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      Visit Us | Baker Library | Bloomberg Center | Harvard Business School
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      Unilever—A Case Study
      This article considers key issues relating to the organization and performance of large multinational firms in the post-Second World War period....
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      • March 2021
      • Article

      The Impact of the General Data Protection Regulation on Internet Interconnection

      By: Ran Zhuo, Bradley Huffaker, KC Claffy and Shane Greenstein
      The Internet comprises thousands of independently operated networks, where bilaterally negotiated interconnection agreements determine the flow of data between networks. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) imposes strict restrictions on...  View Details
      Keywords: Personal Data; Privacy Regulation; Gdpr; Interconnection Agreements; Internet; Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms
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      Zhuo, Ran, Bradley Huffaker, KC Claffy, and Shane Greenstein. "The Impact of the General Data Protection Regulation on Internet Interconnection." Telecommunications Policy 45, no. 2 (March 2021).
      • Article

      Research: The Cost of a Single U.S. Immigration Restriction

      By: Dany Bahar, Prithwiraj Choudhury and Britta Glennon
      On June 22, 2020, President Trump passed an Executive Order drastically cutting the number of highly skilled international workers eligible for non-immigrant visas to the U.S. To quantify the impact of this policy, the authors examined the immediate change in stock...  View Details
      Keywords: Work Visas; H1-b; restriction; Impact; Immigration; Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms; Cost; Economy
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      Bahar, Dany, Prithwiraj Choudhury, and Britta Glennon. "Research: The Cost of a Single U.S. Immigration Restriction." Harvard Business Review (website) (January 22, 2021).
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Pricing of Climate Risk Insurance: Regulatory Frictions and Cross-Subsidies

      By: Ishita Sen and Ana-Maria Tenekedjieva
      Homeowners’ insurance provides households financial protection from climate losses. To improve access and affordability, state regulators impose price controls on insurance companies. Using novel data, we construct a new measure of rate setting frictions for individual...  View Details
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      Sen, Ishita, and Ana-Maria Tenekedjieva. "Pricing of Climate Risk Insurance: Regulatory Frictions and Cross-Subsidies." Working Paper, January 2021.
      • January 2021
      • Article

      How Personality and Policy Predict Pandemic Behavior: Understanding Sheltering-in-Place in 55 Countries at the Onset of COVID-19

      By: Friedrich M. Götz, Andrés Gvirtz, Adam D. Galinsky and Jon M. Jachimowicz
      The spread of COVID-19 within any given country or community at the onset of the pandemic depended in part on the sheltering-in-place rate of its citizens. The pandemic led us to revisit one of psychology’s most fundamental and most basic questions in a high-stakes...  View Details
      Keywords: Covid; Covid-19; Pandemic; Shelter-in-place; Personality; Government; Interactionism; Health Pandemics; Behavior; Personal Characteristics; Policy; Governance Compliance
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      Götz, Friedrich M., Andrés Gvirtz, Adam D. Galinsky, and Jon M. Jachimowicz. "How Personality and Policy Predict Pandemic Behavior: Understanding Sheltering-in-Place in 55 Countries at the Onset of COVID-19." American Psychologist 76, no. 1 (January 2021): 39–49.
      • Article

      Nudging: Progress to Date and Future Directions

      By: John Beshears and Harry Kosowsky
      Nudges influence behavior by changing the environment in which decisions are made, without restricting the menu of options and without altering financial incentives. This paper assesses past empirical research on nudging and provides recommendations for future work in...  View Details
      Keywords: Nudge; Choice Architecture; Behavioral Economics; Behavioral Science; Behavior; Change; Situation Or Environment; Decision Choices And Conditions; Decision Making
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      Beshears, John, and Harry Kosowsky. "Nudging: Progress to Date and Future Directions." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 161, Supplement (November 2020): 3–19.
      • 2020
      • Chapter

      Climate Change Is Going to Transform Where and How We Build

      By: John D. Macomber
      As fires, floods, and droughts increasingly threaten homes, businesses, and other institutions, climate risk has become financial risk. This implies that homeowners and investors have been making location decisions without properly pricing the cost of potential peril,...  View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Housing; Mortgages; Geographic Location; Real Estate Industry
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      Macomber, John D. "Climate Change Is Going to Transform Where and How We Build." In Climate Change: The Insights You Need from Harvard Business Review. Vol. 12. HBR Insights Series. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2020.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Learning from Deregulation: The Asymmetric Impact of Lockdown and Reopening on Risky Behavior During COVID-19

