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Publications

Publications

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      • Faculty Publications  (23)

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      • March 2025
      • Article

      Does Communicating Measurable Diversity Goals Attract or Repel Historically Marginalized Job Applicants? Evidence from the Lab and Field

      By: Erika L. Kirgios, Ike Silver and Edward H. Chang
      Many organizations struggle to attract a demographically diverse workforce. How does adding a measurable goal to a public diversity commitment—for example, “We care about diversity” versus “We care about diversity and plan to hire at least one woman or racial minority... View Details
      Keywords: Selection and Staffing; Recruitment; Diversity; Goals and Objectives; Communication Intention and Meaning; Behavior
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      Kirgios, Erika L., Ike Silver, and Edward H. Chang. "Does Communicating Measurable Diversity Goals Attract or Repel Historically Marginalized Job Applicants? Evidence from the Lab and Field." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 154, no. 3 (March 2025): 624–643.
      • 2025
      • Article

      Humor as a Window into Generative AI Bias

      By: Roger Samure, Julian De Freitas and Stefano Puntoni
      A preregistered audit of 600 images by generative AI across 150 different prompts explores the link between humor and discrimination in consumer-facing AI solutions. When ChatGPT updates images to make them “funnier”, the prevalence of stereotyped groups changes. While... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Demographics; Prejudice and Bias
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      Samure, Roger, Julian De Freitas, and Stefano Puntoni. "Humor as a Window into Generative AI Bias." Art. 1326. Scientific Reports 15 (2025).
      • November–December 2024
      • Article

      Group Size and Its Impact on Diversity-Related Perceptions and Hiring Decisions in Homogeneous Groups

      By: Aneesh Rai, Edward H. Chang, Erika Kirgios and Katherine L. Milkman
      Why do some homogeneous groups face backlash for lacking diversity, whereas others escape censure? We show that a homogeneous group’s size changes how it is perceived and whether decision makers pursue greater diversity in its ranks. We theorize that people make... View Details
      Keywords: Diversity; Perception; Decision Making; Groups and Teams; Selection and Staffing; Size
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      Rai, Aneesh, Edward H. Chang, Erika Kirgios, and Katherine L. Milkman. "Group Size and Its Impact on Diversity-Related Perceptions and Hiring Decisions in Homogeneous Groups." Organization Science 35, no. 6 (November–December 2024): 1990–2015.
      • July 2024
      • Article

      Demographic 'Stickiness': The Demographic Identity of Departing Group Members Influences Who Is Chosen to Replace Them

      By: Edward H. Chang and Erika Kirgios
      People tasked with replacing a departing group member are disproportionately likely to choose a replacement with the same demographic identity, leading to demographic “stickiness” in group composition. We examine this effect in 2,163 U.S. federal judge appointments... View Details
      Keywords: Loss Aversion; Diversity; Race; Gender; Decisions
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      Chang, Edward H., and Erika Kirgios. "Demographic 'Stickiness': The Demographic Identity of Departing Group Members Influences Who Is Chosen to Replace Them." Management Science 70, no. 7 (July 2024): 4236–4259.
      • June 2024
      • Article

      The Diversity Heuristic: How Team Demographic Composition Influences Judgments of Team Creativity

      By: Devon Proudfoot, Zachariah Berry, Edward H. Chang and Min B. Kay
      Despite mixed evidence for the relationship between demographic diversity and creativity, we propose that observers hold a lay belief that demographic diversity increases creativity and apply this lay belief in judgments about teams and their creative work. Across... View Details
      Keywords: Diversity; Race; Gender; Groups and Teams; Perception; Creativity
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      Proudfoot, Devon, Zachariah Berry, Edward H. Chang, and Min B. Kay. "The Diversity Heuristic: How Team Demographic Composition Influences Judgments of Team Creativity." Management Science 70, no. 6 (June 2024): 3879–3901.
      • April 2023
      • Article

