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Publications

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    • Faculty Publications  (59)

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    • All HBS Web  (1,523)
      • Faculty Publications  (59)

      Porter's Five Forces Remove Porter's Five Forces →

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      The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy
      The a2 Milk Company
      → Search All HBS Web
      • January 2021 (Revised March 2021)
      • Supplement

      Juno (C): Leveraging Student Power

      By: Joshua Schwartzstein, Kathleen L. McGinn and Amy Klopfenstein
      In May 2020, Juno co-founders Chris Abkarians and Nikhil Agarwal decided to hold the annual auction for their student loan assistance startup. Five lenders submitted bids, and the co-founders ultimately opted to select Eager Bank as their partner for the 2020-2021...  View Details
      Keywords: Decision Making; Decision Choices And Conditions; Decisions; Cost Vs Benefits; Judgments; Education; Higher Education; Finance; Borrowing And Debt; Strategy; Adaptation; Alignment; Negotiation; Agreements And Arrangements; Negotiation Deal; Negotiation Offer; Negotiation Participants; Negotiation Process; Negotiation Tactics; Negotiation Types; Financial Services Industry; Education Industry; North And Central America; United States; Massachusetts; Boston
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      Schwartzstein, Joshua, Kathleen L. McGinn, and Amy Klopfenstein. "Juno (C): Leveraging Student Power." Harvard Business School Supplement 921-034, January 2021. (Revised March 2021.)
      • December 2020 (Revised January 2021)
      • Case

      Arcos Dorados: A QSR Recovery Plan

      By: Forest Reinhardt, Jose B. Alvarez, Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago and Mariana Cal
      Arcos Dorados—McDonald’s largest independent franchisee, covering Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)—faced a pandemic that was disrupting the entire consumer foodservice business in 2020. With the exclusive right to own, operate, and sub-franchise McDonald’s...  View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Animal-based Agribusiness; Plant-based Agribusiness; Customer Value And Value Chain; Income; Macroeconomics; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Cross-cultural And Cross-border Issues; Food; Health Pandemics; Crisis Management; Logistics; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact; Strategic Planning; Food And Beverage Industry; Agriculture And Agribusiness Industry; Retail Industry; Latin America; Aruba; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Mexico; Panama; Costa Rica; Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Ecuador; French Guiana; Peru; Uruguay; Venezuela; Puerto Rico; Trinidad And Tobago
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      Reinhardt, Forest, Jose B. Alvarez, Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago, and Mariana Cal. "Arcos Dorados: A QSR Recovery Plan." Harvard Business School Case 721-023, December 2020. (Revised January 2021.)
      • February 2020
      • Article

      Why Prosocial Referral Incentives Work: The Interplay of Reputational Benefits and Action Costs

      By: Rachel Gershon, Cynthia Cryder and Leslie K. John
      While selfish incentives typically outperform prosocial incentives, in the context of customer referral rewards, prosocial incentives can be more effective. Companies frequently offer “selfish” (i.e., sender-benefiting) referral incentives, offering customers financial...  View Details
      Keywords: Incentives; Prosocial Behavior; Judgment And Decision-making; Referral Rewards; Motivation And Incentives; Consumer Behavior; Decision Making
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      Gershon, Rachel, Cynthia Cryder, and Leslie K. John. "Why Prosocial Referral Incentives Work: The Interplay of Reputational Benefits and Action Costs." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 57, no. 1 (February 2020): 156–172.
      • January 2020
      • Case

      Wuxi Lead Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd.

      By: John R. Wells and Benjamin Weinstock
      In 2019, Wuxi Lead Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd. (Lead) was the largest supplier of lithium-ion rechargeable battery manufacturing equipment in the world. Based in Wuxi, China, the company generated RMB 3.9 billion ($557 million) in revenues in 2018, up from RMB 175...  View Details
      Keywords: Lithium-ion Batteries; Electric Vehicles; Government Subsidies; Industry Dynamics; Markets; Change; Strategy; Decision Making; Manufacturing Industry; China
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      Wells, John R., and Benjamin Weinstock. "Wuxi Lead Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 720-419, January 2020.
      • April 2019
      • Teaching Note

