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- November 2023
- Background Note
Life Cycle Assessment: An Overview
By: Willy C. Shih, Michael W. Toffel and Kelsey Carter
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a holistic approach to quantifying the environmental impacts—including resources consumed and wastes produced—associated with the entire life cycle of a product, from the production or extraction of the raw materials used in its creation,...
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- September 2023
- Case
Forecasting Climate Risks: Aviva’s Climate Calculus
By: Mark Egan and Peter Tufano
In late 2021, Ben Carr, Director of Analytics and Capital Modeling at Aviva Plc (Aviva)—a leading insurer with core operations in the UK, Ireland and Canada,—was preparing for an upcoming presentation before the company's board which included its CEO, Amanda Blanc,...
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- September 2023
- Article
Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy: Experimental Evidence from Nine Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic
By: Vincenzo Galasso, Vincent Pons, Paola Profeta, Martin McKee, David Stuckler, Michael Becher, Sylvain Brouard and Martial Foucault
We study the impact of public health messages on intentions to vaccinate and vaccination uptakes, especially among hesitant groups. We performed an experiment comparing the effects of egoistic and altruistic messages on COVID-19 vaccine intentions and behaviour. We...
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Keywords:
COVID-19;
Vaccination;
Vaccine Hesitancy;
Information Campaigns;
Health Pandemics;
Behavior;
Information
Galasso, Vincenzo, Vincent Pons, Paola Profeta, Martin McKee, David Stuckler, Michael Becher, Sylvain Brouard, and Martial Foucault. "Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy: Experimental Evidence from Nine Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic." BMJ Global Health 8, no. 9 (September 2023).
- September–October 2023
- Article
Prospective Evaluation of the Cost of Performing Breast Imaging Examinations Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Method: A Single Center Study
By: Aamir Ali, Jordana Phillips, Damir Ljuboja, Syed S. Shehab, Etta D. Pisano, Robert S. Kaplan and Ammar Sarwar
We use time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) to measure the cost of performing breast imaging using different modalities: full-field digital mammography (FFDM), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM), US and MRI exams, and...
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Keywords:
Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing;
Health Care;
Breast Cancer;
Health Care and Treatment;
Cost;
Cost Accounting;
Health Industry
Ali, Aamir, Jordana Phillips, Damir Ljuboja, Syed S. Shehab, Etta D. Pisano, Robert S. Kaplan, and Ammar Sarwar. "Prospective Evaluation of the Cost of Performing Breast Imaging Examinations Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Method: A Single Center Study." Journal of Breast Imaging 5, no. 5 (September–October 2023): 546–554.
- 2023
- Working Paper
Targeting, Personalization, and Engagement in an Agricultural Advisory Service
By: Susan Athey, Shawn Cole, Shanjukta Nath and Jessica Zhu
ICT is increasingly used to deliver customized information in developing countries. We
examine whether individually targeting the timing of automated voice calls meaningfully
increases engagement in an agricultural advisory service. We define, estimate, and...
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Keywords:
Developing Countries and Economies;
Knowledge Dissemination;
Customization and Personalization;
Performance Effectiveness
Athey, Susan, Shawn Cole, Shanjukta Nath, and Jessica Zhu. "Targeting, Personalization, and Engagement in an Agricultural Advisory Service." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-006, August 2023.
- August 2023
- Article
Do Rating Agencies Behave Defensively for Higher Risk Issuers?
By: Samuel B. Bonsall IV, Kevin Koharki, Pepa Kraft, Karl A. Muller III and Anywhere Sikochi
We examine whether rating agencies act defensively toward issuers with a higher likelihood of default. We find that agencies' qualitative soft rating adjustments are more accurate as issuers' default risk grows, as evidenced by the adjustments leading to lower Type I...
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Keywords:
Credit Rating Agencies;
Soft Rating Adjustments;
Default;
Credit;
Performance Evaluation;
Measurement and Metrics;
Financial Institutions;
Risk Management
Bonsall, Samuel B., IV, Kevin Koharki, Pepa Kraft, Karl A. Muller III, and Anywhere Sikochi. "Do Rating Agencies Behave Defensively for Higher Risk Issuers?" Management Science 69, no. 8 (August 2023): 4864–4887.
- July 2023
- Article
Design and Analysis of Switchback Experiments
By: Iavor I Bojinov, David Simchi-Levi and Jinglong Zhao
In switchback experiments, a firm sequentially exposes an experimental unit to a random treatment, measures its response, and repeats the procedure for several periods to determine which treatment leads to the best outcome. Although practitioners have widely adopted...
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Bojinov, Iavor I., David Simchi-Levi, and Jinglong Zhao. "Design and Analysis of Switchback Experiments." Management Science 69, no. 7 (July 2023): 3759–3777.
