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    • All HBS Web  (253)
      • Faculty Publications  (53)

      Punishment Remove Punishment →

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      • July 2022
      • Article

      When Alterations Are Violations: Moral Outrage and Punishment in Response to (Even Minor) Alterations to Rituals

      By: Daniel H. Stein, Juliana Schroeder, Nicholas M. Hobson, Francesca Gino and Michael I. Norton
      From Catholics performing the sign of the cross since the 4th century to Americans reciting the Pledge of Allegiance since the 1890s, group rituals (i.e., predefined sequences of symbolic actions) have strikingly consistent features over time. Seven studies (N = 4,213)...  View Details
      Keywords: Ritual; Morality; Groups; Norms; Commitment; Groups and Teams; Values and Beliefs; Change; Moral Sensibility; Behavior
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      Stein, Daniel H., Juliana Schroeder, Nicholas M. Hobson, Francesca Gino, and Michael I. Norton. "When Alterations Are Violations: Moral Outrage and Punishment in Response to (Even Minor) Alterations to Rituals." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 123, no. 1 (July 2022): 123–153.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      How Reputation Does (and Does Not) Drive People to Punish Without Looking

      By: Jillian J. Jordan and Nour S. Kteily
      Punishing wrongdoers can confer reputational benefits, and people sometimes punish without careful consideration. But are these two observations related? Do people “punish without looking” for reputational gain? And if so, is this because unquestioning...  View Details
      Keywords: Opposing Perspectives; Outrage Culture; Signaling; Ideology; Moralistic Punishment; Perspective; Behavior; Reputation; Decision Making
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      Jordan, Jillian J., and Nour S. Kteily. "How Reputation Does (and Does Not) Drive People to Punish Without Looking." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-073, June 2022. (Revised February 2023.)
      • May 2022
      • Article

      When Harry Fired Sally: The Double Standard in Punishing Misconduct

      By: Mark Egan, Gregor Matvos and Amit Seru
      We examine gender differences in misconduct punishment in the financial advisory industry. We find evidence of a “gender punishment gap”: following an incident of misconduct, female advisers are 20% more likely to lose their jobs and 30% less likely to find new jobs...  View Details
      Keywords: Financial Advisers; Brokers; Gender Discrimination; Consumer Finance; Financial Misconduct And Fraud; FINRA; Financial Institutions; Employees; Crime and Corruption; Gender; Prejudice and Bias; Personal Finance; Financial Services Industry
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      Egan, Mark, Gregor Matvos, and Amit Seru. "When Harry Fired Sally: The Double Standard in Punishing Misconduct." Journal of Political Economy 130, no. 5 (May 2022): 1184–1248.
      • 2022
      • Book

      Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire

      By: Caroline M. Elkins
      Sprawling across a quarter of the world’s land mass and claiming nearly seven hundred million people, Britain’s twentieth-century empire was the largest empire in human history. For many Britons, it epitomized their nation’s cultural superiority, but what legacy did...  View Details
      Keywords: Imperialism; Violence; Colonialism; History; Government and Politics; Power and Influence; Race; Policy; United Kingdom
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      Elkins, Caroline M. Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2022.
      • October 15, 2021
      • Article

      Virtuous Victims

      By: Jillian J. Jordan and Maryam Kouchaki
      How do people perceive the moral character of victims? We find, across a range of transgressions, that people frequently see victims of wrongdoing as more moral than non-victims who have behaved identically. Across 15 experiments (total n = 9,355), we document this...  View Details
      Keywords: Moral Judgment; Restorative Justice; Punishment; Compensation; Person Perception; Moral Sensibility; Judgments; Perception
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      Jordan, Jillian J., and Maryam Kouchaki. "Virtuous Victims." Science Advances 7, no. 42 (October 15, 2021).
      • 15 Jul 2021
      • Interview

      The Secret to Building a Higher-Performing Company—Amy Edmondson

      By: Amy C. Edmondson and Jason Marc Campbell
      Research shows that organizations with higher levels of psychological safety perform better on almost any metric or KPI than organizations with a low psychological safety score. Psychological safety is "a belief that one will not be punished or humiliated for speaking...  View Details
      Keywords: Psychological Safety; Organizations; Performance Effectiveness; Leadership
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      "The Secret to Building a Higher-Performing Company—Amy Edmondson." Selling with Love (podcast), July 15, 2021. (Formerly Superhumans at Work.)
      • July 2021
      • Article

