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      • April 2023
      • Article

      Racial Inequality in Work Environments

      By: Letian Zhang
      This article explores racial stratification in work environments. Inequality scholars have long identified racial disparities in wage and occupational attainment, but workers’ careers and well-being are also shaped by elements of their work environment, including firm...  View Details
      Keywords: Discrimination; Race; Equality and Inequality; Working Conditions; Personal Development and Career; Organizational Culture
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      Zhang, Letian. "Racial Inequality in Work Environments." American Sociological Review 88, no. 2 (April 2023): 252–283.
      • December 2022 (Revised February 2023)
      • Background Note

      Brief Note on Staggered Boards

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Will Hurwitz
      This background note discusses the evolution, use, and prevalence of staggered boards. By comparison with unitary boards whose members are all elected annually for one-year terms, staggered boards are divided into subsets of directors, with one subset up for election...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Business History; Trends; Decision Choices and Conditions; United States
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Will Hurwitz. "Brief Note on Staggered Boards." Harvard Business School Background Note 323-040, December 2022. (Revised February 2023.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Communicating Corporate Culture in Labor Markets: Evidence from Job Postings

      By: Joseph Pacelli, Tianshuo Shi and Yuan Zou
      A company’s culture represents one of the most important factors that job seekers consider. In this study, we examine how firms craft their job postings to convey their cultures and whether doing so helps attract employees. We utilize state-of-the art machine learning...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Culture Significance; Labor Markets; Disclosure; Organizational Culture; Recruitment; Talent and Talent Management
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      Pacelli, Joseph, Tianshuo Shi, and Yuan Zou. "Communicating Corporate Culture in Labor Markets: Evidence from Job Postings." Working Paper, October 2022.
      • October–December 2022
      • Article

      Achieving Reliable Causal Inference with Data-Mined Variables: A Random Forest Approach to the Measurement Error Problem

      By: Mochen Yang, Edward McFowland III, Gordon Burtch and Gediminas Adomavicius
      Combining machine learning with econometric analysis is becoming increasingly prevalent in both research and practice. A common empirical strategy involves the application of predictive modeling techniques to "mine" variables of interest from available data, followed...  View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning; Econometric Analysis; Instrumental Variable; Random Forest; Causal Inference; AI and Machine Learning; Forecasting and Prediction
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      Yang, Mochen, Edward McFowland III, Gordon Burtch, and Gediminas Adomavicius. "Achieving Reliable Causal Inference with Data-Mined Variables: A Random Forest Approach to the Measurement Error Problem." INFORMS Journal on Data Science 1, no. 2 (October–December 2022): 138–155.
      • Article

      Recovering Investor Expectations from Demand for Index Funds

      By: Mark Egan, Alexander J. MacKay and Hanbin Yang
      We use a revealed-preference approach to estimate investor expectations of stock market returns. Using data on demand for index funds that follow the S&P 500, we develop and estimate a model of investor choice to flexibly recover the time-varying distribution of...  View Details
      Keywords: Stock Market Expectations; Demand Estimation; Exchange-traded Funds (ETFs); Demand and Consumers; Investment
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      Egan, Mark, Alexander J. MacKay, and Hanbin Yang. "Recovering Investor Expectations from Demand for Index Funds." Review of Economic Studies 89, no. 5 (October 2022): 2559–2599.
      • September 16, 2022
      • Article

      A Causal Test of the Strength of Weak Ties

      By: Karthik Rajkumar, Guillaume Saint-Jacques, Iavor I. Bojinov, Erik Brynjolfsson and Sinan Aral
      The authors analyzed data from multiple large-scale randomized experiments on LinkedIn’s People You May Know algorithm, which recommends new connections to LinkedIn members, to test the extent to which weak ties increased job mobility in the world’s largest...  View Details
      Keywords: Job Mobility; Social Networks; Social Ties; Networks; Personal Development and Career
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      Rajkumar, Karthik, Guillaume Saint-Jacques, Iavor I. Bojinov, Erik Brynjolfsson, and Sinan Aral. "A Causal Test of the Strength of Weak Ties." Science 377, no. 6612 (September 16, 2022).
      • August 2022
      • Article

      The Gender Gap in Self-Promotion

      By: Christine L. Exley and Judd B. Kessler
      In applications, interviews, performance reviews, and many other environments, individuals are explicitly asked or implicitly invited to assess their own performance. In a series of experiments, we find that women rate their performance less favorably than equally...  View Details
      Keywords: Self-promotion; Gender Gap; Experiments; Performance Evaluation; Gender
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      Exley, Christine L., and Judd B. Kessler. "The Gender Gap in Self-Promotion." Quarterly Journal of Economics 137, no. 3 (August 2022): 1345–1381.
      • July 2022
      • Teaching Note

