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- February 2021
- Case
Barbarians at the Gate or Turnaround Gurus? Private Equity and the Rise of the LBO
By: Tom Nicholas and John Masko
During the 1980s, leveraged buyouts (LBOs) and the private equity (PE) firms responsible for carrying them out revolutionized both investment and management in the U.S. Between 1980 and 1989, buyout activity in the U.S. surged from $1 billion per year to $60 billion....
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Keywords:
Leveraged Buyouts;
Mergers And Acquisitions;
Business Conglomerates;
Restructuring;
Borrowing And debt;
private Equity;
Bonds;
Investment Return;
Institutional Investing;
Profit Sharing;
Business History;
Management Style;
private Ownership;
Performance Effectiveness;
Value Creation;
Financial Services Industry;
United States
- October 2020
- Case
Francisco Partners Private Credit Opportunity Fund
By: Luis M. Viceira, John D. Dionne, Soracha Prathanrasnikorn and Ari Sunshine
In April 2020, Scott Einsenberg, the Head of Credit at the private equity firm Francisco Partners, is deciding whether to go ahead with extending a private lending agreement to Eventbrite, Inc. (NYSE: EB), a leading global event management and online ticketing...
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- 2021
- Working Paper
Elusive Safety: The New Geography of Capital Flows and Risk
By: Laura Alfaro, Ester Faia, Ruth Judson and Tim Schmidt-Eisenlohr
A confidential dataset with industry-level disaggregation of U.S. cross-border claims and liabilities, shows U.S. securities to be increasingly intermediated by tax-haven-financial-centers (THFC) and less regulated funds. These securities are risky, in...
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- October 2019 (Revised June 2020)
- Case
Pantheon Ventures in 2019
By: Victoria Ivashina and Tonia Labruyere
The case discusses the strategy of Pantheon, a UK-based fund of funds investing in private equity. Client demands and preferences had changed in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis and Pantheon had to adapt its business model to accommodate requests for...
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- 2019
- Working Paper
Second Chance: Life Without Student Debt
By: Marco Di Maggio, Ankit Kalda and Vincent Yao
Rising student debt is considered one of the creeping threats of our time. This paper examines the effect of student debt relief on individual credit and labor market outcomes. We exploit the plausibly random debt discharge due to the inability of National Collegiate,...
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- April 2019
- Article
Private Equity and Financial Fragility during the Crisis
By: Shai Bernstein, Josh Lerner and Filippo Mezzanotti
Do private equity firms contribute to financial fragility during economic crises? We find that during the 2008 financial crisis, PE-backed companies increased investments relative to their peers, while also experiencing greater equity and debt inflows. The effects are...
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- February 2019 (Revised January 2020)
- Case
Pierre Foods Acquisition of Advance Foods (A)
By: Guhan Subramanian and Mike Harmon
This case (A), and its related cases (B-E), establish a setting to discuss an M&A transaction and some of the key legal contracts that are associated with it. In 2010, private equity backed food manufacturer Pierre Foods is contemplating the acquisition of a key...
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- September 2018 (Revised January 2019)
- Teaching Note
Gemini Investors
By: Richard S. Ruback, Royce Yudkoff and Ahron Rosenfeld
Teaching Note for HBS No. 211-066. Gemini Investors was a private equity firm that targeted equity investments of between $4 million to $6 million per firm. In the period from 2000 to 2015, Gemini had successfully deployed four funds, all licensed as Small Business...
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- June 2018
- Case
Burton Sensors, Inc.
By: William E. Fruhan and Wei Wang
Burton Sensors presents a realistic situation where a small, rapidly growing, and profitable temperature sensor original equipment manufacturer (OEM) reaches its debt capacity and seeks equity financing to sustain high growth. The president of the company must decide...
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- February 2018
- Case
Infrastructure in Nigeria: Unlocking Pension Fund Investments
By: John Macomber and Pippa Tubman Armerding
The so-called “infrastructure finance gap” was a problem in Nigeria as in many parts of the world. Infrastructure projects like power plants and dams were very large capital investments that could generate long-term consistent cash flows, but their financing and...