      Consumers—Especially Women—Avoid Buying from Firms with Higher Gender Pay Gaps

      By: Tobias Schlager, Bhavya Mohan, Katherine DeCelles and Michael I. Norton
      We document a unique driver of consumer behavior: the public disclosure of a firm’s gender pay gap. Four experiments provide causal evidence that when firms are revealed to have gender pay gaps, consumers are less willing to pay for their goods, a reaction driven by...  View Details
      Keywords: Pay Gap; Perceived Wage Fairness; Purchase Intention; Gender; Wages; Fairness; Perception; Consumer Behavior
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      Schlager, Tobias, Bhavya Mohan, Katherine DeCelles, and Michael I. Norton. "Consumers—Especially Women—Avoid Buying from Firms with Higher Gender Pay Gaps." Special Issue on Consumer Psychology for the Greater Good. Journal of Consumer Psychology 31, no. 3 (July 2021): 518–531.
      • July 2021
      • Article

      Invisible Inequality Leads to Punishing the Poor and Rewarding the Rich

      By: Oliver P. Hauser, Gordon T. Kraft-Todd, David Rand, Martin A. Nowak and Michael I. Norton
      Four experiments examine how the lack of awareness of inequality affects behaviour towards the rich and poor. In Experiment 1, participants who became aware that wealthy individuals donated a smaller percentage of their income switched from rewarding the wealthy to...  View Details
      Keywords: Income Transparency; Income; Wealth; Equality and Inequality; Knowledge; Behavior; Outcome or Result; Society; Policy
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      Hauser, Oliver P., Gordon T. Kraft-Todd, David Rand, Martin A. Nowak, and Michael I. Norton. "Invisible Inequality Leads to Punishing the Poor and Rewarding the Rich." Behavioural Public Policy 5, no. 3 (July 2021): 333–353.
      • Article

      Is ‘Not Guilty’ the Same as ‘Innocent’? Evidence from SEC Financial Fraud Investigations

      By: Eugene F. Soltes and David H. Solomon
      When the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigates firms for financial fraud, investors learn about the investigation only if managers disclose it, or regulators sanction the firm. We investigate the effects of such disclosures using confidential records on...  View Details
      Keywords: Financial Fraud; Corporate Disclosure; Performance; Outcome or Result
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      Soltes, Eugene F., and David H. Solomon. "Is ‘Not Guilty’ the Same as ‘Innocent’? Evidence from SEC Financial Fraud Investigations." Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 18, no. 2 (June 2021): 287–327.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Reputation Fuels Moralistic Punishment That People Judge to Be Questionably Merited

      By: Jillian J. Jordan and Nour Kteily
      Critics of outrage culture allege that virtue signaling fuels morally questionable punishment. But does reputation actually have the power to motivate punishment that people see as ambiguously deserved? Across four studies (total n = 9,587), among both liberals and...  View Details
      Keywords: Outrage; Signaling; Ideology; Moralistic Punishment; Reputation; Moral Sensibility
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      Jordan, Jillian J., and Nour Kteily. "Reputation Fuels Moralistic Punishment That People Judge to Be Questionably Merited." Working Paper, December 2020.
      • January 11, 2021
      • Article

      The Breach of the U.S. Capitol Was a Breach of Trust

      By: Sandra J. Sucher and Shalene Gupta
      This article frames the January 6th attack of the U.S. Capitol as a betrayal of our trust in government. Using Sucher and Gupta’s trust framework, the article explains how the attacks were a failure of the four elements of trust: competence, motives, fair means, and...  View Details
      Keywords: Violence; Trust; Government and Politics
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      Sucher, Sandra J., and Shalene Gupta. "The Breach of the U.S. Capitol Was a Breach of Trust." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (January 11, 2021).
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Consumers Punish Firms That Cut Employee Pay in Response to COVID-19

      By: Bhavya Mohan, Serena Hagerty and Michael Norton
      Two experiments, including one incentive compatible study, examine the impact of cutting pay for executives versus employees in response to COVID-19 on consumer behavior. Study 1 explores the effect of announcing cuts or no cuts to CEO and employee pay, and shows that...  View Details
      Keywords: Employee Furloughs; CEO Pay Cuts; Pay Ratios; Purchase Intention; Health Pandemics; Employees; Wages; Executive Compensation; Consumer Behavior
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      Mohan, Bhavya, Serena Hagerty, and Michael Norton. "Consumers Punish Firms That Cut Employee Pay in Response to COVID-19." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-020, August 2020.
      • Article

      Signaling When Nobody Is Watching: A Reputation Heuristics Account of Outrage and Punishment in One-shot Anonymous Interactions

      By: Jillian J. Jordan and David G. Rand
      Moralistic punishment can confer reputation benefits by signaling trustworthiness to observers. However, why do people punish even when nobody is watching? We argue that people often rely on the heuristic that reputation is typically at stake, such that reputation...  View Details
      Keywords: Signaling; Morality; Trustworthiness; Anger; Third-party Punishment; Moral Sensibility; Behavior; Trust; Reputation
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      Jordan, Jillian J., and David G. Rand. "Signaling When Nobody Is Watching: A Reputation Heuristics Account of Outrage and Punishment in One-shot Anonymous Interactions." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 118, no. 1 (January 2020).
      • December 2019
      • Article

      When Do We Punish People Who Don't?

