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    • All HBS Web  (689)
      • Faculty Publications  (96)

      Sales Forces Remove Sales Forces →

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      • November 2021 (Revised March 2022)
      • Case

      AppHarvest: Rebuilding the Appalachian Economy Through Agriculture

      By: Joshua Lev Krieger, William R. Kerr and Christian Godwin
      In 2021, AppHarvest completed construction of a 60-acre indoor farming facility, one of the world’s largest, recorded its first sales, and went public in a multi-billion dollar IPO. Described as “a force of nature,” Jonathan Webb founded the company to bring jobs back...  View Details
      Keywords: Agricultural; Entrepreneur; Business Startups; Development Economics; Sales; Goals and Objectives; Going Public; Growth Management; Buildings and Facilities; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; North America
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      Krieger, Joshua Lev, William R. Kerr, and Christian Godwin. "AppHarvest: Rebuilding the Appalachian Economy Through Agriculture." Harvard Business School Case 822-067, November 2021. (Revised March 2022.)
      • November 2021
      • Case

      LKQ-Stahlgruber

      By: Guhan Subramanian and Caeden Brynie
      Through a combination of organic growth and acquisitions, LKQ Corp. became the leading aftermarket auto parts distributor in the U.S. by the early 2000s. Beginning in 2012, the company began similarly consolidating the European marketplace. However, by 2017, the...  View Details
      Keywords: Consolidation; Acquisition; Decision Making; Strategy; Opportunities; Europe; Germany
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      Subramanian, Guhan, and Caeden Brynie. "LKQ-Stahlgruber." Harvard Business School Case 922-028, November 2021.
      • November 2021
      • Article

      The Comprehensive Effects of Sales Force Management: A Dynamic Structural Analysis of Selection, Compensation, and Training

      By: Doug J. Chung, Byungyeon Kim and Byoung G. Park
      This study provides a comprehensive model of an agent’s behavior in response to multiple sales management instruments, including compensation, recruiting/termination, and training. The model on agents’ behavior takes into account many of the key elements that...  View Details
      Keywords: Salesforce Management; Recruitment; Selection and Staffing; Compensation and Benefits; Resignation and Termination; Training; Behavior; Analysis
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      Chung, Doug J., Byungyeon Kim, and Byoung G. Park. "The Comprehensive Effects of Sales Force Management: A Dynamic Structural Analysis of Selection, Compensation, and Training." Management Science 67, no. 11 (November 2021): 7046–7074.
      • 2021
      • Chapter

      Digital Transformation and the Salesforce: Observations, Warnings, and Recommendations

      By: Frank V. Cespedes
      Sales is a crucial test for organizational change, including productive use (or not) of new technologies. Changes in selling always have wider organizational implications, because so many other decisions and resource commitments in firms depend upon demand forecasts...  View Details
      Keywords: Sales; Salesforce Management; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Digital Transformation
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      Cespedes, Frank V. "Digital Transformation and the Salesforce: Observations, Warnings, and Recommendations." In Managing Digital Transformation: Understanding the Strategic Process, edited by Andreas Hinterhuber, Tiziano Vescovi, and Francesca Checchinato. Routledge, 2021.
      • April 2021
      • Article

      The Effects of Quota Frequency: Sales Performance and Product Focus

      By: Doug J. Chung, Das Narayandas and Dongkyu Chang
      This study investigates the comprehensive and multidimensional effects of quota (goal) frequency on sales force performance. We develop a theory of salespeople’s behavior—aggregate effort and the product type focus—in response to the temporal length of a sales-quota...  View Details
      Keywords: Sales Force Compensation; Field Experiment; Quotas; Quota Frequency; Commissions; Bonuses; Goals; Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits; Goals and Objectives; Behavior; Performance
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      Chung, Doug J., Das Narayandas, and Dongkyu Chang. "The Effects of Quota Frequency: Sales Performance and Product Focus." Management Science 67, no. 4 (April 2021): 2151–2170.
      • March 2021 (Revised May 2021)
      • Case

      M-KOPA: Empowering Lives

      By: V. Kasturi Rangan, Wale Lawal and Pippa Tubman Armerding
      The Pay As You Go solar power company in East Africa had sales of $71 million in 2019. It wished to grow to $300 million by 2025. M-KOPA, founded by three entrepreneurs in 2011, had grown nicely in Kenya and Uganda to reach nearly 750,000 households with an...  View Details
      Keywords: Mobile Payment; Go-to-market Strategy; Business At The Base Of The Pyramid; Business Growth; Social Entrepreneurship; Renewable Energy; Business Model; Growth and Development Strategy; Expansion; Marketing Strategy; Developing Countries and Economies; Kenya; Uganda; Nigeria
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      Rangan, V. Kasturi, Wale Lawal, and Pippa Tubman Armerding. "M-KOPA: Empowering Lives." Harvard Business School Case 521-085, March 2021. (Revised May 2021.)
      • July 2020
      • Technical Note