      A Field Experiment on Subgoal Framing to Boost Volunteering: The Trade-off Between Goal Granularity and Flexibility

      By: Aneesh Rai, Marissa A. Sharif, Edward H. Chang, Katherine L. Milkman and Angela L. Duckworth
      Research suggests that breaking overarching goals into more granular subgoals is beneficial for goal progress. However, making goals more granular often involves reducing the flexibility provided to complete them, and recent work shows that flexibility can also be... View Details
      Keywords: Goals and Objectives; Outcome or Result; Performance Improvement
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      Rai, Aneesh, Marissa A. Sharif, Edward H. Chang, Katherine L. Milkman, and Angela L. Duckworth. "A Field Experiment on Subgoal Framing to Boost Volunteering: The Trade-off Between Goal Granularity and Flexibility." Journal of Applied Psychology 108, no. 4 (April 2023): 621–634.
      • March 2023
      • Article

      Giving-by-proxy Triggers Subsequent Charitable Behavior

      By: Samantha Kassirer, Jillian J. Jordan and Maryam Kouchaki
      How can we foster habits of charitable giving? Here, we investigate the potential power of giving-by-proxy experiences, drawing inspiration from a growing trend in marketing and corporate social responsibility contexts in which organizations make charitable... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Behavior
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      Kassirer, Samantha, Jillian J. Jordan, and Maryam Kouchaki. "Giving-by-proxy Triggers Subsequent Charitable Behavior." Art. 104438. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 105 (March 2023).
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      'It Wouldn’t Have Mattered Anyway': When Overdetermined Outcomes Justify Our Sins

      By: Stephanie C. Lin, Julian J. Zlatev and Dale T. Miller
      We identify and document an “overdetermined outcome defense” which occurs when one learns that circumstances besides one’s own actions were sufficient to produce a negative effect (e.g., deciding not to go to the gym, but later discovering that the gym had been... View Details
      Keywords: Moral Sensibility; Decision Making; Outcome or Result; Behavior
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      Lin, Stephanie C., Julian J. Zlatev, and Dale T. Miller. "'It Wouldn’t Have Mattered Anyway': When Overdetermined Outcomes Justify Our Sins." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-045, January 2023.
      • December 2022
      • Article

      The Emotional Rewards of Prosocial Spending Are Robust and Replicable in Large Samples

      By: Lara B. Aknin, Elizabeth W. Dunn and Ashley V. Whillans
      Past studies show that spending money on other people—prosocial spending—increases a person’s happiness. However, foundational research on this topic was conducted prior to psychology’s credibility revolution (or “replication crisis”), so it is essential to ask... View Details
      Keywords: Happiness; Money
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      Aknin, Lara B., Elizabeth W. Dunn, and Ashley V. Whillans. "The Emotional Rewards of Prosocial Spending Are Robust and Replicable in Large Samples." Current Directions in Psychological Science 31, no. 6 (December 2022): 536–545.
      • November 2022
      • Article

      Opportunity Neglect: An Aversion to Low-probability Gains

      By: Emily Prinsloo, Kate Barasz, Leslie K. John and Michael I. Norton
      Seven preregistered studies (N = 2,890) conducted in the field, lab, and online document opportunity neglect: a tendency to reject opportunities with low probability of success, even when they come with little or no objective cost (e.g., time, money,... View Details
      Keywords: Opportunities; Behavior; Risk and Uncertainty; Success; Perception
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      Prinsloo, Emily, Kate Barasz, Leslie K. John, and Michael I. Norton. "Opportunity Neglect: An Aversion to Low-probability Gains." Psychological Science 33, no. 11 (November 2022): 1857–1866.
      • October 17, 2022
      • Article

