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    • All HBS Web  (117)
      • Faculty Publications  (23)

      Political PolarizationRemove Political Polarization →

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      • 2024
      • Article

      Political Polarization and Finance

      By: Elisabeth Kempf and Margarita Tsoutsoura
      We review an empirical literature that studies how political polarization affects financial decisions. We first discuss the degree of partisan segregation in finance and corporate America, the mechanisms through which partisanship may influence financial decisions, and... View Details
      Keywords: Government and Politics; Investment Portfolio; Decisions; Governance
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      Kempf, Elisabeth, and Margarita Tsoutsoura. "Political Polarization and Finance." Annual Review of Financial Economics 16 (2024): 413–434.
      • April 2024
      • Article

      How Our Ideological Out-Group Shapes Our Emotional Response to Our Shared Socio-Political Reality

      By: Julia Elad-Strenger, Amit Goldenberg, Tamar Saguy and Eran Halperin
      What shapes our emotional responses to socio-political events? Following the social identity approach, we suggest that individuals adjust their emotional responses to socio-political stimuli based on their ideological out-group's responses, in a manner that preserves... View Details
      Keywords: Political Ideology; Emotions; Identity; Groups and Teams; Israel
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      Elad-Strenger, Julia, Amit Goldenberg, Tamar Saguy, and Eran Halperin. "How Our Ideological Out-Group Shapes Our Emotional Response to Our Shared Socio-Political Reality." British Journal of Social Psychology 63, no. 2 (April 2024): 723–744.
      • March 2024 (Revised February 2025)
      • Case

      Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil

      By: Laura Alfaro, Hise O. Gibson, Leonard A. Schlesinger and Pedro Levindo
      The case gives readers an overview of key factors of doing business in Brazil, including Brazil’s economic transformation since its colonial years until 2023, when leftist President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was sworn in for his third term, after the most polarized... View Details
      Keywords: Business Cycles; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economy; Macroeconomics; Business History; International Relations; Political Elections; Taxation; Consumer Behavior; Brazil; Latin America; Sao Paulo
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      Alfaro, Laura, Hise O. Gibson, Leonard A. Schlesinger, and Pedro Levindo. "Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil." Harvard Business School Case 324-079, March 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Words Can Hurt: How Political Communication Can Change the Pace of an Epidemic

      By: Jessica Gagete-Miranda, Lucas Argentieri Mariani and Paula Rettl
      While elite-cue effects on public opinion are well-documented, questions remain as to when and why voters use elite cues to inform their opinions and behaviors. Using experimental and observational data from Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic, we study how leader... View Details
      Keywords: Elites; Public Engagement; Politics; Political Affiliation; Political Campaigns; Political Influence; Political Leadership; Political Economy; Survey Research; COVID-19; COVID-19 Pandemic; COVID; Cognitive Psychology; Cognitive Biases; Political Elections; Voting; Power and Influence; Identity; Behavior; Latin America; Brazil
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      Gagete-Miranda, Jessica, Lucas Argentieri Mariani, and Paula Rettl. "Words Can Hurt: How Political Communication Can Change the Pace of an Epidemic." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-022, October 2023.
      • May 2023
      • Article

      Political Ideology and International Capital Allocation

      By: Elisabeth Kempf, Mancy Luo, Larissa Schäfer and Margarita Tsoutsoura
      Does investors' political ideology shape international capital allocation? We provide evidence from two settings—syndicated corporate loans and equity mutual funds—to show ideological alignment with foreign governments affects the cross-border capital allocation by... View Details
      Keywords: Capital Flows; Syndicated Loans; Mutual Funds; Partisanship; Polarization; Elections; Political Ideology; Banks and Banking; Institutional Investing; Behavioral Finance; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Kempf, Elisabeth, Mancy Luo, Larissa Schäfer, and Margarita Tsoutsoura. "Political Ideology and International Capital Allocation." Journal of Financial Economics 148, no. 2 (May 2023): 150–173.
      • February 2023 (Revised June 2023)
      • Case

      Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil

      By: Hise O. Gibson, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Ruth Costas and Pedro Levindo
      The case uses the example of a large investment made by French retail group Carrefour in Brazil to discuss the opportunities and challenges of doing business in the country. It gives readers an overview of Brazil’s economic transformation since its colonial years until... View Details
      Keywords: Business Cycles; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economy; Macroeconomics; Business History; Brazil; Latin America
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      Gibson, Hise O., Leonard A. Schlesinger, Ruth Costas, and Pedro Levindo. "Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil." Harvard Business School Case 323-084, February 2023. (Revised June 2023.)
      • February 2023
      • Article

