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    • All HBS Web  (330)
      • Faculty Publications  (40)

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      • Article

      Eliminating Unintended Bias in Personalized Policies Using Bias-Eliminating Adapted Trees (BEAT)

      By: Eva Ascarza and Ayelet Israeli

      An inherent risk of algorithmic personalization is disproportionate targeting of individuals from certain groups (or demographic characteristics such as gender or race), even when the decision maker does not intend to discriminate based on those “protected”...  View Details

      Keywords: Algorithm Bias; Personalization; Targeting; Generalized Random Forests (GRF); Discrimination; Customization and Personalization; Decision Making; Fairness; Mathematical Methods
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      Ascarza, Eva, and Ayelet Israeli. "Eliminating Unintended Bias in Personalized Policies Using Bias-Eliminating Adapted Trees (BEAT)." e2115126119. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no. 11 (March 8, 2022).
      • March 2022
      • Supplement

      Pakistan Rising: Bazaar's Growth Story (B)

      By: Paul A. Gompers and Gamze Yucaoglu
      The case opens in January 2022 as Hamza Jawaid and Saad Jangda, co-founders of Bazaar technologies (Bazaar), the Pakistani high growth B2B e-commerce marketplace, are looking over the performance of the newly launched “buy now, play later” feature. The traction looks...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Emerging Markets; For-Profit Firms; Strategy; Digital Platforms; Information Technology; Value Creation; Globalization; Competition; Expansion; Profit; Resource Allocation; Diversification; Corporate Strategy; Pakistan
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      Gompers, Paul A., and Gamze Yucaoglu. "Pakistan Rising: Bazaar's Growth Story (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 822-099, March 2022.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      What Drives Variation in Investor Portfolios? Evidence from Retirement Plans

      By: Mark Egan, Alexander MacKay and Hanbin Yang
      We study empirical patterns in investment behavior using a comprehensive data set of defined contribution plans. Using plan-level portfolio allocation data for the near universe of 401(k) plans over the period 2009–2019, we document substantial differences in...  View Details
      Keywords: Stock Market Expectations; Demand Estimation; Retirement Planning; Defined Contribution Retirement Plan; 401 (K); Finance; Investment Portfolio; Investment; Retirement; Behavioral Finance; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Egan, Mark, Alexander MacKay, and Hanbin Yang. "What Drives Variation in Investor Portfolios? Evidence from Retirement Plans." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-044, December 2021. (Direct download. NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29604, December 2021)
      • June 2021
      • Article

      Deals in the Time of Pandemic

      By: Guhan Subramanian and Caley Petrucci
      The COVID-19 pandemic has brought new attention to the period between signing and closing in M&A transactions. Transactional planners heavily negotiate the provisions that govern the behavior of the parties during this window, not only to allocate risk between the...  View Details
      Keywords: Takeovers; COVID-19; Material Adverse Effect; Mergers and Acquisitions; Health Pandemics
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      Subramanian, Guhan, and Caley Petrucci. "Deals in the Time of Pandemic." Columbia Law Review 121, no. 5 (June 2021): 1405–1480.
      • March 2021
      • Case

      Yale Investments Office: November 2020

      By: Josh Lerner, Jo Tango and Alys Ferragamo
      David Swensen and the Investments Office staff must decide whether to continue to allocate the bulk of the university's endowment to illiquid investments—hedge funds, private equity, venture capital, real estate, natural resources—given the impact of the COVID-19...  View Details
      Keywords: University Endowment; Asset Allocation; Real Estate; Equities; Fixed Income; COVID-19; Asset Management; Private Equity; Venture Capital; Natural Resources; Resource Allocation; Investment; Investment Portfolio; Health Pandemics; Financial Crisis; Financial Services Industry; Real Estate Industry; Energy Industry; Connecticut
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      Lerner, Josh, Jo Tango, and Alys Ferragamo. "Yale Investments Office: November 2020." Harvard Business School Case 821-074, March 2021.
      • February 2020
      • Technical Note

