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- 2021
- Working Paper
Stock Investors' Returns Are Exaggerated
By: Jesse M. Fried, Paul Ma and Charles C.Y. Wang
The stock market generates less wealth than it appears. We show that total shareholder return (TSR), the standard measure of stock investor performance, substantially exaggerates returns earned by these investors in aggregate, and thus by most investors. The main...
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- Article
The Harmonization of Lending Standards within Banks through Mandated Loan-Level Transparency
By: Jung Koo Kang, Maria Loumioti and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman
We explore whether the introduction of transparent reporting rules increases credit standard harmonization within a bank. We exploit the new loan-level reporting rules imposed on banks that borrow from the European Central Bank using repurchase agreements...
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- June 2021
- Article
Short-Termism, Shareholder Payouts, and Investment in the EU
By: Jesse M. Fried and Charles C.Y. Wang
Investor-driven "short-termism" is said to harm EU public firms' ability to invest for the long term, prompting calls for the EU to better insulate managers from shareholder pressure. But the evidence offered—rising levels of repurchases and dividends—is incomplete and...
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- 2021
- Article
The Sustainable Corporate Governance Initiative in Europe
By: Mark Roe, Holger Spamann, Jesse M. Fried and Charles C.Y. Wang
In July 2020, the European Commission published the “Study on directors’ duties and sustainable corporate governance” by EY. The Report purports to find evidence of debilitating short-termism in EU corporate governance and recommends many changes to support sustainable...
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- 2020
- Working Paper
Short-Termism, Shareholder Payouts, and Investment in the EU
By: Jesse M. Fried and Charles C.Y. Wang
Investor-driven “short-termism” is said to harm EU public firms' ability to invest for the long term, prompting calls for the EU to better insulate managers from shareholder pressure. But the evidence offered—in the form of rising levels of repurchases and dividends—is...
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- Article
Short-Termism and Capital Flows
By: Jesse M. Fried and Charles C.Y. Wang
During 2007–2016, S&P 500 firms distributed to shareholders $7 trillion via buybacks and dividends, over 96% of their aggregate net income, prompting claims that "short-termism" is impairing firms' ability to invest and innovate. We show that, when taking into account...
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- Article
Are Buybacks Really Shortchanging Investment?
By: Jesse M. Fried and Charles C.Y. Wang
It’s no secret that the American economy is suffering from the twin ills of slow growth and rising income inequality. Many lay the blame at the doors of America’s largest public corporations. The charge? These firms prefer to distribute cash generated from their...
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- January 2018 (Revised April 2021)
- Case
Capital Allocation at HCA
By: W. Carl Kester and Emily R. McComb
In early 2017, HCA Holdings, an investor-owned hospital management company, faced a strategically important capital allocation decision. After the exit of its private equity sponsors in 2016, HCA had to determine how best to allocate its substantial annual free cash...
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Keywords:
Capital Allocation;
Cash Distribution Policy;
Dividends;
Share Repurchases;
Growth Strategy And Execution;
Growth Investing;
Capital Expenditures;
Debt Management;
Debt Reduction;
Debt Policy;
Hospital Management;
Investor-owned Hospital Chains;
Capital Budgeting;
Capital Structure;
Cash Flow;
Corporate Finance;
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Health Industry;
United States
- November 2017
- Teaching Note
Generating Higher Value at IBM (A) and (B)
By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
Teaching Note for HBS Nos. 215-058 and 215-059.
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- 2016
- Article
The Federal Reserve's Balance Sheet as a Financial-Stability Tool
By: Robin Greenwood, Samuel Gregory Hanson and Jeremy C. Stein
We argue that the Federal Reserve should use its balance sheet to help reduce a key threat to financial stability: the tendency for private-sector financial intermediaries to engage in excessive amounts of maturity transformation—i.e., to finance risky assets using...
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- 2016
- Article
Cloaked Trading
By: Lauren Cohen, Dong Lou and Christopher J. Malloy
Using a novel, proprietary database of micro-level trading activities by asset managers, we show strong evidence of asset managers engaging in strategic trading in order to “cloak” their most valuable trades. This takes the form, for instance, of a manager who sells...
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- June 2015
- Supplement
Generating Higher Value at IBM (A): EPS Forecasting Model
By: Benjamin C. Esty and Scott Mayfield
This case analyzes IBM's financial performance and its capital allocation decisions over a 10-year period from 2004-2013, during which IBM returned more than $140B to shareholders through a combination of dividends and share repurchases. During this time, CEO Sam...