      By: Edward L. Glaeser, Ginger Zhe Jin, Michael Luca and Benjamin T. Leyden
      During the COVID-19 pandemic, states issued and then rescinded stay-at-home orders that restricted mobility. We develop a model of learning by deregulation, which predicts that lifting stay-at-home orders can signal that going out has become safer. Using restaurant...  View Details
      Keywords: Covid-19; Lockdown; Reopening; Impact
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      Glaeser, Edward L., Ginger Zhe Jin, Michael Luca, and Benjamin T. Leyden. "Learning from Deregulation: The Asymmetric Impact of Lockdown and Reopening on Risky Behavior During COVID-19." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 27650, August 2020.
      • July 2020
      • Article

      Recovering the Logic of Double Effect for Business: Intentions, Proportionality, and Impermissible Harms

      By: Rosemarie Monge and Nien-hê Hsieh
      Business actors often act in ways that may harm other parties. While the law aims to restrict harmful behavior and to provide remedies, legal systems do not anticipate all contingencies and legal regulations are not always well enforced. This article argues that the...  View Details
      Keywords: Double Effect; Intention; Exploitation; Risk; Practical Ethics; Competition; Risk And Uncertainty; Ethics
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      Monge, Rosemarie, and Nien-hê Hsieh. "Recovering the Logic of Double Effect for Business: Intentions, Proportionality, and Impermissible Harms." Business Ethics Quarterly 30, no. 3 (July 2020): 361–387. (doi: 10.1017/beq.2019.39.)
      • June 2020
      • Article

      Informing Dissent

      By: Hillary Greene and Dennis Yao
      The first part of this commentary argues that because the production of dissent depends on the availability of information, greater attention should focus on government restrictions on access to official information. At no time is this more important than when...  View Details
      Keywords: Dissent; Information Monopoly; Economics Of Speech; Freedom Of Information Act (foia); Self-censorship; Social Pressure; Information; Government And Politics; Spoken Communication; Society
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      Greene, Hillary, and Dennis Yao. "Informing Dissent." Law, Culture and the Humanities 16, no. 2 (June 2020): 200–212.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Business Reopening Decisions and Demand Forecasts During the COVID-19 Pandemic

      By: Dylan Balla-Elliott, Zoë B. Cullen, Edward L. Glaeser, Michael Luca and Christopher Stanton
      How quickly will American businesses reopen after COVID-19 lockdowns end? We use a nationwide survey of small businesses to measure firms’ expectations about their re-opening and future demand. A plurality of firms in our sample expect to reopen within days of the end...  View Details
      Keywords: Covid-19; Demand Forecasting; Reopening; Health Pandemics; Demand And Consumers; Forecasting And Prediction
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      Balla-Elliott, Dylan, Zoë B. Cullen, Edward L. Glaeser, Michael Luca, and Christopher Stanton. "Business Reopening Decisions and Demand Forecasts During the COVID-19 Pandemic." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 27362, June 2020. (Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-132, June 2020.)
      • May 2020 (Revised June 2020)
      • Case

      The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic and the Global Economy (A)

      By: Alberto Cavallo and Christian Godwin
      In April 2020, the world struggled to contain the exponential escalation of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Dozens of countries had imposed restrictions on travel, work, and social gatherings. A large share of the global population was under lockdowns and...  View Details
      Keywords: Demand And Consumers; Supply And Industry; Finance; Central Banking; Financial Markets; International Finance; Globalization; Government And Politics; Health Pandemics; Decision Making; Macroeconomics; Employment; Crisis Management; Supply Chain; Risk And Uncertainty; Air Transportation Industry; Banking Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Employment Industry; Financial Services Industry; Food And Beverage Industry; Health Industry; Medical Devices And Supplies Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry; Public Administration Industry; Retail Industry; Service Industry; Shipping Industry; Tourism Industry; Travel Industry; Asia; China; Europe; Latin America; Africa; United States
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      Cavallo, Alberto, and Christian Godwin. "The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic and the Global Economy (A)." Harvard Business School Case 720-031, May 2020. (Revised June 2020.)
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Food Security and Human Mobility During the COVID-19 Lockdown