      Relational Diversity in Social Portfolios Predicts Well-Being

      By: Hanne K. Collins, Serena F. Hagerty, Jordi Quoidbach, Michael I. Norton and Alison Wood Brooks
      We document a link between the relational diversity of one’s social portfolio—the richness and evenness of relationship types across one’s social interactions—and well-being. Across four distinct samples, respondents from the United States who completed a preregistered... View Details
      Keywords: Social Interaction; Social Engagement; Well-being; Happiness; Social and Collaborative Networks; Family and Family Relationships
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      Collins, Hanne K., Serena F. Hagerty, Jordi Quoidbach, Michael I. Norton, and Alison Wood Brooks. "Relational Diversity in Social Portfolios Predicts Well-Being." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no. 43 (October 17, 2022).
      • 2022
      • Conference Presentation

      Workplace Competition and the Desire for Uniqueness

      By: Samantha N. Smith, Edward H. Chang, Erika L. Kirgios and Katherine L. Milkman
      Across four preregistered studies (n=3,202), we find that intra-group competition increases people’s willingness to join groups where they will be underrepresented along a given identity dimension (e.g., area of specialization, political affiliation). Via mediation and... View Details
      Keywords: Groups and Teams; Motivation and Incentives; Organizational Culture
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      Smith, Samantha N., Edward H. Chang, Erika L. Kirgios, and Katherine L. Milkman. "Workplace Competition and the Desire for Uniqueness." In Work. Paper presented at the Society for Judgment and Decision Making Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, 2022.
      • November 2021
      • Article

      A Salient Sugar Tax Decreases Sugary Drink Buying

      By: Grant E. Donnelly, Paige Guge, Ryan Howell and Leslie John
      Many governments have introduced sugary drink excise taxes to reduce purchasing and consumption of such drinks; however, they do not typically stipulate how such taxes should be communicated at point-of-purchase. Historical, field, and experimental data entailing over... View Details
      Keywords: Decision-making; Open Data; Open Materials; Preregistered; Health; Policy; Taxation; Consumer Behavior; Decision Making
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      Donnelly, Grant E., Paige Guge, Ryan Howell, and Leslie John. "A Salient Sugar Tax Decreases Sugary Drink Buying." Psychological Science 32, no. 11 (November 2021): 1830–1841.
      • September 2021
      • Article

      Income More Reliably Predicts Frequent Than Intense Happiness

      By: Jon M. Jachimowicz, Ruo Mo, Adam Eric Greenberg, Bertus Jeronimus and Ashley V. Whillans
      There is widespread consensus that income and subjective well-being are linked, but when and why they are connected is subject to ongoing debate. We draw on prior research that distinguishes between the frequency and intensity of happiness to suggest that higher income... View Details
      Keywords: Life Satisfaction; Time Use; Happiness; Income; Money; Satisfaction
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      Jachimowicz, Jon M., Ruo Mo, Adam Eric Greenberg, Bertus Jeronimus, and Ashley V. Whillans. "Income More Reliably Predicts Frequent Than Intense Happiness." Social Psychological & Personality Science 12, no. 7 (September 2021): 1294–1306.
      • Article

      A Multicountry Perspective on Gender Differences in Time Use During COVID-19

      By: Laura M. Giurge, Ashley V. Whillans and Ayse Yemiscigil (shared authorship)
      The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally altered how people spend time, with possible consequences for subjective well-being. Using diverse samples of remote workers from the United States, Canada, Denmark, Brazil, and Spain (n = 31,141), following a preregistered... View Details
      Keywords: Time; Subjective Well-being; COVID-19; Health Pandemics; Gender; Time Management; Well-being; Work-Life Balance; Global Range
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      Giurge, Laura M., Ashley V. Whillans, and Ayse Yemiscigil (shared authorship). "A Multicountry Perspective on Gender Differences in Time Use During COVID-19." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 12 (March 23, 2021).
      • Article