      By: Justin W. Martin, Jillian J. Jordan, David G. Rand and Fiery Cushman
      People often punish norm violations. In what cases is such punishment viewed as normative—a behavior that we “should”or even“must”engage in? We approach this question by asking when people who fail to punish a norm violator are, themselves, punished. (For instance, a...  View Details
      Keywords: Punishment; Norms; Cooperation; Societal Protocols; Adaptation
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      Martin, Justin W., Jillian J. Jordan, David G. Rand, and Fiery Cushman. "When Do We Punish People Who Don't?" Cognition 193 (December 2019).
      • 2019
      • Chapter

      Punishing Robots: Issues in the Economics of Tort Liability and Innovation in Artificial Intelligence

      By: Alberto Galasso and Hong Luo
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      Galasso, Alberto, and Hong Luo. "Punishing Robots: Issues in the Economics of Tort Liability and Innovation in Artificial Intelligence." Chap. 20 in The Economics of Artificial Intelligence, edited by Ajay K. Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb. University of Chicago Press, 2019.
      • January 2019
      • Technical Note

      The Punishment of Business

      By: Rafael Di Tella, Jose Liberti and James Weber
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      Di Tella, Rafael, Jose Liberti, and James Weber. "The Punishment of Business." Harvard Business School Technical Note 719-048, January 2019.
      • Article

      Syrian Refugees in Turkey and the Politics of Post Conflict Reconciliation

      By: Kristin Fabbe and Tolga Sınmazdemir
      Finding suitable settlements to civil wars, then proceeding to reconcile and reintegrate civilian communities to realize such settlements and avoid future conflict, poses many seemingly insurmountable challenges. The Syrian conflict is a case in point. Not only has a...  View Details
      Keywords: Syrian Refugees; Conflict; Postconflict Reconciliation; Refugees; War; Conflict and Resolution; Attitudes; Syria; Turkey
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      Fabbe, Kristin, and Tolga Sınmazdemir. "Syrian Refugees in Turkey and the Politics of Post Conflict Reconciliation." Review of Middle East Studies 52, no. 2 (November 2018): 249–262.
      • September–October 2018
      • Article

      Online MAP Enforcement: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment

      By: Ayelet Israeli
      This paper investigates a manufacturer’s ability to influence compliance rates among its authorized online retailers by exploiting changes in the Minimum Advertised Price (MAP) policy and in dealer agreements. MAP is a pricing policy widely used by manufacturers to...  View Details
      Keywords: Pricing Policies; Pricing; Channel Management; Legal Aspects Of Business; Retail; Price; Policy; Governance Compliance; Distribution Channels; Management; Retail Industry
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      Israeli, Ayelet. "Online MAP Enforcement: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment." Marketing Science 37, no. 5 (September–October 2018): 710–732.
      • Article

      Third-Party Punishment as a Costly Signal of High Continuation Probabilities in Repeated Games

      By: Jillian J. Jordan and David G. Rand
      Why do individuals pay costs to punish selfish behavior, even as third-party observers? A large body of research suggests that reputation plays an important role in motivating such third-party punishment (TPP). Here we focus on a recently proposed reputation-based...  View Details
      Keywords: Direct Reciprocity; Evolution; Dispersal; Cooperation; Trust; Reputation; Game Theory
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      Jordan, Jillian J., and David G. Rand. "Third-Party Punishment as a Costly Signal of High Continuation Probabilities in Repeated Games." Journal of Theoretical Biology 421 (May 21, 2017): 189–202.
      • Article

      Statistical Physics of Human Cooperation

      By: Matjaž Perc, Jillian J. Jordan, David G. Rand, Zhen Wang, Stefano Boccaletti and Attila Szolnoki
      Extensive cooperation among unrelated individuals is unique to humans, who often sacrifice personal benefits for the common good and work together to achieve what they are unable to execute alone. The evolutionary success of our species is indeed due, to a large...  View Details
      Keywords: Human Cooperation; Evolutionary Game Theory; Public Goods; Reward; Punishment; Tolerance; Self-organization; Pattern Formation; Cooperation; Behavior; Game Theory
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      Perc, Matjaž, Jillian J. Jordan, David G. Rand, Zhen Wang, Stefano Boccaletti, and Attila Szolnoki. "Statistical Physics of Human Cooperation." Physics Reports 687 (May 8, 2017): 1–51.
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