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury, Wesley W. Koo, Xina Li, Nishant Kishore, Satchit Balsari and Tarun Khanna
      During the COVID-19 crisis, millions of migrants around the world face food insecurity. This could force migrants to travel during the pandemic, exposing them to health risks and accelerating the spread of the virus. Anecdotal evidence demonstrates the importance of...  View Details
      Keywords: Covid-19; Migrants; Food Security; Mobility; Health Pandemics; Food; Distribution; Policy; Global Range
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj, Wesley W. Koo, Xina Li, Nishant Kishore, Satchit Balsari, and Tarun Khanna. "Food Security and Human Mobility During the COVID-19 Lockdown." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-113, May 2020.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Social Interactions in Pandemics: Fear, Altruism, and Reciprocity

      By: Laura Alfaro, Ester Faia, Nora Lamersdorf and Farzad Saidi
      In SIR models, homogeneous or with a network structure, infection rates are assumed to be exogenous. However, individuals adjust their behavior. Using daily data for 89 cities worldwide, we document that mobility falls in response to fear, as approximated by Google...  View Details
      Keywords: Social Interactions; Pandemics; Mobility; Cities; Sir Networks; Social Preferences; Social Planner; Targeted Policies; Health Pandemics; Interpersonal Communication; Behavior; Policy
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      Alfaro, Laura, Ester Faia, Nora Lamersdorf, and Farzad Saidi. "Social Interactions in Pandemics: Fear, Altruism, and Reciprocity." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 27134, May 2020.
      • April 2020 (Revised June 2020)
      • Case

      Uber: Competing Globally

      By: Alexander J. MacKay, Amram Migdal and John Masko
      This case describes Uber’s global market entry strategy and responses by regulators and local competitors. It details Uber’s entry into New York City (United States), Bogotá (Colombia), Delhi (India), Shanghai (China), Accra (Ghana), and London (United Kingdom). In...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Ventures; Business Growth And Maturation; Business Model; Geography; Geographic Location; Geographic Scope; Globalization; Global Strategy; Multinational Firms And Management; Globalized Markets And Industries; Governance; Governance Controls; Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms; Innovation And Invention; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Law; Management; Growth And Development Strategy; Growth Management; Markets; Demand And Consumers; Consumer Behavior; Network Effects; Emerging Markets; Market Design; Market Entry And Exit; Market Participation; Supply And Industry; Industry Structures; Planning; Strategic Planning; Relationships; Business And Community Relations; Business And Government Relations; Business And Stakeholder Relations; Labor And Management Relations; Networks; Strategy; Adaptation; Business Strategy; Competition; Competitive Advantage; Competitive Strategy; Expansion; Technology; Mobile Technology; Technology Platform; Transportation; Transportation Networks; Transportation Industry; Technology Industry; Africa; Ghana; Asia; China; Shanghai Shi; Shanghai; India; New Delhi; Europe; United Kingdom; England; London; Latin America; North And Central America; United States; New York (city, Ny); New York (state, Us); South America; Colombia
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      MacKay, Alexander J., Amram Migdal, and John Masko. "Uber: Competing Globally." Harvard Business School Case 720-404, April 2020. (Revised June 2020.)
      • March 2020 (Revised August 2020)
      • Case

      Culture at Google

      By: Nien-hê Hsieh, Amy Klopfenstein and Sarah Mehta
      Beginning in 2017, technology (tech) company Google faced a series of employee-relations issues that threatened its unique culture of innovation and open communication. Issues included protests surrounding Google’s contracts with the U.S. government, restrictions of...  View Details
      Keywords: Human Resources; Employee Relationship Management; Recruitment; Retention; Resignation And Termination; Labor; Working Conditions; Employment; Labor Unions; Wages; Law; Lawsuits And Litigation; Rights; Ethics; Values And Beliefs; Fairness; Organizations; Organizational Culture; Mission And Purpose; Social Psychology; Attitudes; Behavior; Conflict Management; Trust; Motivation And Incentives; Prejudice And Bias; Power And Influence; Technology; Search Technology; Web; Hardware; Society; Social Issues; Culture; Civil Society Or Community; Demographics; Diversity; Ethnicity; Gender; Race; Technology Industry; North And Central America; United States; California
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      Hsieh, Nien-hê, Amy Klopfenstein, and Sarah Mehta. "Culture at Google." Harvard Business School Case 320-050, March 2020. (Revised August 2020.)
      • March 2020
      • Article

      Which Early Withdrawal Penalty Attracts the Most Deposits to a Commitment Savings Account?