      The a2 Milk Company

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Daniel Fisher
      The a2 Milk Company (a2MC) became the most valuable company listed on the New Zealand stock exchange in 2018 by capitalizing on a biochemical discovery related to the protein composition of cow's milk. Because many people find the A1 protein difficult to digest, and...  View Details
      Keywords: Judo Economics; Market Entry; Innovation; Barriers To Response; Industry Attractiveness; Advantage Horizon; Sustainability; First-mover Advantage; Scope; Strategy Execution; Strategic Evolution; Biochemistry; Genetics; Branding; Commodity; Milk; Dairy; Infant Formula; Farming; Porter's Five Forces; Market Entry And Exit; Disruption; Innovation And Invention; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Value Creation; Competition; Brands And Branding; five forces Framework; Consumer Products Industry; New Zealand; Australia; China
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Daniel Fisher. "The a2 Milk Company." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 719-428, April 2019.
      • February 2019
      • Case

      The a2 Milk Company

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Daniel Fisher
      The a2 Milk Company (a2MC) became the most valuable company listed on the New Zealand stock exchange in 2018 by capitalizing on a biochemical discovery related to the protein composition of cow's milk. Because many people find the A1 protein difficult to digest, and...  View Details
      Keywords: Judo Economics; Market Entry; Innovation; Barriers To Response; Industry Attractiveness; Advantage Horizon; Sustainability; First-mover Advantage; Scope; Strategy Execution; Strategic Evolution; Biochemistry; Genetics; Branding; Commodity; Milk; Dairy; Infant Formula; Farming; Porter's Five Forces; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Value Creation; Competition; Disruption; Innovation And Invention; five forces Framework
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Daniel Fisher. "The a2 Milk Company." Harvard Business School Case 719-424, February 2019.
      • January 2019 (Revised February 2019)
      • Supplement

      The a2 Milk Company

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, Daniel Fisher and Greg Saldutte
      The a2 Milk Company (a2MC) became the most valuable company listed on the New Zealand stock exchange in 2018 by capitalizing on a biochemical discovery related to the protein composition of cow's milk. Because many people find the A1 protein difficult to digest, and...  View Details
      Keywords: Judo Economics; Market Entry; Innovation; Barriers To Response; Industry Attractiveness; Advantage Horizon; Sustainability; First-mover Advantage; Scope; Strategy Execution; Strategic Evolution; Biochemistry; Genetics; Branding; Commodity; Milk; Dairy; Infant Formula; Farming; Porter's Five Forces; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Value Creation; Competition; Market Entry And Exit; Disruption; Innovation And Invention; five forces Framework; Consumer Products Industry; New Zealand; Australia; China
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      Esty, Benjamin C., Daniel Fisher, and Greg Saldutte. "The a2 Milk Company." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 719-804, January 2019. (Revised February 2019.)
      • October 2018
      • Case

      Shield AI

      By: Mitchell Weiss and A.J. Steinlage
      Shield AI’s quadcopter – with no pilot and no flight plan – could clear a building and outpace human warfighters by almost five minutes. This was not to say that it was better than the warfighters or would replace their jobs, but it was evidence that autonomous robots...  View Details
      Keywords: Public Entrepreneurship; Artificial Intelligence; Ai; Entrepreneurial Sales; Government; Defense; Shield Ai; Brandon Tseng; Ryan Tseng; Andrew Reiter; Robots; Robotics; Uav; Uavs; Government Sales; Entrepreneurship; Public Sector; Sales; Government Administration; National Security; Business And Government Relations; Technology Industry; United States
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      Weiss, Mitchell, and A.J. Steinlage. "Shield AI." Harvard Business School Case 819-062, October 2018.
      • September 2018 (Revised January 2020)
      • Case

      Apple Pay and Mobile Payments in Australia (A)

      By: Feng Zhu, Susan Athey and David Lane
      In summer 2016, four of Australia’s top five banks petitioned regulators for permission to bargain collectively with Apple over the terms under which they would support its digital wallet, Apple Pay. They argued that doing so would force concessions from Apple that...  View Details
      Keywords: Payment Methods; Mobile Payment; Digital Platforms; Apple; Banks And Banking; Cooperation; Problems And Challenges; Policy; Banking Industry; Australia
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      Zhu, Feng, Susan Athey, and David Lane. "Apple Pay and Mobile Payments in Australia (A)." Harvard Business School Case 619-010, September 2018. (Revised January 2020.)
      • May 2018 (Revised February 2019)
      • Teaching Note