      Digital Natives Growing Without a Sales Force

      By: Das Narayandas, Michael Norris and Amram Migdal
      This brief case describes the rise of so-called digital natives (also called born-in-digital) in the 2000s and 2010s that successfully grew without a sales force. The case highlights the emergence of business-to-business Internet and cloud-based companies and their...  View Details
      Keywords: Government Administration; Crisis Management; Health; Health Pandemics; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Social Issues; Information Technology; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Applications and Software; Technology Adoption; Information Technology Industry; Australia; North and Central America; United States; Illinois; Chicago; California; San Francisco
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      Narayandas, Das, Michael Norris, and Amram Migdal. "Digital Natives Growing Without a Sales Force." Harvard Business School Technical Note 521-019, July 2020.
      • 2020
      • Article

      A Practical Approach to Sales Compensation: What Do We Know Now? What Should We Know in the Future?

      By: Doug J. Chung, Byungyeon Kim and Niladri B. Syam
      Personal selling represents one of the most important elements in the marketing mix, and appropriate management of the sales force is vital to achieving the organization’s objectives. Among the various instruments of sales management, compensation plays a pivotal role...  View Details
      Keywords: Sales Compensation; Sales Management; Sales Strategy; Principal-agent Theory; Structural Econometrics; Field Experiments; Machine Learning; Artificial Intelligence; Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits; Motivation and Incentives; AI and Machine Learning
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      Chung, Doug J., Byungyeon Kim, and Niladri B. Syam. "A Practical Approach to Sales Compensation: What Do We Know Now? What Should We Know in the Future?" Foundations and Trends® in Marketing 14, no. 1 (2020): 1–52.
      • March 2020 (Revised October 2020)
      • Module Note

      Sales Force Compensation

      By: Doug J. Chung
      The author developed this note for scholars, educators, and practitioners that are interested in sales force compensation. It is based on the author’s investigations across a variety of organizations in multiple industries and provides a conceptual framework for the...  View Details
      Keywords: Sales Strategy; Sales Force Management; Sales Compensation; Salary; Commissions; Bonuses; Quota Setting/updating; Quota Frequency; Extrinsic Vs Intrinsic Motivation; Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits; Strategy
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      Chung, Doug J. "Sales Force Compensation." Harvard Business School Module Note 520-084, March 2020. (Revised October 2020.)
      • December 2019 (Revised March 2020)
      • Teaching Note

      Sales Force Management at Nobel Ilac

      By: Doug J. Chung
      Teaching Note for HBS No. 519-067.  View Details
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      Chung, Doug J. "Sales Force Management at Nobel Ilac." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 520-057, December 2019. (Revised March 2020.)
      • November 2019 (Revised April 2020)
      • Case

      Purple Innovation, Inc.: The Online to Offline Marketing Challenge

      By: Elie Ofek and Nakisha Williams
      This case focuses on Purple Innovation Inc. (Purple), a company that started out in the Direct to Consumer (DTC) mattress space. In late 2018, after a successful launch and IPO with sales predominantly originating from its website, Purple was looking to sustain its...  View Details
      Keywords: Offline Sales; Marketing Strategy; Digital Marketing; Growth and Development Strategy; Consumer Products Industry; Retail Industry
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      Ofek, Elie, and Nakisha Williams. "Purple Innovation, Inc.: The Online to Offline Marketing Challenge." Harvard Business School Case 520-040, November 2019. (Revised April 2020.)
      • Article

      Sales Methodologies and Selling

      By: Frank V. Cespedes
      Sales methodologies play an important role. A common approach in a sales force allows for consistency, dissemination of best practices, acceleration of learning, and it helps the firm to scale because management then has common metrics to monitor and evaluate. However,...  View Details
      Keywords: Methodology; Sales; Analysis
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      Cespedes, Frank V. "Sales Methodologies and Selling." Top Sales Magazine (November 2019), 26–27.
      • September 2019 (Revised March 2020)
      • Teaching Note

      Roush Performance: How to Design a Sales Force Compensation Plan

      By: Doug J. Chung
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      Chung, Doug J. "Roush Performance: How to Design a Sales Force Compensation Plan." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 520-030, September 2019. (Revised March 2020.)
      • July 9, 2019
      • Article

      Setting Better Sales Goals with Analytics

      By: Doug J. Chung, Isabel Huber, Vinay Murthy, Varun Sunku and Marije Weber
      Sales compensation is a critical lever in motivating a salesforce and driving growth in the business-to-business sector: Studies show that revising compensation in line with market trends can have a 50% greater impact on sales than advertisements have, for instance. A...  View Details
      Keywords: Analytics; Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits; Motivation and Incentives; Goals and Objectives
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      Chung, Doug J., Isabel Huber, Vinay Murthy, Varun Sunku, and Marije Weber. "Setting Better Sales Goals with Analytics." Harvard Business Review (website) (July 9, 2019).
      • June 2019 (Revised September 2019)
      • Case