      Homophily and Acrophily as Drivers of Political Segregation

      By: Amit Goldenberg, Joseph M. Abruzzo, Zi Huang, Jonas Schone, David Bailey, Robb Willer, Eran Halperin and James J. Gross
      Political segregation is an important social problem, increasing polarization and impeding effective governance. Previous work has viewed the central driver of segregation to be political homophily, the tendency to associate with others who have similar views. Here we... View Details
      Keywords: Political Affiliation; Extremism; Values and Beliefs; Identity; Groups and Teams; Emotions; Civil Society or Community
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      Goldenberg, Amit, Joseph M. Abruzzo, Zi Huang, Jonas Schone, David Bailey, Robb Willer, Eran Halperin, and James J. Gross. "Homophily and Acrophily as Drivers of Political Segregation." Nature Human Behaviour 7, no. 2 (February 2023): 219–230.
      • November 16, 2022
      • Article

      America Is Pursuing Happiness in All the Wrong Places

      By: Arthur C. Brooks
      The U.S. is undergoing a crisis of our personal and shared sense of meaning as polarization rises and institutions erode. The solution is as simple as it is difficult: Love one another. View Details
      Keywords: Happiness; Civil Society or Community; Family and Family Relationships; Government and Politics; United States
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      Brooks, Arthur C. "America Is Pursuing Happiness in All the Wrong Places." The Atlantic (November 16, 2022).
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      The Political Polarization of Corporate America

      By: Vyacheslav Fos, Elisabeth Kempf and Margarita Tsoutsoura
      U.S. executives are increasingly segregating by political party. We establish this new fact using political affiliations from voter registration records for top executives of S&P 1500 firms between 2008 and 2022. We identify key drivers of this trend, including... View Details
      Keywords: Political Polarization; Partisanship; Executives; Government and Politics; Business and Shareholder Relations; United States
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      Fos, Vyacheslav, Elisabeth Kempf, and Margarita Tsoutsoura. "The Political Polarization of Corporate America." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-003, July 2022. (Revised March 2025.)
      • Article

      Managing a Polarized Workforce: How to Foster Debate and Promote Trust

      By: Julia A. Minson and Francesca Gino
      One of the toughest challenges leaders face is managing diverse perspectives—and given heightened tensions over politics and movements such as #MeToo and Black Lives Matter, that’s more difficult today than ever before. At the same time, productive disagreement and... View Details
      Keywords: Polarization; Employees; Perspective; Interpersonal Communication; Organizational Culture; Trust
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      Minson, Julia A., and Francesca Gino. "Managing a Polarized Workforce: How to Foster Debate and Promote Trust." Harvard Business Review 100, no. 2 (March–April 2022): 63–71.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      The Impact of Campaign Finance Rules on Candidate Selection and Electoral Outcomes: Evidence from France

      By: Nikolaj Broberg, Vincent Pons and Clémence Tricaud
      This paper investigates the effects of campaign finance rules on electoral outcomes. In French departmental and municipal elections, candidates competing in districts above 9,000 inhabitants face spending limits and are eligible for public reimbursement if they obtain... View Details
      Keywords: Political Elections; Finance; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Outcome or Result; France
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      Broberg, Nikolaj, Vincent Pons, and Clémence Tricaud. "The Impact of Campaign Finance Rules on Candidate Selection and Electoral Outcomes: Evidence from France." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29805, February 2022.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Does Social Media Cause Polarization? Evidence from Access to Twitter Echo Chambers during the 2019 Argentine Presidential Debate

      By: Rafael Di Tella, Ramiro H. Gálvez and Ernesto Schargrodsky
      We study how two groups, those inside vs. those outside echo chambers, react to a political event when we vary social media status (Twitter). Our treatments mimic two strategies often suggested as a way to limit polarization on social media: they expose people to... View Details
      Keywords: Political Polarization; Political Elections; Internet and the Web; Attitudes; Social Media; Argentina
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      Di Tella, Rafael, Ramiro H. Gálvez, and Ernesto Schargrodsky. "Does Social Media Cause Polarization? Evidence from Access to Twitter Echo Chambers during the 2019 Argentine Presidential Debate." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29458, November 2021.
      • September 2021
      • Supplement

      The Boston Beer Company (B): Growth and Uncertainty

      By: Christina R. Wing and John Masko
      The first three years of CEO Dave Burwick’s tenure were tumultuous for the Boston Beer Company. The company’s hard seltzer products continued to grow unexpectedly quickly, eclipsing the company’s legacy Samuel Adams beer products. Meanwhile, a polarizing political... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Leadership; Strategy; Growth Management; Food and Beverage Industry; Boston; United States
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      Wing, Christina R., and John Masko. "The Boston Beer Company (B): Growth and Uncertainty." Harvard Business School Supplement 622-051, September 2021.
      • July 2021 (Revised October 2021)
      • Case

      Trouble at Basecamp: Managing Politics, Polarization, and Conflict in the Workplace (A)

