goldenberg, Amit, Erika Weisz, Timothy D. Sweeney, Mina Cikara, and James Gross. "The Crowd Emotion Amplification Effect." Psychological Science 32, no. 3 (March 2021): 437–450.
      • January 2021
      • Article

      A Model of Relative Thinking

      By: Benjamin Bushong, Matthew Rabin and Joshua Schwartzstein
      Fixed differences loom smaller when compared to large differences. We propose a model of relative thinking where a person weighs a given change along a consumption dimension by less when it is compared to bigger changes along that dimension. In deterministic settings,...  View Details
      Keywords: Relative Thinking; Econometric Models; Behavior; Cognition and Thinking
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      Bushong, Benjamin, Matthew Rabin, and Joshua Schwartzstein. "A Model of Relative Thinking." Review of Economic Studies 88, no. 1 (January 2021): 162–191.
      • Article

      Healthy Buildings in 2070

      By: John D. Macomber and Joseph G. Allen
      Fifty years seems a very long time in the future for most industries. Not so in buildings and real estate; built structures routinely last decades if not hundreds of years, as long as they are economically competitive. Any discussion of the 50-year future has to...  View Details
      Keywords: Health & Wellness; Real Estate; Architectural Innovation; Public Health; Health; Buildings and Facilities; Well-being
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      Macomber, John D., and Joseph G. Allen. "Healthy Buildings in 2070." The Bridge 50, no. S (Winter 2020): 11–14. (Special 50th Anniversary Issue edited by Ronald M. Latanision.)
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