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    • Faculty Publications  (150)

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    • All HBS Web  (2,715)
      • Faculty Publications  (150)

      Performance Expectations Remove Performance Expectations →

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      Performance Expectations: Articles, Research, & Case Studies on Performance Expectations– HBS Working Knowledge
      Skip to Main Content Cold Call A podcast featuring faculty discussing cases they've written and the lessons they impart. Subscribe on iTunes 29 Sep...
      To Be or Not to Be Your Authentic Self? Catering to Others' Expectations and Interests Hinders Performance
      → Search All HBS Web
      • Article

      Going It Alone: Competition Increases the Attractiveness of Minority Status

      By: Erika L. Kirgios, Edward H. Chang and Katherine L. Milkman
      Past research demonstrates that people prefer to affiliate with others who resemble them demographically. However, we posit that when competing for scarce opportunities, strategic considerations moderate the strength of this tendency toward homophily. Across six...  View Details
      Keywords: Homophily; Group Selection; Diversity; Gender; Race; Competition
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      Kirgios, Erika L., Edward H. Chang, and Katherine L. Milkman. "Going It Alone: Competition Increases the Attractiveness of Minority Status." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 161 (November 2020): 20–33.
      • November 2020
      • Article

      When the Boss Comes to Town: The Effects of Headquarters' Visits on Facility-Level Misconduct

      By: Jonas Heese and Gerardo Pérez Cavazos
      We study the effects of headquarters’ visits on facility-level misconduct. We use the staggered introduction of airline routes to identify exogenous travel-time reductions between headquarters and facilities and test whether such reductions affect facility-level...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Misconduct; Visits By Management; Flight Routes; Control Systems; Compliance Programs; Performance Pressure; Business Or Company Management; Management Systems; Governance Controls; Governance Compliance; performance expectations
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      Heese, Jonas, and Gerardo Pérez Cavazos. "When the Boss Comes to Town: The Effects of Headquarters' Visits on Facility-Level Misconduct." Accounting Review 95, no. 6 (November 2020): 235–261.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Private Equity and COVID-19

      By: Paul A. Gompers, Steven N. Kaplan and Vladimir Mukharlyamov
      We survey more than 200 private equity (PE) managers from firms with $1.9 trillion of assets under management (AUM) about their portfolio performance, decisionmaking and activities during the Covid-19 pandemic. Given that PE managers have significant incentives to...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Pandemics; Private Equity; Management; Investment Portfolio; performance; Decision Making; Value Creation
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      Gompers, Paul A., Steven N. Kaplan, and Vladimir Mukharlyamov. "Private Equity and COVID-19." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 27889, October 2020.
      • August 2020
      • Supplement

      Migros Turkey: Scaling Online Operations (B)

      By: Antonio Moreno and Gamze Yucaoglu
      The case opens in February 2020 as Ozgur Tort and Mustafa Bartin, CEO and chief large-format and online retail officer of Migros Ticaret A.S. (Migros), Turkey’s oldest and one of its largest supermarket chains, are looking over the results of the fulfillment pilot the...  View Details
      Keywords: Grocery; Business Model; Strategy; Technology Platform; Information Technology; Technology Adoption; Value Creation; Globalization; Competition; Expansion; Logistics; Profit; Resource Allocation; Corporate Strategy; Retail Industry; Turkey
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      Moreno, Antonio, and Gamze Yucaoglu. "Migros Turkey: Scaling Online Operations (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 621-027, August 2020.
      • May 2020
      • Article

      To Be or Not to Be Your Authentic Self? Catering to Others' Expectations and Interests Hinders Performance

      By: Francesca Gino, Ovul Sezer and Laura Huang
      When approaching interpersonal first meetings (e.g., job interviews), people often cater to the target’s interests and expectations to make a good impression and secure a positive outcome such as being offered the job (pilot study). This strategy is distinct from other...  View Details
      Keywords: Authenticity; Catering; Honesty; Selection; Impression Management; Interpersonal Communication; Behavior; performance
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      Gino, Francesca, Ovul Sezer, and Laura Huang. "To Be or Not to Be Your Authentic Self? Catering to Others' Expectations and Interests Hinders Performance." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 158 (May 2020): 83–100.
      • March 2020 (Revised July 2020)
      • Case

      Performance Management at Afreximbank

      By: Robert S. Kaplan, Siko Sikochi and Josh Steimle
      Based in Cairo, Afreximbank was founded in October 1993 as a specialized continental financial institution designed to address the low level of intra-African trade, the decline in financial flows to Africa, the worsening external debt situation of many African...  View Details
      Keywords: Performance Management; Balanced Scorecard; performance expectations; performance Evaluation; performance Improvement; Organizational Culture; Strategy; Banking Industry; Africa; Egypt
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      Kaplan, Robert S., Siko Sikochi, and Josh Steimle. "Performance Management at Afreximbank." Harvard Business School Case 120-029, March 2020. (Revised July 2020.)
      • March 2020
      • Technical Note

      Influencer Marketing

      By: Jill Avery and Ayelet Israeli
      Despite a heavy barrage of advertising, most consumers declare that their purchases are most influenced by the experiences, advice, and recommendations of others, and not by marketers. Interpersonal communication between and among consumers serves as a potent path for...  View Details
      Keywords: Influencers; Marketing; Marketing Communications; Brands And Branding; Marketing Strategy; Media And Broadcasting Industry; Advertising Industry; Consumer Products Industry
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      Avery, Jill, and Ayelet Israeli. "Influencer Marketing." Harvard Business School Technical Note 520-075, March 2020.
      • March 2020
      • Case

      A Tower for the People: 425 Park Avenue

      By: John Macomber, Joseph G. Allen and Emily Jones
      Healthy buildings and superior air quality are increasingly important since people now spend so much time indoors. Indoor spaces drive performance and productivity. Commercial real estate landlords and investors are responding to the demands of sophisticated tenants...  View Details
      Keywords: Health And Wellness; Real Estate; Sustainability; Health; Pollution; Buildings And Facilities; performance Productivity; Finance; Real Estate Industry; New York (city, Ny)
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      Macomber, John, Joseph G. Allen, and Emily Jones. "A Tower for the People: 425 Park Avenue." Harvard Business School Case 220-065, March 2020.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Incentive Effects of Subjective Allocations of Rewards and Penalties

      By: Wei Cai, Susanna Gallani and Jee Eun Shin
      We examine the incentive effects of subjective adjustments in the allocation of tournament-based financial rewards and penalties based on performance rankings. We use data from a company where the reward and penalty allocations are based on a combination of objective...  View Details
      Keywords: Compensation Interdependence; Nominal And Opportunity Effects; Managerial Discretion; Performance Measurement; Subjectivity; Rewards; Expectancy Theory; Employees; Compensation And Benefits; Management; Decisions; performance; Measurement And Metrics
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      Cai, Wei, Susanna Gallani, and Jee Eun Shin. "Incentive Effects of Subjective Allocations of Rewards and Penalties." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-075, January 2020. (Revised February 2021.)
      • November 2019 (Revised December 2019)
      • Case

      Marcus by Goldman Sachs

      By: Rory McDonald, Samir Junnarkar and David Lane
      Five years on from the 2008 financial crisis, Goldman Sachs remained wounded. Revenues at the global investment bank had stagnated below pre-crisis levels, and the firm had yet to rebound from a substantial decline in securities-trading revenues. Marcus by Goldman...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Entrepreneurship; Banks And Banking; Innovation Leadership; Growth And Development Strategy; Growth Management; Organizational Culture; Financial Services Industry; United Kingdom
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      McDonald, Rory, Samir Junnarkar, and David Lane. "Marcus by Goldman Sachs." Harvard Business School Case 620-005, November 2019. (Revised December 2019.)
      • November 2019
      • Case

      Malcolm Turner at Vanderbilt

      By: David G. Fubini and James Barnett
      Malcolm Turner becomes the new athletic director at Vanderbilt University, tasked with increasing athletics-related revenue and improving on-field performance, while maintaining Vanderbilt’s academic rigor for student-athletes.  View Details
      Keywords: Managerial Roles; Sports; Revenue; performance Improvement; performance expectations
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      Fubini, David G., and James Barnett. "Malcolm Turner at Vanderbilt." Harvard Business School Case 420-024, November 2019.
      • August 2019
      • Case

      Simón Cohen at Henco: Sustaining 'High Performance, Happy People'

      By: Francesca Gino, Jeff Steiner, Arianna Camacho and Paul Green
      Simón Cohen—Founder of Henco Logistics—transformed a small Mexican logistics company into a major player within the industry. Cohen credits the firm’s focus on employee happiness as the key ingredient to its success, an approach he developed following a personal...  View Details
      Keywords: Work/life Balance; Growth Strategy; Corporate Culture; Motivation; Values; Authentic Leadership Development; Leadership; Personal Development And Career; Motivation And Incentives; Values And Beliefs; Service Operations; Organizational Culture; Growth And Development Strategy; Service Industry
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      Gino, Francesca, Jeff Steiner, Arianna Camacho, and Paul Green. "Simón Cohen at Henco: Sustaining 'High Performance, Happy People'." Harvard Business School Case 920-005, August 2019.
      • January–February 2019
      • Article

      The Hard Truth About Innovative Cultures

      By: Gary P. Pisano
      Innovative cultures are generally depicted as pretty fun. They’re characterized by a tolerance for failure and a willingness to experiment. They’re seen as being psychologically safe, highly collaborative, and nonhierarchical. And research suggests that these behaviors...  View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Culture; Innovation And Invention; performance expectations; Leadership
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      Pisano, Gary P. "The Hard Truth About Innovative Cultures." Harvard Business Review 97, no. 1 (January–February 2019): 62–71.
      • May 2018 (Revised December 2019)
      • Case

      Apple Inc. in 2018

      By: David B. Yoffie and Eric Baldwin
      Many observers worried about what would happen to Apple when Steve Jobs died in 2011. But Apple had performed above everyone's expectations in Cook's six years as CEO. Apple's core business—the iPhone—continued to deliver spectacular results. In addition, Cook was...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Technology; Competitive Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Technological Innovation; