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Publications

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    • Faculty Publications  (34)

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    • All HBS Web  (1,157)
      • Faculty Publications  (34)

      Quality And Safety Remove Quality And Safety →

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      Restructuring Within an Academic Health Center to Support Quality and Safety: The Development of the Center for Quality and Safety at the Massachusetts General Hospital
      Air Quality and Safety at HBS: A Q+A with Facilities Management
      → Search All HBS Web
      • March–April 2021
      • Article

      Manage the Suppliers That Could Harm Your Brand: Know When to Avoid, Engage, or Drop Them

      By: Jodi L Short and Michael W. Toffel
      The pandemic has placed a new spotlight on working conditions in factories that supply global companies. To avert problems, firms often impose codes of conduct on their suppliers and perform audits to assess compliance. Do these measures help identify unethical...  View Details
      Keywords: Auditing; Agency Cost; Quality And Safety; Quality Management System; Quality Management; Unions; Environmental Management; Globalization; Goods And Commodities; Governance; Labor; Labor Unions; Wages; Working Conditions; Operations; Supply Chain; safety; quality; China; Bangladesh; Asia; Pakistan
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      Short, Jodi L., and Michael W. Toffel. "Manage the Suppliers That Could Harm Your Brand: Know When to Avoid, Engage, or Drop Them." Harvard Business Review 99, no. 2 (March–April 2021).
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Auditor Independence and Outsourcing: Aligning Incentives to Mitigate Shilling and Shirking

      By: Ashley Palmarozzo, Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
      Multinational corporations (MNCs) hire auditors to assess their business partners’ compliance with quality, working conditions, and environmental standards. Independent third-party auditors are widely assumed to outperform second-party auditors employed and thus...  View Details
      Keywords: Concurrent Sourcing; Transaction Cost Economics; Outsourcing; Suppliers; Monitoring; Business Strategy; Vertical Integration; Supply Chain Management; quality; safety; Risk And Uncertainty; Apparel And Accessories Industry; Retail Industry; China; India; Bangladesh
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      Palmarozzo, Ashley, Jodi L. Short, and Michael W. Toffel. "Auditor Independence and Outsourcing: Aligning Incentives to Mitigate Shilling and Shirking." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-078, January 2021.
      • Article

      Resilience vs. Vulnerability: Psychological Safety and Reporting of Near Misses with Varying Proximity to Harm in Radiation Oncology

      By: Olivia Jung, Palak Kundu, Amy C. Edmondson, John Hegde, Nzhde Agazaryan, Michael Steinberg and Ann Raldow
      Background
      Psychological safety, a shared belief that interpersonal risk taking is safe, is an important determinant of incident reporting. However, how psychological safety affects near-miss reporting is unclear, as near misses contain contrasting cues that...  View Details
      Keywords: Psychological Safety; Near-miss Reporting; Health Care And Treatment; safety
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      Jung, Olivia, Palak Kundu, Amy C. Edmondson, John Hegde, Nzhde Agazaryan, Michael Steinberg, and Ann Raldow. "Resilience vs. Vulnerability: Psychological Safety and Reporting of Near Misses with Varying Proximity to Harm in Radiation Oncology." Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 47, no. 1 (January 2021): 15–22.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Flight to Safety: How Economic Downturns Affect Talent Flows to Startups

      By: Shai Benjamin Bernstein, Richard Townsend and Ting Xu
      This paper investigates how economic downturns affect the flow of human capital to startups. Using proprietary data from AngelList Talent, we study how individuals’ online job searches and applications changed during the emergence of the COVID-19 crisis. We find that...  View Details
      Keywords: Startup Labor Market; Flight To Safety; Covid-19; Recession; Business Startups; Human Capital; Business Cycles; Health Pandemics
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      Bernstein, Shai Benjamin, Richard Townsend, and Ting Xu. "Flight to Safety: How Economic Downturns Affect Talent Flows to Startups." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-045, September 2020.
      • June 2, 2020
      • Article

      How to 'Re-engineer' Your Business for Safety

      By: Hubert Joly
      Process reengineering was a massive trend in the 1990s. By focusing on improving either cost, quality, or service, a company could gain benefits in all three categories. Today, the principles that underpin process reengineering can be applied anew, with safety as a...  View Details
      Keywords: Re-engineering; Covid; safety; Performance Improvement; Organizational Change And Adaptation
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      Joly, Hubert. "How to 'Re-engineer' Your Business for Safety." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (June 2, 2020).
      • June 2020
      • Article

      How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections

      By: Maria Ibanez and Michael W. Toffel
      Accuracy and consistency are critical for inspections to be an effective, fair, and useful tool for assessing risks, quality, and suppliers—and for making decisions based on those assessments. We examine how inspector schedules could introduce bias that erodes...  View Details
      Keywords: Assessment; Bias; Inspection; Scheduling; Econometric Analysis; Empirical Research; Regulation; Health; Food; safety; quality; Performance Consistency; Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms
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      Ibanez, Maria, and Michael W. Toffel. "How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections." Management Science 66, no. 6 (June 2020): 2396–2416. (Revised February 2019. Featured in Harvard Business Review, Forbes, Food Safety Magazine, Food Safety News, and KelloggInsight.)
      • April 15, 2020
      • Other Article

      Designating Certain Post-Acute Care Facilities As COVID-19 Skilled Care Centers Can Increase Hospital Capacity And Keep Nursing Home Patients Safer

      By: Leemore S. Dafny and Steven S. Lee
      As the number of COVID-19 cases nationwide continues to grow, many hospitals will need to convert acute care beds into intensive care beds and discharge stable patients to post-acute care settings such as nursing homes. In addition, nursing homes unable to care for...  View Details
      Keywords: Covid-19; Nursing Homes; Health Pandemics; Health Care And Treatment; safety; quality
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      Dafny, Leemore S., and Steven S. Lee. "Designating Certain Post-Acute Care Facilities As COVID-19 Skilled Care Centers Can Increase Hospital Capacity And Keep Nursing Home Patients Safer." Health Affairs Blog (April 15, 2020).
      • September 2019 (Revised May 2020)
      • Case

      Keroche (A): Fighting for Share in the Kenyan Alcoholic Drinks Market

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Pippa Tubman Armerding
      This case discusses the challenges faced by Kenyan alcoholic drinks producer Keroche Industries Limited in 2003, when the Kenyan government accused the company of manufacturing and selling substandard alcoholic drinks, revoked its liquor licenses, and shut down its...  View Details
      Keywords: Keroche; Alcohol; Wine; Manufacturing; Informal Market; Regulation; Illicit; Illegal; Shutdown; Factory; Low-income Consumers; Multinational; Local; Government; Allegations; Accusations; Negative Press; Eabl; Tusker; Beer; Sab; Chang'aa; Naivasha; Rift Valley; East Africa; Lawsuit; Legal Battle; Business Ventures; Business Exit Or Shutdown; Business Growth And Maturation; Business Startups; Production; safety; quality; Distribution; Small Business; Family Business; Crime And Corruption; Customer Focus And Relationships; Decisions; Income; Demographics; Geographic Scope; Geographic Location; Goods And Commodities; Government Legislation; Growth And Development; Business History; Lawsuits And Litigation; Laws And Statutes; Lawfulness; Goals And Objectives; Consumer Behavior; Market Entry And Exit; Problems And Challenges; Social Issues; Poverty; Strategy; Competition; Entrepreneurship; Manufacturing Industry; Food And Beverage Industry; Kenya; Nairobi; Africa
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Pippa Tubman Armerding. "Keroche (A): Fighting for Share in the Kenyan Alcoholic Drinks Market." Harvard Business School Case 720-390, September 2019. (Revised May 2020.)
      • September 2019
      • Supplement

      Keroche (B): Considering Entry into the Kenyan Beer Market

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Pippa Tubman Armerding
      This case discusses the situation of the Kenyan alcoholic drinks producer Keroche in July 2004, when co-founder Tabitha Karanja was debating whether to enter the Kenyan beer market. Doing so would mean direct competition with the multinational EABL in an industry and...  View Details
      Keywords: Keroche; Alcohol; Alcoholic Drinks; Alcoholic Beverages; Beverages; Drinks; Wine Industry; Wine; Fortified Wine; Viena; Beer; Beer Market; Manufacturing; Production Capacity; Capacity; Growth; Regulated; Unregulated; Informal; Informal Market; Regulation; Illicit; Illegal; Substandard; Dangerous; Shutdown; Factory; Safe; Affordable; Low-income Consumers; Business Growth And Maturation; Business Startups; Production; Investment; safety; quality; Small Business; Family Business; Crime And Corruption; Customer Focus And Relationships; Decisions; Income; Demographics; Geographic Scope; Geographic Location; Goods And Commodities; Government Legislation; Growth And Development; Business History; Lawsuits And Litigation; Laws And Statutes; Lawfulness; Goals And Objectives; Consumer Behavior; Market Entry And Exit; Problems And Challenges; Social Issues; Poverty; Strategy; Competition; Entrepreneurship; Marketing; Manufacturing Industry; Food And Beverage Industry; Kenya; Nairobi; Africa
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Pippa Tubman Armerding. "Keroche (B): Considering Entry into the Kenyan Beer Market." Harvard Business School Supplement 720-391, September 2019.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Improving Regulatory Effectiveness Through Better Targeting: Evidence from OSHA

      By: Matthew S. Johnson, David I. Levine and Michael W. Toffel
      We study how a regulator can best target inspections. Our case study is a US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) program that randomly allocated some inspections. On average, each inspection averted 2.4 serious injuries (9%) over the next five years....  View Details
      Keywords: Government Administration; Working Conditions; safety; quality; Production; Analysis; Resource Allocation; Manufacturing Industry; United States
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      Johnson, Matthew S., David I. Levine, and Michael W. Toffel. "Improving Regulatory Effectiveness Through Better Targeting: Evidence from OSHA." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-019, August 2019. (Revised February 2020.)
      • 2018
      • Book

      The Fearless Organization: Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace for Learning, Innovation, and Growth

      By: Amy C. Edmondson
      The Fearless Organization: Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace for Learning, Innovation, and Growth offers practical guidance for teams and organizations who are serious about success in the modern economy. With so much riding on innovation,...  View Details
      Keywords: Psychological Safety; Knowledge Economy; Teaming; Management; Organizational Culture; Innovation And Management; Learning
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      Edmondson, Amy C. The Fearless Organization: Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace for Learning, Innovation, and Growth. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
      • 2018
      • Chapter

      The Strategic Imperative of Psychological Safety and Organizational Error Management

      By: Amy C. Edmondson and Paul Verdin
      Despite discussion in the management literature about agile organizations or learning organizations, many large organizations are top-down, slow to change, and fraught with obstacles to learning. We describe “strategy-as-learning” to contrast with the traditional...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Learning; safety; Organizational Culture; Performance Consistency
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      Edmondson, Amy C., and Paul Verdin. "The Strategic Imperative of Psychological Safety and Organizational Error Management." In How Could this Happen? Managing Errors in Organizations, edited by Jan U. Hagen. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Digitizing Disclosure: The Case of Restaurant Hygiene Scores

      By: Weijia (Daisy) Dai and Michael Luca
      Collaborating with Yelp and the city of San Francisco, we revisit a canonical example of quality disclosure by evaluating and helping to redesign the posting of restaurant hygiene scores on Yelp.com. We implement a two-stage intervention that separately identifies...  View Details
      Keywords: Information; Web; quality; safety; Food; Consumer Behavior; Outcome Or Result; Food And Beverage Industry
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      Dai, Weijia (Daisy), and Michael Luca. "Digitizing Disclosure: The Case of Restaurant Hygiene Scores." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-088, February 2018. (Revised March 2019. Forthcoming at American Economic Journal: Microeconomics.)
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections

      By: Maria Ibanez and Michael W. Toffel
      Many production processes are subject to inspection to ensure they meet quality, safety, and environmental standards imposed by companies and regulators. Inspection accuracy is critical to inspections being a useful input to assessing risks, allocating quality...  View Details
      Keywords: Assessment; quality; Bias; Inspection; Scheduling; Econometric Analysis; Empirical Research; Regulation; Health; Food; safety; quality; Performance Consistency; Performance Evaluation; Food And Beverage Industry; Service Industry
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      Ibanez, Maria, and Michael W. Toffel. "How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-090, April 2017. (Revised October 2018. Formerly titled "Assessing the Quality of Quality Assessment: The Role of Scheduling". Featured in Forbes, Food Safety Magazine, and Food Safety News.)
      • May 2016 (Revised October 2016)
      • Case

      Agricultural Revolution without a Land Revolution: the Megafarms of CP Group

      By: William C. Kirby and Nancy Hua Dai
      This case describes the megafarm model launched by the CP group as part of their efforts to ensure the safety and quality of their supply chain of agricultural products (particularly, eggs) in China while also promoting the welfare of Chinese farmers. This model was...  View Details
      Keywords: China; Agriculture And Agribusiness Industry; Poultry; Public-private Partnership; Animal-based Agribusiness; Family Business; Agriculture And Agribusiness Industry; China
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      Kirby, William C., and Nancy Hua Dai. "Agricultural Revolution without a Land Revolution: the Megafarms of CP Group." Harvard Business School Case 316-150, May 2016. (Revised October 2016.)
      • May 16, 2016
      • Article

      Food Safety Economics: The Cost of a Sick Customer

      By: Dina Gerdeman and John A. Quelch
      Chipotle Mexican Grill’s ongoing struggle to win customers back months after a contaminated food crisis highlights the challenges companies face with keeping food safe.