      The DivaCup: Navigating Distribution and Growth

      By: Ayelet Israeli
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 519-055. When the mother-daughter founders of DivaCup set out with a mission to disrupt the menstrual care industry with an innovative product form, they initially struggled to gain legitimacy and convince retailers to carry their unique...  View Details
      Keywords: Female; Female Ceo; Female Entrepreneur; Female Protagonist; Health & Wellness; Healthcare; Price Policies; Minimum Advertised Price; Differentiation; Positioning; Growth; Health; Health Care and Treatment; Price; Disruption; Distribution; Distribution Channels; Competitive Strategy; Competition; Growth Management; Mission and Purpose; Product Development; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Advertising; Business Startups; Internet and the Web; Entrepreneurship; Social Entrepreneurship; Social Issues; Social Enterprise; Retail Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Health Industry; Green Technology Industry; Education Industry; Distribution Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Canada; United States; United Kingdom
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      Israeli, Ayelet. "The DivaCup: Navigating Distribution and Growth." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 523-008, July 2022.
      • March 30, 2022
      • Article

      To Retain Employees, Support Their Passions Outside Work

      By: Lauren C Howe, Jon M. Jachimowicz and Jochen I. Menges
      With more and more people quitting, leaders need to find new ways to boost retention. One under-recognized way to keep employees on board is to give them the flexibility and resources they need to pursue their out-of-work passions. Drawing on their research, the...  View Details
      Keywords: Passion; Employees; Retention; Interests; Work-Life Balance; Human Resources; Strategy
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      Howe, Lauren C., Jon M. Jachimowicz, and Jochen I. Menges. "To Retain Employees, Support Their Passions Outside Work." Harvard Business Review (website) (March 30, 2022).
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      High-Yield Debt Covenants and Their Real Effects

      By: Falk Bräuning, Victoria Ivashina and Ali Ozdagli
      High-yield debt including leveraged loans is characterized by incurrence financial covenants, or “cov-lite” provisions. A traditional loan agreement includes maintenance covenants, which require continuous compliance with the covenant threshold, and their violation...  View Details
      Keywords: Debt Covenants; Incurrence Covenants; Borrowing and Debt; Banks and Banking
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      Bräuning, Falk, Victoria Ivashina, and Ali Ozdagli. "High-Yield Debt Covenants and Their Real Effects." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29888, March 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Electoral Turnovers

      By: Benjamin Marx, Vincent Pons and Vincent Rollet
      In most national elections, voters face a key choice between continuity and change. Electoral turnovers occur when the incumbent candidate or party fails to win reelection. To understand how turnovers affect national outcomes, we study the universe of presidential and...  View Details
      Keywords: Election Outcomes; Regression Discontinuity Design; Political Elections; Change; Global Range; Outcome or Result; Economy; Governance; Performance Improvement
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      Marx, Benjamin, Vincent Pons, and Vincent Rollet. "Electoral Turnovers." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29766, February 2022. (Revise and resubmit requested, Review of Economic Studies.)
      • January 2022 (Revised January 2023)
      • Technical Note

      Legal Analysis: Sexual Misconduct in the Workplace

      By: J.S. Nelson and Trevor Fetter
      This background piece describes the spectrum of sexual misconduct, from sexual assault through sexual harassment to gender discrimination. It outlines the patterns involved in this behavior, the legal process for reporting it, and its prevalence both domestically and...  View Details
      Keywords: Crime and Corruption; Gender; Social Psychology; Behavior; Lawsuits and Litigation
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      Nelson, J.S., and Trevor Fetter. "Legal Analysis: Sexual Misconduct in the Workplace." Harvard Business School Technical Note 322-085, January 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
      • 2021
      • Article

      Public Health Risks Arising from Food Supply Chains: Challenges and Opportunities

      By: Lu Chen, Donovan Guittieres, Retsef Levi, Elisabeth Paulson, Georgia Perakis, Nicholas Renegar and Stacy Springs
      Safe, healthy, and resilient food supply chains are essential to ensuring the livelihood and well-being of humans and societies, as well as local and global economies. However, the ability to provide and sustain access to nutritious and safe food continues to be a...  View Details
      Keywords: Food Safety; Adulteration; Malnutrition; Supply Chain; Health; Government Administration; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Chen, Lu, Donovan Guittieres, Retsef Levi, Elisabeth Paulson, Georgia Perakis, Nicholas Renegar, and Stacy Springs. "Public Health Risks Arising from Food Supply Chains: Challenges and Opportunities." Special Issue on OR Models for Developmental Studies. Naval Research Logistics Quarterly 68, no. 8 (2021): 1098–1112.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      The International Price of Remote Work