      Greg Mazur and the Purchase of Great Eastern Premium Pet Foods

      By: Richard S. Ruback, Royce Yudkoff and Ahron Rosenfeld
      Teaching Note for HBS No. 211-085. Greg Mazur (HBS 1997) identified a small firm, Great Eastern Premium Pet Food, in December of 1998 that fit his search criteria and decided to offer the seller a cash price of $1.2 million plus an earn-out equal to 1% of revenue over...  View Details
      Keywords: Acquisition; Entrepreneurship; Financing And Loans; Negotiation Deal; Strategic Planning; Valuation; Analysis
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      Ruback, Richard S., Royce Yudkoff, and Ahron Rosenfeld. "Greg Mazur and the Purchase of Great Eastern Premium Pet Foods." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 218-122, May 2018. (Revised February 2019.)
      • February 2018 (Revised March 2019)
      • Case

      Sandlands Vineyards

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Gregory Saldutte
      Approximately 80% of the wineries in the U.S. break even or lose money. An even greater percentage lose money on an economic basis (i.e., after a charge for the cost of equity). Tegan Passalacqua is a successful, young, Californian winemaker who specializes in making...  View Details
      Keywords: Wine; Winery; Vineyard; Market Attractiveness; Porter's 5 Forces; Capital Investment; Industry Attractiveness; Performance Analysis; Agriculture; Entrepreneurship; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Vertical Integration; Segmentation; Food; Supply Chain; Industry Structures; five forces Framework; Retail Industry; Food And Beverage Industry; United States; California; Napa Valley
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Gregory Saldutte. "Sandlands Vineyards." Harvard Business School Case 718-438, February 2018. (Revised March 2019.)
      • August 2016 (Revised December 2016)
      • Module Note

      Strategy Execution Module 2: Building a Successful Strategy

      By: Robert Simons
      This module reading describes the basics of building a successful strategy. Topics in this module include a discussion of the distinction between corporate and business strategy; how to conduct a SWOT analysis of market dynamics and internal capabilities; the use of...  View Details
      Keywords: Management Control Systems; Implementing Strategy; Strategy Execution; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Swot Analysis; Five Forces; Distinctive Capabilities; Emergent Strategy; Mission Statements; Strategy; Swot Analysis; Competitive Advantage
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      Simons, Robert. "Strategy Execution Module 2: Building a Successful Strategy." Harvard Business School Module Note 117-102, August 2016. (Revised December 2016.)
      • February 2016 (Revised March 2018)
      • Case

      Labor, Capital, and Government: The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902

      By: David Moss and Marc Campasano
      In late October 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt felt relieved after months of anxiety and uncertainty. Workers in Pennsylvania's anthracite coal industry had been on strike for five months, threatening to leave eastern cities in the cold without enough heating fuel...  View Details
      Keywords: Governance; Agreements And Arrangements; Business And Government Relations; Labor; Law; Policy; Mining; History; Mining Industry; Pennsylvania
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      Moss, David, and Marc Campasano. "Labor, Capital, and Government: The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902." Harvard Business School Case 716-046, February 2016. (Revised March 2018.)
      • October 2015
      • Article

      How Smart, Connected Products Are Transforming Companies

      By: Michael E. Porter and James E. Heppelmann
      The evolution of products into intelligent, connected devices is revolutionizing business. In a November 2014 article, "How Smart, Connected Products Are Transforming Competition," Harvard Business School professor Michael Porter and PTC president and CEO James...  View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Change And Adaptation; Technological Innovation; Information Technology; Organizational Structure; Operations; Business Strategy
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      Porter, Michael E., and James E. Heppelmann. "How Smart, Connected Products Are Transforming Companies." Harvard Business Review 93, no. 10 (October 2015): 97–114.
      • August 2015 (Revised October 2019)
      • Case