      Talent Management and the Future of Work

      By: William R. Kerr and Gorick Ng
      The nature of work is changing—and it is changing rapidly. Few days go by without industry giants such as Amazon and AT&T announcing plans to invest billions of dollars towards retraining nearly half of their respective workforces for jobs of the future. What changes...  View Details
      Keywords: Human Resource Management; Human Capital Development; Human Resource Practices; Talent; Talent Acquisition; Talent Development; Talent Development And Retention; Talent Management; Talent Retention; Labor Flows; Labor Management; Labor Market; Strategy Development; Strategy Management; Strategy Execution; Strategy And Execution; Strategic Change; Transformations; Organization; Organization Alignment; Organization Design; Organizational Adaptation; Organizational Effectiveness; Management Challenges; Management Of Business And Political Risk; Change Leadership; Future Of Work; Future; Skills Gap; Skills Development; Skills; Offshoring And Outsourcing; Investment; Capital Allocation; Work; Work Culture; Work Force Management; Work/life Balance; Work/family Balance; Work-family Boundary Management; Workers; Worker Productivity; Worker Performance; Work Engagement; Work Environment; Work Environments; Productivity; Organization Culture; Soft Skills; Technology Management; Technological Change; Technological Change: Choices And Consequences; Technology Diffusion; Disruptive Technology; Global Business; Global; Workplace; Workplace Context; Workplace Culture; Workplace Wellness; Collaboration; Competencies; Productivity Gains; Digital; Digital Transition; Competitive Dynamics; Competitiveness; Competitive Strategy; Data Analytics; Data; Data Management; Data Strategy; Data Protection; Aging Society; Diversity; Diversity Management; Millennials; Communication Complexity; Communication Technologies; International Business; Work Sharing; Global Competitiveness; Global Corporate Cultures; Intellectual Property; Intellectual Property Management; Intellectual Property Protection; Intellectual Capital And Property Issues; Globalization Of Supply Chain; Inequality; Recruiting; Hiring; Hiring Of Employees; Training; Job Cuts And Outsourcing; Job Performance; Job Search; Job Design; Job Satisfaction; Jobs; Employee Engagement; Employee Attitude; Employee Benefits; Employee Compensation; Employee Fairness; Employee Relationship Management; Employee Retention; Employee Selection; Employee Motivation; Employee Feedback; Employee Coordination; Employee Performance Management; Employee Socialization; Process Improvement; Application Performance Management; Stigma; Institutional Change; Candidates; Digital Enterprise; Cultural Adaptation; Cultural Change; Cultural Diversity; Cultural Context; Cultural Strategies; Cultural Psychology; Cultural Reform; Performance; Performance Effectiveness; Performance Management; Performance Evaluation; Performance Appraisal; Performance Feedback; Performance Measurement; Performance Metrics; Performance Measures; Performance Efficiency; Efficiency; Performance Analysis; Performance Appraisals; Performance Improvement; Automation; Artificial Intelligence; Technology Companies; Managerial Processes; Skilled Migration; Assessment; Human Resources; Management; Human Capital; Talent and Talent Management; Retention; Demographics; Labor; Strategy; Change; Change Management; Transformation; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Working Conditions; Information Technology; Technology Adoption; Disruption; Economy; Competition; Globalization; AI and Machine Learning; Digital Transformation
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      Kerr, William R., and Gorick Ng. "Talent Management and the Future of Work." Harvard Business School Technical Note 820-084, February 2020.
      • December 2019
      • Article

      Costly Concessions: An Empirical Framework for Matching with Imperfectly Transferable Utility

      By: Alfred Galichon, Scott Duke Kominers and Simon Weber
      We introduce an empirical framework for models of matching with imperfectly transferable utility and unobserved heterogeneity in tastes. Our framework allows us to characterize matching equilibrium in a flexible way that includes as special cases the classic fully- and...  View Details
      Keywords: Sorting; Matching; Marriage Market; Intrahousehold Allocation; Imperfectly Transferable Utility; Marketplace Matching; Mathematical Methods
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      Galichon, Alfred, Scott Duke Kominers, and Simon Weber. "Costly Concessions: An Empirical Framework for Matching with Imperfectly Transferable Utility." Journal of Political Economy 127, no. 6 (December 2019): 2875–2925.
      • June 2019
      • Case

      ClearLife: From Prospect to Platform

      By: Alexander Braun, Lauren Cohen, Mauro Elvedi and Jiahua Xu
      ClearLife’s first product was a trading and analytics platform for participants in the U.S. life settlement market, the secondary market for life insurance. ClearLife played a key role in facilitating transactions and devising a common language for expressing value and...  View Details
      Keywords: Digital Platforms; Insurance; Entrepreneurship; Expansion; Diversification; Strategy
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      Braun, Alexander, Lauren Cohen, Mauro Elvedi, and Jiahua Xu. "ClearLife: From Prospect to Platform." Harvard Business School Case 219-119, June 2019.
      • June 2019
      • Article