      Parrot: Navigating the Nascent Drone Industry

      By: Rory M. McDonald, Emilie Billaud and Vincent Dessain
      In 2018, Henri Seydoux, CEO and Founder of Parrot, believed that his company was at an inflection point in its history. Parrot had been a European leader in consumer electronics since the 1990s, first developing Bluetooth kits for cars before moving on to electronic...  View Details
      Keywords: Forecasting and Prediction; Disruption; Entrepreneurship; Corporate Strategy; Technological Innovation; Leading Change; Competitive Advantage; Information Technology; Competitive Strategy; Consumer Products Industry; Electronics Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; Motion Pictures and Video Industry; Technology Industry; Video Game Industry; Europe; France; Paris
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      McDonald, Rory M., Emilie Billaud, and Vincent Dessain. "Parrot: Navigating the Nascent Drone Industry." Harvard Business School Case 619-085, June 2019. (Revised September 2019.)
      • May 2019
      • Supplement

      Kjell and Company: Motivating Salespeople with Incentive Compensation (C)

      By: Doug J. Chung
      Kjell & Company was a Swedish retail electronics chain. The company’s products consisted of home electronics and accessories. The company was noted for its excellent customer service and a fair “one-for-all” HR policy. Historically, the salespeople had been compensated...  View Details
      Keywords: Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits; Change Management; Behavior; Electronics Industry; Sweden
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      Chung, Doug J. "Kjell and Company: Motivating Salespeople with Incentive Compensation (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 519-095, May 2019.
      • May 2019
      • Supplement

      Kjell and Company: Motivating Salespeople with Incentive Compensation (D)

      By: Doug J. Chung
      Kjell & Company was a Swedish retail electronics chain. The company’s products consisted of home electronics and accessories. The company was noted for its excellent customer service and a fair “one-for-all” HR policy. Historically, the salespeople had been compensated...  View Details
      Keywords: Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits; Motivation and Incentives; Change Management; Behavior; Electronics Industry; Sweden
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      Chung, Doug J. "Kjell and Company: Motivating Salespeople with Incentive Compensation (D)." Harvard Business School Supplement 519-096, May 2019.
      • April 2019
      • Teaching Note

      The a2 Milk Company

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Daniel Fisher
      The a2 Milk Company (a2MC) became the most valuable company listed on the New Zealand stock exchange in 2018 by capitalizing on a biochemical discovery related to the protein composition of cow's milk. Because many people find the A1 protein difficult to digest, and...  View Details
      Keywords: Judo Economics; Market Entry; Innovation; Barriers To Response; Industry Attractiveness; Advantage Horizon; Sustainability; First-mover Advantage; Scope; Strategy Execution; Strategic Evolution; Biochemistry; Genetics; Branding; Commodity; Milk; Dairy; Infant Formula; Farming; Porter's Five Forces; Market Entry and Exit; Disruption; Innovation and Invention; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Value Creation; Competition; Brands and Branding; Five Forces Framework; Consumer Products Industry; New Zealand; Australia; China
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Daniel Fisher. "The a2 Milk Company." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 719-428, April 2019.
      • February 2019 (Revised July 2019)
      • Case

      Sales Force Management at Nobel Ilac

      By: Doug J. Chung and Gamze Yucaoglu
      Nobel Ilac was a Turkish generic pharmaceutical company marketing more than 100 drugs in 20 countries and, as of 2017, had over 2,500 employees worldwide. Nobel had implemented a transformation strategy—more specifically, a customer segmentation plan—whereby the sales...  View Details
      Keywords: Sales Strategy; Compensation; Employee Retention; Recruiting; Pharmaceuticals; Salesforce Management; Strategy; Organizational Design; Human Resources; Compensation and Benefits; Employees; Retention; Recruitment; Pharmaceutical Industry; Turkey
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      Chung, Doug J., and Gamze Yucaoglu. "Sales Force Management at Nobel Ilac." Harvard Business School Case 519-067, February 2019. (Revised July 2019.)
      • February 2019 (Revised September 2021)
      • Case

      The a2 Milk Company

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Daniel Fisher
      The a2 Milk Company (a2MC) became the most valuable company listed on the New Zealand stock exchange in 2018 by capitalizing on a biochemical discovery related to the protein composition of cow's milk. Because many people find the A1 protein difficult to digest, and...  View Details
      Keywords: Judo Economics; Market Entry; Innovation; Barriers To Response; Industry Attractiveness; Advantage Horizon; Sustainability; First-mover Advantage; Scope; Strategy Execution; Strategic Evolution; Biochemistry; Genetics; Branding; Commodity; Milk; Dairy; Infant Formula; Farming; Porter's Five Forces; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Value Creation; Competition; Disruption; Innovation and Invention; Five Forces Framework; Market Entry and Exit
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Daniel Fisher. "The a2 Milk Company." Harvard Business School Case 719-424, February 2019. (Revised September 2021.)
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