- July 2023
- Article
Managerial Quality and Productivity Dynamics
By: Achyuta Adhvaryu, Anant Nyshadham and Jorge Tamayo
Do productivity and managerial quality vary within the firm? If so which managerial traits and practices matter most for team productivity? Combining granular garment production data with survey data on managers across 120 production lines in India, we document...
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Keywords:
Productivity;
Non-cognitive Skills;
Learning By Doing;
Ready-made Garments;
Management;
Management Practices and Processes;
Management Skills;
Performance Productivity;
Fashion Industry;
Manufacturing Industry;
India
Adhvaryu, Achyuta, Anant Nyshadham, and Jorge Tamayo. "Managerial Quality and Productivity Dynamics." Review of Economic Studies 90, no. 4 (July 2023): 1569–1607.
- June 2023
- Supplement
Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare
By: George Serafeim
In May 2022, Roche Group, one of the largest healthcare companies in the world, hosted its first ESG investor event focused exclusively on its efforts to impact access to healthcare. While Roche had recently set an ambitious goal to double the number of patients that...
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Keywords:
ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance;
Sustainable Finance;
Growth Strategy And Execution;
Sustainability Targets;
Impact Evaluation;
Healthcare Access;
Healthcare Innovation;
Healthcare Systems;
Healthcare Operations;
Finance;
Strategy;
Health Testing and Trials;
Health Care and Treatment;
Growth Management;
Measurement and Metrics;
Innovation Strategy;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Health Industry;
Pharmaceutical Industry;
Switzerland;
North America;
Europe;
Asia;
Latin America;
Africa
Serafeim, George. "Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 123-713, June 2023.
- June 2023
- Case
Investing in the Climate Transition at Neuberger Berman
By: George Serafeim and Benjamin Maletta
By mid-2023, Neuberger Berman (NB), an active asset manager, had grown its assets under management to about half a trillion dollars and took pride in its client centricity and innovative spirit. Responding to client demand for investment products that integrated...
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Keywords:
Carbon Emissions;
Sustainability;
Decarbonization;
Performance;
Risk Assessment;
Opportunities;
Environmental Sustainability;
Carbon Footprint;
Business Analysis;
Investing;
Regulation;
Asset Management;
Investment Strategy;
Climate Change;
Transition;
Analysis;
Product Positioning;
Strategy;
Investment Portfolio;
Financial Services Industry;
Energy Industry
- 2023
- Working Paper
Design-Based Confidence Sequences: A General Approach to Risk Mitigation in Online Experimentation
By: Dae Woong Ham, Michael Lindon, Martin Tingley and Iavor Bojinov
Randomized experiments have become the standard method for companies to evaluate the performance of new products or services. In addition to augmenting managers’ decision-making, experimentation mitigates risk by limiting the proportion of customers exposed to...
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Keywords:
Performance Evaluation;
Research and Development;
Analytics and Data Science;
Consumer Behavior
Ham, Dae Woong, Michael Lindon, Martin Tingley, and Iavor Bojinov. "Design-Based Confidence Sequences: A General Approach to Risk Mitigation in Online Experimentation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-070, May 2023.
- 2023
- Working Paper
ESG: From Process to Product
By: George Serafeim
ESG measurement, analysis, management, and communication is a process that the financial industry has turned into a product, resulting in many investment funds using the ESG label. This has caused confusion, generating demand for a framework that defines...
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Keywords:
ESG;
ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance;
ESG Ratings;
ESG Reporting;
Investment Fund;
Investment;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Financial Services Industry
Serafeim, George. "ESG: From Process to Product." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-069, May 2023.
- May 2023
- Article
Incentive Effects of Subjective Allocations of Rewards and Penalties
By: Wei Cai, Susanna Gallani and Jee-Eun Shin
We examine the incentive effects of subjectivity in allocating tournament-based rewards and punishments. We use data from a company where reward and punishment decisions are based on a combination of objective metrics and subjective performance assessments. Rankings...
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Keywords:
Subjectivity;
Tournament-based Incentives;
Rewards;
Penalties;
Expectancy Theory;
Employees;
Compensation and Benefits;
Management;
Decisions;
Performance;
Measurement and Metrics
Cai, Wei, Susanna Gallani, and Jee-Eun Shin. "Incentive Effects of Subjective Allocations of Rewards and Penalties." Management Science 69, no. 5 (May 2023): 3121–3139.
- March 2023
- Background Note
A Primer on OKRs
By: Suraj Srinivasan and Li-Kuan (Jason) Ni
The OKR framework is a popular goal-setting and strategy execution tool that uses goal setting through “Objectives” and measuring performance using “Key Results” on a periodic basis to measure and drive performance. The OKR framework has been adopted and practiced at...