      Chipotle has seen its shares tumble and recently reported its first-ever quarterly loss...  View Details
      Keywords: Food Safety; Organic Food; Supply Chain Management; Globalization Of Food Business; Mérieux Nutrisciences: Marketing Food Safety Testing; Food Safety Modernization Act 2011; Plant-based Agribusiness; Transition; Economic Systems; Food; Health; Supply And Industry; Logistics; Practice; Problems And Challenges; quality; safety; Business Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Customization And Personalization; Agriculture And Agribusiness Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Food And Beverage Industry; Insurance Industry; Public Administration Industry; Public Relations Industry; Retail Industry; Service Industry; Mexico; North America; United States; Canada
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      Gerdeman, Dina, and John A. Quelch. "Food Safety Economics: The Cost of a Sick Customer." Harvard Business School Working Knowledge (May 16, 2016).
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      The Integrity of Private Third-party Compliance Monitoring

      By: Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
      Government agencies are increasingly turning to private, third-party monitors to inspect and assess regulated entities’ compliance with law. The integrity of these regulatory regimes rests on the validity of the information third-party monitors provide to regulators....  View Details
      Keywords: Regulation; Compliance; Compliance Policies; Conflict Of Interest; Independent Third Party; Inspection; Audit Quality; Auditor; Audit; Environment; Production; Supply Chain; quality; Government Administration; Working Conditions; safety; Labor; Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms; Governance Compliance; Manufacturing Industry; Public Administration Industry; Accounting Industry; Service Industry; United States
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      Short, Jodi L., and Michael W. Toffel. "The Integrity of Private Third-party Compliance Monitoring." Harvard Kennedy School Regulatory Policy Program Working Paper, No. RPP-2015-20, November 2015. (Revised December 2015.)
      • Article

      Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing: A Driver for Provider Engagement in Costing Activities and Redesign Initiatives

      By: Robert S. Kaplan, Nancy McLaughlin, Michael A. Burke, Nisheeta P. Setlur, Douglas R. Niedzwiecki, Alan L. Kaplan, Christopher Saigal, Aman Mahajan and Neil A. Martin
      Object. To date, health care providers have devoted significant efforts to improve performance regarding patient safety and quality of care. To address the lagging involvement of health care providers in the cost component of the value equation, UCLA Health...  View Details
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      Kaplan, Robert S., Nancy McLaughlin, Michael A. Burke, Nisheeta P. Setlur, Douglas R. Niedzwiecki, Alan L. Kaplan, Christopher Saigal, Aman Mahajan, and Neil A. Martin. "Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing: A Driver for Provider Engagement in Costing Activities and Redesign Initiatives." Neurosurgical Focus 37, no. 5 (November 2014).
      • 2016
      • Working Paper

      Signaling without Certification: The Critical Role of Civil Society Scrutiny

      By: Susan A. Kayser, John W. Maxwell and Michael W. Toffel
      In response to stakeholders' growing concerns, companies are joining voluntary environmental programs to signal their superior environmental management capabilities. In contrast to the literature's focus on certification programs that require a third-party audit, we...  View Details
      Keywords: United Nations; Labor Standards; Supplier Relationship; Procurement; Sustainability; Sustainability Management; Quality And Safety; Risk; Globalization; Globalized Markets And Industries; Governance; Working Conditions; Supply Chain Management; Supply Chain; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact; quality; Risk And Uncertainty; safety; Reputation
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      Kayser, Susan A., John W. Maxwell, and Michael W. Toffel. "Signaling without Certification: The Critical Role of Civil Society Scrutiny." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-009, August 2014. (Revised July 2016.)
      • March 2014 (Revised May 2014)
      • Case

      China Vanke (A-1)

      By: Lynn S. Paine, John Macomber and Keith Chi-ho Wong
      As China's largest homebuilder, China Vanke Co. Ltd. (Vanke) was facing an industry downturn sparked by strong government intervention. Faced with falling prices, Vanke's president must decide whether to keep the company's pricing and product positioning intact, and...  View Details
      Keywords: Real Estate; China; Green Building; Sustainable Development; Leadership; Business Government Relations; Leadership; Business And Government Relations; Urban Development; Growth And Development Strategy; safety; Real Estate Industry; China
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      Paine, Lynn S., John Macomber, and Keith Chi-ho Wong. "China Vanke (A-1)." Harvard Business School Case 314-104, March 2014. (Revised May 2014.)
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      Restructuring Within an Academic Health Center to Support Quality and Safety: The Development of the Center for Quality and Safety at the Massachusetts General Hospital
      Air Quality and Safety at HBS: A Q+A with Facilities Management
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