      By: Agostina Brinatti, Alberto Cavallo, Javier Cravino and Andres Drenik
      We study how the price of remote work is determined in a globalized labor market using data from a large web-based job platform, where workers from around the world compete for remote jobs. Despite the global nature of the platform, we find that remote wages are higher...  View Details
      Keywords: Remote Work; Exchange Rates; Purchasing Power Parity; Offshoring And Outsourcing; Macroeconomics; Developing Countries and Economies; Wages; Trade; Globalization; Marketplace Matching; Currency Exchange Rate; Service Industry; Web Services Industry; Technology Industry
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      Brinatti, Agostina, Alberto Cavallo, Javier Cravino, and Andres Drenik. "The International Price of Remote Work." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29437, October 2021. (Revised November 2022.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Beefing IT Up for Your Investor? Open Sourcing and Startup Funding: Evidence from GitHub

      By: Annamaria Conti, Christian Peukert and Maria Roche
      We study the participation of nascent firms in open source communities and its implications for attracting funding. To do so, we exploit rich data on 160,065 US startups linking information from Crunchbase to firms' GitHub accounts. Estimating a within-startup model...  View Details
      Keywords: Startups; Technology Strategy; GitHub; Machine Learning; Business Startups; Venture Capital; Information Technology; Strategy
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      Conti, Annamaria, Christian Peukert, and Maria Roche. "Beefing IT Up for Your Investor? Open Sourcing and Startup Funding: Evidence from GitHub." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-001, July 2021. (Revised October 2022.)
      • March 2021
      • Article

      Parental Burnout Around the Globe: A 42-Country Study

      By: Isabelle Roskam, Joyce Aguiar, Ege Akgun, Gizem Arikan, Mariana Artavia, Herve Avalosse, Kaisa Aunola, Michael Bader, Claire Bahati, Elizabeth J. Barham, Elaine Besson, Wim Beyers, Emilie Boujut, Maria Elena Brianda, Anna Brytek-Matera, Neomie Carbonneau, Filipa Cesar, Bin-Bin Chen, Geraldine Dorard, Luciana Carla dos Santos Elias, Sandra Dunsmuir, Natalia Egorova, Nicolas Favez, Anne-Marie Fontaine, Heather Foran, Julia Fricke, Kaichiro Furutani, Laura Gallee, Myrna Gannage, Maria Gaspar, Lucie Godbout, Amit Goldenberg, James J. Gross, Maria Ancuta Gurza, Ruby Hall, Muhammad Aamir Hashmi, Ogma Hatta, Mai Helmy, Thi Van Hoang, Mai Trang Huynh, Emerence Kaneza, Taishi Kawamoto, Goran Knezevic, Bassantea Lodegaena Kpassagou, Ljiljana B. Lazarevic, Sarah Le Vigouroux, Astrid Lebert-Charron, Vanessa Leme, Gao-Xian Lin, Carolyn MacCann, Denisse Manrique-Millones, Marisa Marias, Maria Isabel Miranda-Orrego, Marina Miscioscia, Clara Morgades-Bamba, Seyyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi, Badra Moutassem-Mimouni, Ana Muntean, Hugh Murphy, Alexis Ndayizigiye, Josue Ngnombouowo Tenkue, Sally Olderbak, Sophie Ornawka, Fatumo Osman, Daniela Oyarce-Cadiz, Pablo A Perez-Diaz, Konstantinos V Petrides, Claudia Pineda-Marin, Katharina Prandstetter, Alena Prikhidko, Ricardo T Ricci, Fernando Salinas-Quiroz, Raquel Sanchez-Rodriguez, Ainize Sarrionandia, Celine Scola, Vincent Sezibera, Paola Silva, Alessandra Simonelli, Bart Soenens, Emma Sorbring, Matilda Sorkkila, Charlotte Schrooyen, Elena Stanculescu, Elena Starchenkova, Dorota Szczygiel, Javier Tapia, Thi Minh Thuy Tri, Melissa Tremblay, A. Meltem Ustandag-Budak, Maday Valdes Pacheco, Hedwig van Bakel, Lesley Verhofstadt, Jaqueline Wendland, Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong and Moira Mikolajczak
      High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children. It is not yet clear, however, whether parental burnout varies by culture, and if so, why it might do so. In this study,...  View Details
      Keywords: Exhaustion; Culture; Individualism; Collectivism; Prevalence; Family and Family Relationships; Values and Beliefs; Global Range
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      Roskam, Isabelle, Joyce Aguiar, Ege Akgun, Gizem Arikan, Mariana Artavia, Herve Avalosse, Kaisa Aunola, Michael Bader, Claire Bahati, Elaine Besson, Wim Beyers, Emilie Boujut, Maria Elena Brianda, Anna Brytek-Matera, Neomie Carbonneau, Filipa Cesar, Bin-Bin Chen, Geraldine Dorard, Luciana Carla dos Santos Elias, Sandra Dunsmuir, Natalia Egorova, Nicolas Favez, Anne-Marie Fontaine, Heather Foran, Julia Fricke, Kaichiro Furutani, Laura Gallee, Myrna Gannage, Maria Gaspar, Lucie Godbout, Amit Goldenberg, Maria Ancuta Gurza, Ruby Hall, Muhammad Aamir Hashmi, Ogma Hatta, Mai Helmy, Thi Van Hoang, Mai Trang Huynh, Emerence Kaneza, Taishi Kawamoto, Goran Knezevic, Bassantea Lodegaena Kpassagou, Sarah Le Vigouroux, Astrid Lebert-Charron, Vanessa Leme, Gao-Xian Lin, Carolyn MacCann, Denisse Manrique-Millones, Marisa Marias, and Maria Isabel Miranda-Orrego. "Parental Burnout Around the Globe: A 42-Country Study." Affective Science 2, no. 1 (March 2021): 58–79.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Bollywood, Skin Color and Sexism: The Role of the Film Industry in Emboldening and Contesting Stereotypes in India after Independence