      By: John Beshears, James J. Choi, Christopher Harris, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian and Jung Sakong
      Previous research has shown that some people voluntarily use commitment contracts that restrict their own choice sets. We study how people divide money between two accounts: a liquid account that permits unrestricted withdrawals and a commitment account that is...  View Details
      Keywords: Quasi-hyperbolic Discounting; Present Bias; Sophistication; Naiveté; Commitment; Flexibility; Savings; Contract Design; Defined Contribution Retirement Plan; 401 (k); Ira; Saving; Behavior; Contracts; Design; Interest Rates
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      Beshears, John, James J. Choi, Christopher Harris, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian, and Jung Sakong. "Which Early Withdrawal Penalty Attracts the Most Deposits to a Commitment Savings Account?" Art. 104144. Journal of Public Economics 183 (March 2020).
      • February 2020 (Revised June 2020)
      • Case

      Shaping the Governance Debate at ISS

      By: Suraj Srinivasan, Jonah S. Goldberg and Calvin O. Liou
      ISS is the world’s largest provider of corporate governance research, data, analytics, and voting services. The case uses the effort of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to impose an array of new regulations that would severely restrict the functioning of...  View Details
      Keywords: Proxy Advisory Services; Corporate Governance; Research; Investment; Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms; Business And Shareholder Relations; Institutional Investing
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, Jonah S. Goldberg, and Calvin O. Liou. "Shaping the Governance Debate at ISS." Harvard Business School Case 120-085, February 2020. (Revised June 2020.)
      • January 2020
      • Article

      The Impact of Mass Shootings on Gun Policy

      By: Michael Luca, Deepak Malhotra and Christopher Poliquin
      There have been dozens of high-profile mass shootings in recent decades. This paper presents three main findings about the impact of mass shootings on gun policy. First, mass shootings evoke large policy responses. A single mass shooting leads to a 15% increase in the...  View Details
      Keywords: Gun Violence; Gun Policy; Crime And Corruption; Governance; Policy; United States
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      Luca, Michael, Deepak Malhotra, and Christopher Poliquin. "The Impact of Mass Shootings on Gun Policy." Art. 104083. Journal of Public Economics 181 (January 2020).
      • December 2019 (Revised January 2020)
      • Background Note

      Background on Insider Trading Liability

      By: Trevor Fetter, Eugene F. Soltes and Grant Wahlquist
      There are numerous restrictions against trading on material, nonpublic information (MNPI)—typically called “insider trading.” This note describes the limitations facing managers and investors as enforced civilly and criminally within the United States.  View Details
      Keywords: Insider Trading; Legal Liability; Ethics; Crime And Corruption; Finance; United States
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      Fetter, Trevor, Eugene F. Soltes, and Grant Wahlquist. "Background on Insider Trading Liability." Harvard Business School Background Note 320-080, December 2019. (Revised January 2020.)
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Regulatory Limits to Risk Management

      By: Ishita Sen
      Using derivative positions and a regulatory change that results in different regulatory risk sensitivities for economically similar products, I show that inconsistencies in regulatory incentives restrict hedging and increase shadow insurance for U.S. life insurers....  View Details
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      Sen, Ishita. "Regulatory Limits to Risk Management." Working Paper, September 2019.
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      Visit Us | Baker Library | Bloomberg Center | Harvard Business School
      × Please sign in You need to log in to use the bookmarking feature. Sign In Using Baker Library During COVID-19 | HBS COVID-19 Business Impact Center...
      Unilever—A Case Study
      This article considers key issues relating to the organization and performance of large multinational firms in the post-Second World War period....
      → Search All HBS Web
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