      Forgoing Earned Incentives to Signal Pure Motives

      By: Erika L. Kirgios, Edward H. Chang, Emma E. Levine, Katherine L. Milkman and Judd B. Kessler
      Policy makers, employers, and insurers often provide financial incentives to encourage citizens, employees, and customers to take actions that are good for them or for society (e.g., energy conservation, healthy living, safe driving). Although financial incentives are... View Details
      Keywords: Incentives; Motivation Laundering; Self-signaling; Motivation and Incentives; Behavior; Perception
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      Kirgios, Erika L., Edward H. Chang, Emma E. Levine, Katherine L. Milkman, and Judd B. Kessler. "Forgoing Earned Incentives to Signal Pure Motives." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 29 (July 21, 2020): 16891–16897.
      • June 2020
      • Article

      The Isolated Choice Effect and Its Implications for Gender Diversity in Organizations

      By: Edward H. Chang, Erika L. Kirgios, Aneesh Rai and Katherine L. Milkman
      We highlight a feature of personnel selection decisions that can influence the gender diversity of groups and teams. Specifically, we show that people are less likely to choose candidates whose gender would increase group diversity when making personnel selections in... View Details
      Keywords: Behavior And Behavioral Decision Making; Organizational Studies; Decision Analysis; Economics; Decision Making; Behavior; Analysis; Organizations; Diversity; Gender
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      Chang, Edward H., Erika L. Kirgios, Aneesh Rai, and Katherine L. Milkman. "The Isolated Choice Effect and Its Implications for Gender Diversity in Organizations." Management Science 66, no. 6 (June 2020): 2752–2761.
      • Article

      Valuing Time Over Money Predicts Happiness After a Major Life Transition: A Preregistered Longitudinal Study of Graduating Students

      By: A.V. Whillans, Lucia Macchia and Elizabeth Dunn
      How does prioritizing time or money shape major life decisions and subsequent well-being? In a preregistered longitudinal study of approximately 1000 graduating university students, respondents who valued time over money chose more intrinsically rewarding activities... View Details
      Keywords: Time Use; Trade-offs; Career Decisions; Time Management; Money; Happiness; Values and Beliefs; Personal Development and Career
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      Whillans, A.V., Lucia Macchia, and Elizabeth Dunn. "Valuing Time Over Money Predicts Happiness After a Major Life Transition: A Preregistered Longitudinal Study of Graduating Students." Science Advances 5, no. 9 (September 2019).
      • July 2019
      • Article

      The Gravitational Pull of Expressing Passion: When and How Expressing Passion Elicits Status Conferral and Support from Others

      By: Jon M. Jachimowicz, Christopher To, Shira Agasi, Stéphane Côté and Adam D. Galinsky
      Prior research attributes the positive effects of passion on professional success to intrapersonal characteristics. We propose that interpersonal processes are also critical because observers confer status on and support those who express passion. These interpersonal... View Details
      Keywords: Passion; Admiration; Support; Emotions; Communication; Perception; Status and Position; Success; Situation or Environment; Competition
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      Jachimowicz, Jon M., Christopher To, Shira Agasi, Stéphane Côté, and Adam D. Galinsky. "The Gravitational Pull of Expressing Passion: When and How Expressing Passion Elicits Status Conferral and Support from Others." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 153 (July 2019): 41–62.
      • Article

      The Mixed Effects of Online Diversity Training

      By: Edward H. Chang, Katherine L. Milkman, Dena M. Gromet, Robert W. Rebele, Cade Massey, Angela L. Duckworth and Adam M. Grant
      We present results from a large (n = 3,016) field experiment at a global organization testing whether a brief science-based online diversity training can change attitudes and behaviors toward women in the workplace. Our preregistered field experiment included an... View Details
      Keywords: Diversity Training; Bias; Field Experiment; Training; Gender; Race; Prejudice and Bias
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      Chang, Edward H., Katherine L. Milkman, Dena M. Gromet, Robert W. Rebele, Cade Massey, Angela L. Duckworth, and Adam M. Grant. "The Mixed Effects of Online Diversity Training." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 16 (April 16, 2019): 7778–7783.
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