      Amazon.com, 2021

      By: John R. Wells, Benjamin Weinstock, Gabriel Ellsworth and Galen Danskin
      In February 2021, Amazon announced 2020 operating profits of $22,899 million, up from $2,233 million in 2015, on sales of $386 billion, up from $107 billion five years earlier (see Exhibit 1). The shareholders expressed their satisfaction (see Exhibit 2), but not all...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategic Analysis; Retail; E-commerce; Amazon; Internet; Amazon.com; Amazonfresh; Jeff Bezos; Cloud Computing; Marketplaces; Streaming; E-reader Market; Digital Media; Mobile App; Online Retail; Shipping; Database; Tablet; Kindle; Kindle Fire; Smartphone; Delivery; Market Platforms; Two-sided Platforms; Competition; Internet; Corporate Strategy; Online Advertising; Business Growth And Maturation; Business Model; Business Organization; For-profit Firms; Film Entertainment; Games, Gaming, And Gambling; Music Entertainment; Television Entertainment; Profit; Revenue; Global Strategy; Multinational Firms And Management; Taxation; Business History; Human Resources; Resignation And Termination; Books; Human Capital; Working Conditions; Business Or Company Management; Goals And Objectives; Growth And Development Strategy; Growth Management; Management Practices And Processes; Industry Growth; Industry Structures; Media; Distribution; Distribution Channels; Order Taking And Fulfillment; Infrastructure; Logistics; Product Development; Supply Chain; Supply Chain Management; Organizational Culture; Public Ownership; Work-life Balance; Problems And Challenges; Labor And Management Relations; Strategy; Adaptation; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Diversification; Expansion; Integration; Horizontal Integration; Vertical Integration; Hardware; Information Technology; Mobile Technology; Online Technology; Technology Networks; Technology Platform; Web; Web Sites; Price; Software; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Working Capital; Customer Focus And Relationships; Customer Value And Value Chain; Retail Industry; Advertising Industry; Distribution Industry; Electronics Industry; Entertainment And Recreation Industry; Information Technology Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Motion Pictures And Video Industry; Music Industry; Publishing Industry; Shipping Industry; Technology Industry; Video Game Industry; Web Services Industry; United States; Washington (state, Us); Seattle
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      Wells, John R., Benjamin Weinstock, Gabriel Ellsworth, and Galen Danskin. "Amazon.com, 2021." Harvard Business School Case 716-402, August 2015. (Revised October 2019.)
      • 2015
      • Other Teaching and Training Material

      Competitive Strategies Marketing Reading

      By: Jill Avery and Sunil Gupta
      Core Curriculum Readings in Marketing cover the fundamental concepts, theories, and frameworks that business students must study.
      This Reading illuminates the dynamics of companies in competition and offers a process for planning and executing marketing strategies...  View Details
      Keywords: Competitive Strategy
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      Avery, Jill, and Sunil Gupta. "Competitive Strategies Marketing Reading." Core Curriculum Readings Series. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing 8158, 2015.
      • 10 May 2015
      • Conference Presentation

      Building a Competitive Jerusalem

      By: Michael E. Porter and Christian H.M. Ketels
      Jerusalem 2020 is a five-year growth plan for Jerusalem's economic development based on Professor Michael E. Porter's theory of competitive advantage. The plan was presented to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu with the goal of significant investment by the...  View Details
      Keywords: Economics; Israel; Economics; Israel
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      Porter, Michael E., and Christian H.M. Ketels. "Building a Competitive Jerusalem." Paper presented at the Jerusalem 2020, Jerusalem, Israel, May 10, 2015.
      • 2014
      • Other Teaching and Training Material

      Strategy Reading: Introduction to Strategy

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell
      "Introduction to Strategy" provides a comprehensive overview of the strategy discipline and introduces the building blocks of strategy by providing overviews of fundamental conceptual frameworks. Students will learn how firms decide where to compete by exploring the...  View Details
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon. "Strategy Reading: Introduction to Strategy." Core Curriculum Readings Series. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing 8097, 2014.
      • October 8, 2012
      • Column

      Henkel's Culture Shift

      By: Robert Simons
      This case descriibes a CEO-led organizational transformation driven by stretch goals, performance measurement, and accountability. When Kasper Rorsted became CEO of Henkel, a Germany-based producer of personal care, laundry, and adhesives products, in 2008, he was...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategy Execution; Culture; New Ceo; Change; Performance Measures; Accountability; Organizational Change And Adaptation; Corporate Accountability; Leading Change; Competitive Strategy; Organizational Culture; Performance Evaluation; Consumer Products Industry; Germany
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      Simons, Robert. "Henkel's Culture Shift." The Case Study. FT.com (October 8, 2012).
      • February 2012
      • Case

      Henkel: Building a Winning Culture

      By: Robert Simons and Natalie Kindred
      This case illustrates a CEO-led organizational transformation driven by stretch goals, performance measurement, and accountability. When Kasper Rorsted became CEO of Henkel, a Germany-based producer of personal care, laundry, and adhesives products, in 2008, he was...  View Details
      Keywords: Performance Measurement; Performance Appraisals; Human Resource Management; Values; Organizational Transformations; Pay For Performance; Strategy Execution; Values And Beliefs; Work-life Balance; Organizational Culture; Human Resources; Performance Evaluation; Compensation And Benefits
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      Simons, Robert, and Natalie Kindred. "Henkel: Building a Winning Culture." Harvard Business School Case 112-060, February 2012.
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      The a2 Milk Company
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