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- February 2018 (Revised August 2018)
- Case
Blue Haven Initiative: The PEGAfrica Investment
By: Vikram S. Gandhi, Caitlin Reimers Brumme and Amram Migdal
This case examines Blue Haven Initiative (BHI), an impact investing fund and family office, and one of its investments, PEGAfrica (PEG). BHI founder Liesel Pritzker Simmons’ motivations for using her family wealth to start a family office focused on impact investing,...
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Keywords:
Impact Investing;
Family Office;
Development;
International Development;
International Development Investing;
Development Fund;
Sustainability;
Solar Energy;
Solar;
Pay As You Go;
Payg;
Microfinance;
Mfi;
Social Venture;
Business Ventures;
Acquisition;
Business Growth And Maturation;
Business Startups;
Economics;
Development Economics;
Energy;
Energy Conservation;
Energy Sources;
Renewable Energy;
Social Entrepreneurship;
Finance;
Assets;
Asset Pricing;
Capital;
Capital Budgeting;
Capital Structure;
Venture Capital;
Cash;
Cash Flow;
Currency;
Currency Exchange Rate;
Equity;
private Equity;
Financial Instruments;
debt Securities;
Stock Shares;
Financing And Loans;
Microfinance;
International Finance;
Investment;
Investment Return;
Investment Activism;
Investment Funds;
Investment Portfolio;
Price;
Geography;
Geographic Location;
Emerging Markets;
Ownership;
Ownership Stake;
private Ownership;
Social Enterprise;
Value;
Valuation;
Value Creation;
Energy Industry;
Financial Services Industry;
Green Technology Industry;
Africa;
United States
- January 2018 (Revised December 2018)
- Case
Capital Allocation at HCA
By: W. Carl Kester and Emily R. McComb
In early 2017, HCA Holdings, an investor-owned hospital management company, faced a strategically important capital allocation decision. After the exit of its private equity sponsors in 2016, HCA had to determine how best to allocate its substantial annual free cash...
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Keywords:
Capital Allocation;
Cash Distribution Policy;
Dividends;
Share Repurchases;
Growth Strategy And Execution;
Growth Investing;
Capital Expenditures;
Debt Management;
Debt Reduction;
Debt Policy;
Hospital Management;
Investor-owned Hospital Chains;
Capital Budgeting;
Capital Structure;
Cash Flow;
Corporate Finance;
Decision Choices And Conditions;
Health Industry;
United States
- 2018
- Working Paper
Trade Creditors' Information Advantage
By: Victoria Ivashina and Benjamin Iverson
Using information on the sales of debt claims for 132 U.S. Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases, we show that large trade creditors’ decisions to sell receivables of a distressed company in bankruptcy are predictive of lower recovery rates, and that in such cases these...
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- September 2017 (Revised February 2019)
- Case
Blackstone's GSO Capital: Crosstex Investment
By: Victoria Ivashina, John D. Dionne and Jeffrey Boyar
This case focuses on the Blackstone credit arm, GSO Capital as it evaluated a proposal for an equity investment into the distressed company, Crosstex Energy L.P., an integrated midstream energy company, that was hit hard by declining natural gas prices during the 2008...
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- July 2017
- Supplement
Centerbridge Partners and Great Wolf Resorts (B)
By: Josh Lerner, John D. Dionne and Amram Migdal
The case examines the aftermath of the March 2015 Centerbridge Partners acquisition of Great Wolf Resorts, a North American family-oriented indoor water parks and hotel operator, from a private equity (PE) competitor, Apollo Global Management.
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Keywords:
Private Equity Financing;
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities;
Cmbs;
Secondary Buyouts;
Business Ventures;
Acquisition;
Leveraged Buyouts;
Business Exit Or Shutdown;
Finance;
Borrowing And debt;
Cost;
Cost Of Capital;
Equity;
private Equity;
Financial Instruments;
debt Securities;
Accommodations Industry;
Entertainment And Recreation Industry;
Financial Services Industry;
North And Central America;
United States
- July 2017
- Case
Centerbridge Partners and Great Wolf Resorts: Buying from a Highly Regarded Competitor
By: Josh Lerner, John D. Dionne and Amram Migdal
The case examines the March 2015 Centerbridge Partners investment decision regarding whether to acquire Great Wolf Resorts, a North American family-oriented indoor water parks and hotel operator, from a private equity (PE) competitor, Apollo Global Management. The case...