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Keywords:
Business Organization;
Talent and Talent Management;
Framework;
Corporate Governance;
Goals and Objectives;
Growth and Development;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Growth Management;
Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques;
Management Practices and Processes;
Management Skills;
Management Systems;
Measurement and Metrics;
Outcome or Result;
Performance Effectiveness;
Performance Evaluation;
Performance Expectations;
Performance Productivity;
Performance Efficiency
Srinivasan, Suraj, and Li-Kuan (Jason) Ni. "A Primer on OKRs." Harvard Business School Background Note 123-081, March 2023.
- March 2023
- Case
Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare
By: George Serafeim, Susanna Gallani and Benjamin Maletta
In May 2022, Roche Group, one of the largest healthcare companies in the world, hosted its first ESG investor event focused exclusively on its efforts to impact access to healthcare. While Roche had recently set an ambitious goal to double the number of patients that...
View Details
Keywords:
ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance;
Sustainable Finance;
Growth Strategy And Execution;
Sustainability Targets;
Impact Evaluation;
Healthcare Access;
Healthcare Innovation;
Healthcare Systems;
Healthcare Operations;
Finance;
Strategy;
Health Testing and Trials;
Health Care and Treatment;
Growth Management;
Measurement and Metrics;
Innovation Strategy;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Health Industry;
Pharmaceutical Industry;
Switzerland;
North America;
Europe;
Asia;
Latin America;
Africa
Serafeim, George, Susanna Gallani, and Benjamin Maletta. "Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare." Harvard Business School Case 123-075, March 2023.
- 2022
- Working Paper
Outcome-Driven Dynamic Refugee Assignment with Allocation Balancing
By: Kirk Bansak and Elisabeth Paulson
This study proposes two new dynamic assignment algorithms to match refugees and asylum seekers to geographic localities within a host country. The first, currently implemented in a multi-year pilot in Switzerland, seeks to maximize the average predicted employment...
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Bansak, Kirk, and Elisabeth Paulson. "Outcome-Driven Dynamic Refugee Assignment with Allocation Balancing." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-048, January 2022.
- January 2023
- Case
Adams + Beasley Associates
By: Dennis Campbell and Iuliana Mogosanu
This case illustrates how a strong culture, founder-led SME designed and used a unique performance metric — the job security index — to manage through periods of economic uncertainty. The case centers specifically on how the job security index was used in an...
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Keywords:
Financial Crisis;
Measurement and Metrics;
Employee Ownership;
Risk and Uncertainty;
Small Business;
Leadership;
Organizational Culture
Campbell, Dennis, and Iuliana Mogosanu. "Adams + Beasley Associates." Harvard Business School Case 123-051, January 2023.
- January 2023
- Case
Year Up: Measuring and Scaling Impact
Year Up, a non-profit that provides training and practical work experience to low-income young people, has for years prioritized impact measurement. By 2022, it had built a robust body of evidence demonstrating that its program yields higher earnings for participants....
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Keywords:
Demographics;
Education;
Jobs and Positions;
Measurement and Metrics;
Performance;
Research;
Social Enterprise;
Growth Management;
Education Industry;
United States;
Massachusetts;
Boston
Rigol, Natalia, Benjamin N. Roth, Brian Trelstad, and Sarah Mehta. "Year Up: Measuring and Scaling Impact." Harvard Business School Case 823-004, January 2023.
- 2023
- Article
Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules
By: Kosuke Imai and Michael Lingzhi Li
The increasing availability of individual-level data has led to numerous applications of individualized (or personalized) treatment rules (ITRs). Policy makers often wish to empirically evaluate ITRs and compare their relative performance before implementing them in a...
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Keywords:
Causal Inference;
Heterogeneous Treatment Effects;
Precision Medicine;
Uplift Modeling;
Analytics and Data Science;
AI and Machine Learning
Imai, Kosuke, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules." Journal of the American Statistical Association 118, no. 541 (2023): 242–256.
- December 2022 (Revised February 2023)
- Case
Akooda: Charging Toward Operational Intelligence
By: Christopher T. Stanton and Mel Martin
The Akooda case describes the challenges confronting founder and CEO Yuval Gonczarowski (MBA ‘17) in 2022 as he attempts to boost sales. Launched in November 2020, Akooda was an AI company that mined 20 different sources of digital data, from tools like Slack, Google...
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Keywords:
Data Mining;
Productivity;
Monitoring;
Data Analysis;
AI and Machine Learning;
Knowledge Management;
Operations;
Problems and Challenges;
Employee Relationship Management;
Information Technology Industry;
Technology Industry;
Information Industry;
Boston;
Israel
Stanton, Christopher T., and Mel Martin. "Akooda: Charging Toward Operational Intelligence." Harvard Business School Case 823-018, December 2022. (Revised February 2023.)