      By: Sudev Sheth, Geoffrey Jones and Morgan Spencer
      This working paper examines the social impact of the film industry in India during the first four decades after Indian Independence in 1947. It shows that Bollywood, the mainstream cinema in India and the counterpart in scale to Hollywood in the United States, shared...  View Details
      Keywords: Film Industry; Bollywood; Tamil Cinema; Male Gaze; Social Impact; Stereotypes; Oral History; Film Entertainment; Gender; Race; Personal Characteristics; Prejudice and Bias; Business History; Motion Pictures and Video Industry; India
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      Sheth, Sudev, Geoffrey Jones, and Morgan Spencer. "Bollywood, Skin Color and Sexism: The Role of the Film Industry in Emboldening and Contesting Stereotypes in India after Independence." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-077, January 2021.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      An Empirical Guide to Investor-Level Private Equity Data from Preqin

      By: Juliane Begenau, Claudia Robles-Garcia, Emil Siriwardane and Lulu Wang
      This note provides guidance on the use of investor-level private equity data from Preqin for empirical research. Preqin primarily sources its cash flow data through Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests with U.S. public pensions. Our focus is on the components of...  View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity Returns; Prequin Data; Private Equity; Analytics and Data Science; Investment Return
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      Begenau, Juliane, Claudia Robles-Garcia, Emil Siriwardane, and Lulu Wang. "An Empirical Guide to Investor-Level Private Equity Data from Preqin." Working Paper, December 2020.
      • August 2020 (Revised October 2020)
      • Teaching Note

      To Prioritize Money or Time? The P-Mot Exercise (Instructor)

      By: Ashley Whillans and Liz Goldenberg
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 921-012. Working professionals are often in the predicament of needing to make a choice between activities that will grant them more money or more time. Indeed, in large-scale representative panels of working adults, most respondents...  View Details
      Keywords: Time; Time As Money; Trade-offs; Money; Time Management; Decision Making
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      Whillans, Ashley, and Liz Goldenberg. "To Prioritize Money or Time? The P-Mot Exercise (Instructor)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 921-013, August 2020. (Revised October 2020.)
      • August 2020 (Revised October 2020)
      • Exercise

      To Prioritize Money or Time? The P-Mot Exercise (Student)

      By: Ashley Whillans and Liz Goldenberg
      Working professionals are often in the predicament of needing to make a choice between activities that will grant them more money or more time. Indeed, in large-scale representative panels of working adults, most respondents report feeling pressed for both time and...  View Details
      Keywords: Time; Time-as Money; Money; Time Management; Decision Making
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      Whillans, Ashley, and Liz Goldenberg. "To Prioritize Money or Time? The P-Mot Exercise (Student)." Harvard Business School Exercise 921-012, August 2020. (Revised October 2020.)
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