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Keywords:
Private Equity Financing;
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities;
Cmbs;
Secondary Buyouts;
Business Ventures;
Acquisition;
Finance;
Borrowing And debt;
Cost;
Cost Of Capital;
Equity;
private Equity;
Financial Instruments;
debt Securities;
Accommodations Industry;
Entertainment And Recreation Industry;
Financial Services Industry;
North And Central America;
United States
- June 2017
- Teaching Note
The U-Turns of National Truck Stops
By: Nori Gerardo Lietz and Alexander W. Schultz
Raj Makam had spent months trying to restructure a 2006 investment he had made in National Truck Stops, Inc. (“NTS”) as a senior member of Oaktree Capital Management’s (“Oaktree”) Mezzanine finance business within their Corporate Debt platform. It was the first time...
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- April 2017 (Revised August 2020)
- Case
The U-Turns of National Truck Stops
By: Nori Gerardo Lietz and Alexander W. Schultz
Raj Makam had spent months trying to restructure a 2006 investment he had made in National Truck Stops, Inc. (NTS) as a senior member of Oaktree Capital Management’s (Oaktree) Mezzanine finance business within their Corporate Debt platform. It was the first time they...
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- October 2016 (Revised January 2017)
- Supplement
Bally Total Fitness (B): The Fall, 2005–2016
By: John R. Wells and Gabriel Ellsworth
By many measures the largest health-club chain in the United States in the early 2000s, Bally Total Fitness sold most of its remaining fitness clubs to 24 Hour Fitness in 2014 and disappeared from the industry top 100 rankings. After Bally was bedeviled by accounting...
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Keywords:
Bally Total Fitness;
Accounting;
Accounting Audits;
Accrual Accounting;
Business Earnings;
Revenue Recognition;
Financial Statements;
Acquisition;
Business Exit Or Shutdown;
For-profit Firms;
Crime And Corruption;
Borrowing And debt;
Capital;
Capital Structure;
Cash;
Cash Flow;
Public Equity;
Financial Condition;
Insolvency And Bankruptcy;
Financing And Loans;
Investment Activism;
Profit;
Revenue;
Geographic Scope;
Business History;
Executive Compensation;
Resignation And Termination;
Annual Reports;
Contracts;
Lawsuits And Litigation;
Business Or Company Management;
Marketing;
Market Entry And Exit;
private Ownership;
Public Ownership;
Problems And Challenges;
Strategy;
Business Strategy;
Competition;
Corporate Strategy;
Health Industry;
Accounting Industry;
United States;
Illinois;
Chicago
- October 2016
- Case
The Quiet Ascension of LA Fitness
By: John R. Wells and Gabriel Ellsworth
In 2016, LA Fitness was the largest chain of non-franchised fitness clubs in North America, operating 676 clubs, serving 4.9 million members, and generating revenues of over $1.9 billion. Founded by Chinyol Yi, Louis Welch, and Paul Norris in 1984, the privately held...
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Keywords:
La Fitness;
Health Clubs;
Fitness;
Gyms;
Chain;
Exercise;
Personal Training;
Retention;
Bally Total Fitness;
24 Hour Fitness;
Planet Fitness;
Buildings And Facilities;
Acquisition;
Business Growth And Maturation;
Business Model;
For-profit Firms;
Customers;
Customer Focus And Relationships;
Customer Satisfaction;
Demographics;
Age;
Gender;
Income;
Residency;
Borrowing And debt;
Capital;
Capital Structure;
Cash;
Cash Flow;
Cost;
private Equity;
Financial Condition;
Financial Liquidity;
Financing And Loans;
Investment Return;
Price;
Profit;
Revenue;
Geographic Location;
Geographic Scope;
Multinational Firms And Management;
Business History;
Employees;
Recruitment;
Selection And Staffing;
Human Capital;
Contracts;
Business Or Company Management;
Goals And Objectives;
Growth And Development Strategy;
Market Entry And Exit;
Operations;
Service Operations;
Leasing;
private Ownership;
Problems And Challenges;
Sales;
Salesforce Management;
Situation Or Environment;
Opportunities;
Sports;
Strategy;
Business Strategy;
Competition;
Competitive Strategy;
Competitive Advantage;
Corporate Strategy;
Expansion;
Segmentation;
Information Technology;
Mobile Technology;
Technology Platform;
Health Industry;
United States;
California;
Los Angeles