      By: Nour Kteily, Deepak Malhotra and David Lane
      As founders of the software company Basecamp, Jason Fried and David H. Hansson were used to being the subjects of social media attention. Both maintained active and dedicated Twitter followings for their unique perspectives on management and life. But on April 26,... View Details
      Keywords: Change; Communication; Policy; Diversity; Fairness; Values and Beliefs; Governance; Employees; Working Conditions; Leading Change; Leadership Style; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Culture; Work-Life Balance; Labor and Management Relations; Conflict and Resolution; Identity; Social Issues; Equality and Inequality; Digital Platforms; Conflict Management; Information Technology Industry; United States
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      Kteily, Nour, Deepak Malhotra, and David Lane. "Trouble at Basecamp: Managing Politics, Polarization, and Conflict in the Workplace (A)." Harvard Business School Case 922-003, July 2021. (Revised October 2021.)
      • May 2020 (Revised July 2020)
      • Teaching Note

      Brand Activism: Nike and Colin Kaepernick

      By: Jill Avery and Koen Pauwels
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 519-046. Nike’s selection of politically polarizing Colin Kaepernick as the spokesperson for the thirtieth anniversary of its iconic “Just Do It” campaign catapulted the brand into the media spotlight and made it a political flashpoint... View Details
      Keywords: Marketing; Brands and Branding; Advertising; Advertising Campaigns; Marketing Strategy; Marketing Communications; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Consumer Products Industry; Sports Industry; United States; North America
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      Avery, Jill, and Koen Pauwels. "Brand Activism: Nike and Colin Kaepernick." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 520-104, May 2020. (Revised July 2020.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Issue Salience and Political Stereotypes

      By: Pedro Bordalo, Marco Tabellini and David Yang
      U.S. voters exaggerate the differences in attitudes held by Republicans and Democrats on a range of socioeconomic and political issues, and higher perceived polarization is associated with greater political engagement and affective polarization. In this paper, we... View Details
      Keywords: Politics; Stereotypes; Belief Distortions; Model; Government and Politics; Public Opinion; Values and Beliefs
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      Bordalo, Pedro, Marco Tabellini, and David Yang. "Issue Salience and Political Stereotypes." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-106, April 2020. (Revised January 2021. Available also from VOX EU.)
      • March 2020
      • Case

      Braver Angels: A Grassroots Effort to Depolarize American Politics

      By: Francesca Gino, Julia A. Minson and Jeff Huizinga
      The founders of Braver Angels, an organization that uses family therapy principles to foster constructive dialogue between conservatives and liberals, consider how to improve its effectiveness and reach. View Details
      Keywords: Political Polarization; Interpersonal Communication; Performance Effectiveness; Strategy; United States
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      Gino, Francesca, Julia A. Minson, and Jeff Huizinga. "Braver Angels: A Grassroots Effort to Depolarize American Politics." Harvard Business School Case 920-054, March 2020.
      • December 2018 (Revised March 2020)
      • Technical Note

      Note on Economic Inequality (2020)

      By: Rebecca Henderson, Jessica A. Gover, Aldo Sesia and Mariana Oseguera Rodriguez
      For over half a century, most of the world's economies have enjoyed steady growth and prosperity. While this economic growth has reduced the number of people living in poverty, it has come with an increase in economic inequality. The gap between the "haves" and the... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Inequalty; Wealth Inequality; Equality Of Opportunity; Political Polarization; Economic Growth; Economics; Income; Wealth; Equality and Inequality; Society; Problems and Challenges
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      Henderson, Rebecca, Jessica A. Gover, Aldo Sesia, and Mariana Oseguera Rodriguez. "Note on Economic Inequality (2020)." Harvard Business School Technical Note 319-071, December 2018. (Revised March 2020.)
      • December 2018 (Revised September 2019)
      • Case

      Brand Activism: Nike and Colin Kaepernick

      By: Jill Avery and Koen Pauwels
      Nike's selection of politically polarizing Colin Kaepernick as the spokesperson for the 30th anniversary of its iconic "Just Do It" campaign catapulted the brand into the media spotlight and made it a political flashpoint for consumers across America. Would the choice... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Marketing; Entertainment; Politics; Activism; Brand Equity; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Brands and Branding; Marketing Communications; Sports; Advertising; Social Media; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Sports Industry; Consumer Products Industry; United States; North America
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      Avery, Jill, and Koen Pauwels. "Brand Activism: Nike and Colin Kaepernick." Harvard Business School Case 519-046, December 2018. (Revised September 2019.)
      • August 2018 (Revised April 2023)
      • Case

      Facebook—Can Ethics Scale in the Digital Age?

      By: George A. Riedel and Carin-Isabel Knoop
      Since its founding in 2004, Facebook has built a phenomenally successful business at global scale to become the fifth most valuable public company in the world. The revelation of Cambridge Analytica events in March 2018, where 78 million users' information was leaked... View Details
      Keywords: Facebook; Ethics; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Trust; Business Model; Corporate Accountability; Social Media
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      Riedel, George A., and Carin-Isabel Knoop. "Facebook—Can Ethics Scale in the Digital Age?" Harvard Business School Case 319-030, August 2018. (Revised April 2023.)
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