      Fraud Allegations and Government Contracting

      By: Jonas Heese and Gerardo Pérez Cavazos
      This paper examines whether fraud allegations affect firms’ contracting with the government. Using a dataset of whistleblower allegations brought under the False Claims Act against firms accused of defrauding the government, we find that federal agencies do not reduce...  View Details
      Keywords: Whistleblower; Fraud Allegations; False Claims Act; Government Contracting; Risk Allocation; Government and Politics; Contracts; Crime and Corruption; Risk and Uncertainty; Business and Government Relations
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      Heese, Jonas, and Gerardo Pérez Cavazos. "Fraud Allegations and Government Contracting." Journal of Accounting Research 57, no. 3 (June 2019): 675–719.
      • February 2019 (Revised January 2020)
      • Case

      Pierre Foods Acquisition of Advance Foods (A)

      By: Guhan Subramanian and Mike Harmon
      This case (A), and its related cases (B-E), establish a setting to discuss an M&A transaction and some of the key legal contracts that are associated with it. In 2010, private equity backed food manufacturer Pierre Foods is contemplating the acquisition of a key...  View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Contracts; Agreements and Arrangements; Negotiation; Complexity
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      Subramanian, Guhan, and Mike Harmon. "Pierre Foods Acquisition of Advance Foods (A)." Harvard Business School Case 919-022, February 2019. (Revised January 2020.)
      • November 2018 (Revised April 2019)
      • Case

      Zespri Grows

      By: David E. Bell and Natalie Kindred
      Controlling about a third of global kiwifruit exports by volume and nearly half by value in 2018, Zespri was a grower-owned “corporatized cooperative” with the exclusive right to export New Zealand-grown kiwifruit (except to Australia). Zespri did not grow fruit but...  View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Kiwi; Kiwifruit; Agriculture; Global Supply Chain; Branding; Produce; Coordinated Industry Structure; Industry Coordination; Countercyclical Supply; New Product Development; Product Strategy; Differentiation; Food; Quality; Trade; Brands and Branding; Marketing; Strategy; Global Strategy; Change Management; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Globalization; Globalized Firms and Management; Competitive Strategy; Resource Allocation; Product Development; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; New Zealand
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      Bell, David E., and Natalie Kindred. "Zespri Grows." Harvard Business School Case 519-047, November 2018. (Revised April 2019.)
      • November 2018
      • Case

      Cepuros Foods Malaysia: Finding the Secret Sauce for Growth (Brief Case)

      By: John A. Quelch and Katherine B. Hartman
      Shelby Diaz, country manager for Cepuros Foods International—Malaysia (CFI-M), must decide a growth strategy for the expansion of CFI-M's line of salsas, particularly regarding whom to target and how to allocate marketing investments. CFI-M could expand aggressively by...  View Details
      Keywords: Growth and Development Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Marketing Communications; Product Positioning
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      Quelch, John A., and Katherine B. Hartman. "Cepuros Foods Malaysia: Finding the Secret Sauce for Growth (Brief Case)." Harvard Business School Brief Case 919-513, November 2018.
      • Fourth Quarter 2017
      • Article

      Optimal Tilts: Combining Persistent Characteristic Portfolios

      By: Malcolm Baker, Ryan Taliaferro and Terry Burnham
      We examine the optimal weighting of four tilts in U.S. equity markets from 1968 through 2014. We define a “tilt” as a characteristic-based portfolio strategy that requires relatively low annual turnover. This is a continuum, with small size (a very persistent...  View Details
      Keywords: Risk Anomaly; Beta; Capital Asset Pricing Model; Factor Investing
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      Baker, Malcolm, Ryan Taliaferro, and Terry Burnham. "Optimal Tilts: Combining Persistent Characteristic Portfolios." Financial Analysts Journal 73, no. 4 (Fourth Quarter 2017): 75–89.
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections

      By: Maria Ibanez and Michael W. Toffel
      Many production processes are subject to inspection to ensure they meet quality, safety, and environmental standards imposed by companies and regulators. Inspection accuracy is critical to inspections being a useful input to assessing risks, allocating quality...  View Details
      Keywords: Assessment; Bias; Inspection; Scheduling; Econometric Analysis; Empirical Research; Regulation; Health; Food; Safety; Quality; Performance Consistency; Performance Evaluation; Food and Beverage Industry; Service Industry
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      Ibanez, Maria, and Michael W. Toffel. "How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-090, April 2017. (Revised October 2018. Formerly titled "Assessing the Quality of Quality Assessment: The Role of Scheduling". Featured in Forbes, Food Safety Magazine, and Food Safety News.)
      • November 2016 (Revised December 2016)
      • Module Note

      Strategy Execution Module 7: Designing Asset Allocation Systems

      By: Robert Simons
      This module reading provides tools and analyses for acquiring and allocating resources. The module begins by reviewing the importance of setting strategic boundaries as a basis for asset acquisitions. Next, a distinction is made between new assets acquired to meet...  View Details
      Keywords: Management Control Systems; Implementing Strategy; Execution; Asset Allocation Systems; Payback; Discounted Cash Flow; Internal Rate Of Return; Strategic Investments; Analyzing Acquisitions; Strategy; Capital Budgeting
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      Simons, Robert. "Strategy Execution Module 7: Designing Asset Allocation Systems." Harvard Business School Module Note 117-107, November 2016. (Revised December 2016.)
      • Article

      Risk Management—The Revealing Hand

      By: Robert S. Kaplan and Anette Mikes
      Many believe that the recent emphasis on enterprise risk management function is misguided, especially after the failure of sophisticated quantitative risk models during the global financial crisis. The concern is that top-down risk management will inhibit innovation...  View Details
      Keywords: Risk Management
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      Kaplan, Robert S., and Anette Mikes. "Risk Management—The Revealing Hand." Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 28, no. 1 (Winter 2016): 8–18.
      • Spring 2016
      • Article

      Risk Neglect in Equity Markets

      By: Malcolm Baker
      The link between measures of risk and return within the equity market has been very weak over the past 47 years: in the United States, returns on high-risk stocks have cumulatively fallen short of the returns on low-risk stocks, during a period when the equity market...  View Details
      Keywords: Asset Allocation; Equity Investment; Behavioral Finance; Private Equity
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      Baker, Malcolm. "Risk Neglect in Equity Markets." Journal of Portfolio Management 42, no. 3 (Spring 2016): 12–25.
      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Optimal Tilts: Combining Persistent Characteristic Portfolios

      By: Malcolm Baker, Ryan Taliaferro and Terry Burnham
      We examine the optimal weighting of four tilts in US equity markets from 1968 through 2014. We define a “tilt” as a characteristic-based portfolio strategy that requires relatively low annual turnover. This is a continuum, with small size, a very persistent...  View Details
      Keywords: Risk Anomaly; Beta; Capital Asset Pricing Model; Factor Investing
      Citation
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      Baker, Malcolm, Ryan Taliaferro, and Terry Burnham. "Optimal Tilts: Combining Persistent Characteristic Portfolios." Working Paper, March 2017.
      • April 2015 (Revised April 2015)
      • Case

      Yale University Investments Office: February 2015

      By: Josh Lerner
      David Swensen and the Investments Office staff must decide whether to continue to allocate the bulk of the university's endowment to illiquid investments—hedge funds, private equity, real estate—given the impact of the recent market turmoil. The case explores the risks...  View Details
      Keywords: Asset Management; Resource Allocation; Investment; Venture Capital; Investment Funds; Property; Private Equity
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      Lerner, Josh. "Yale University Investments Office: February 2015." Harvard Business School Case 815-124, April 2015. (Revised April 2015.)
      • February 2015 (Revised December 2016)
      • Case

      Poseidon Carlsbad: Desalination and the San Diego County Water Authority

      By: John Macomber
      Extreme drought conditions in California have significant impacts on the ability of the San Diego County Water Authority to provide adequate water for current users. Water shortfalls also could curtail the economic development of one of the fastest growing regions in...  View Details
      Keywords: Risk Management; Partners and Partnerships; Resource Allocation; Public Sector; Private Sector; Environmental Sustainability; Policy; Infrastructure; Green Technology Industry; Utilities Industry; California
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      Macomber, John. "Poseidon Carlsbad: Desalination and the San Diego County Water Authority." Harvard Business School Case 215-057, February 2015. (Revised December 2016.)
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