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- June 2015 (Revised September 2017)
- Supplement
Generating Higher Value at IBM
By: Benjamin C. Esty and Scott Mayfield
This case analyzes IBM's financial performance and its capital allocation decisions over a 10-year period from 2004-2013, during which IBM returned more than $140B to shareholders through a combination of dividends and share repurchases. During this time, CEO Sam...
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- May 2015 (Revised December 2016)
- Supplement
Generating Higher Value at IBM (B)
By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
- May 2015 (Revised September 2017)
- Case
Generating Higher Value at IBM (A)
By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
This case analyzes IBM's financial performance and its capital allocation decisions over a 10-year period from 2004-2013, during which IBM returned more than $140B to shareholders through a combination of dividends and share repurchases. During this time, CEO Sam...
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- October 2014
- Teaching Note
Financial Policy at Apple, 2013 (A) and (B)
By: Mihir A. Desai and Elizabeth Meyer
This is the teaching note to HBS case 214-085: Financial Policy at Apple, 2013 (A).
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Keywords:
Apple;
Steve Jobs;
Forecast;
Forecasting;
Forecasting And Prediction;
Shareholder Activism;
Share Repurchase;
Dividends;
Financial Ratios;
Preferred Shares;
Cash Distribution;
Corporate Finance;
Borrowing and Debt;
Financial Management;
Financial Strategy;
Technology Industry;
Consumer Products Industry;
United States;
Republic of Ireland
- October 2014
- Supplement
Financial Policy at Apple, 2013 Excel Supplement
By: Mihir Desai and Elizabeth A. Meyer
This is the Excel Supplement to Teaching Note 215-022: Financial Policy at Apple, 2013 (A) - (B).
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Keywords:
Apple;
Steve Jobs;
Forecast;
Forecasting;
Forecasting And Prediction;
Shareholder Activism;
Share Repurchase;
Dividends;
Financial Ratios;
Preferred Shares;
Cash Distribution;
Corporate Finance;
Borrowing and Debt;
Financial Management;
Financial Strategy;
United States;
Republic of Ireland
- October 2014
- Supplement
Financial Policy at Apple, 2013 Powerpoint Supplement
By: Mihir Desai and Elizabeth A. Meyer
This is the PowerPoint supplement to the teaching note: Financial Policy at Apple, 2013 (A) - (B), number 215-022.
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Keywords:
Apple;
Steve Jobs;
Forecast;
Forecasting;
Forecasting And Prediction;
Shareholder Activism;
Share Repurchase;
Dividends;
Financial Ratios;
Preferred Shares;
Cash Distribution;
Corporate Finance;
Borrowing and Debt;
Financial Management;
Financial Strategy;
Technology Industry;
Consumer Products Industry;
United States;
Republic of Ireland
- June 2014
- Case
Financial Policy at Apple, 2013 (A)
By: Mihir A. Desai and Elizabeth A. Meyer
By the end of 2013, Apple had $137 billion dollars in cash and marketable securities. This case explores how companies can generate such large amounts of cash and how and if they should distribute it to shareholders, especially in the face of shareholder pressure. In...
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Keywords:
Apple;
Steve Jobs;
Forecast;
Forecasting;
Forecasting And Prediction;
Shareholder Activism;
Share Repurchase;
Dividends;
Financial Ratios;
Preferred Shares;
Cash Distribution;
Corporate Finance;
Borrowing and Debt;
Financial Management;
Financial Strategy;
Technology Industry;
Consumer Products Industry;
United States;
Republic of Ireland
- June 2014
- Supplement
Financial Policy at Apple, 2013 Student Supplement
By: Mihir Desai and Elizabeth A. Meyer
This is the student spreadsheet supplement to case 214-085, Financial Policy at Apple, 2013 (A).
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Keywords:
Apple;
Steve Jobs;
Forecast;
Forecasting;
Forecasting And Prediction;
Shareholder Activism;
Share Repurchase;
Dividends;
Financial Ratios;
Preferred Shares;
Cash Distribution;
Corporate Finance;
Borrowing and Debt;
Financial Management;
Financial Strategy;
Technology Industry;
Consumer Products Industry;
United States;
Republic of Ireland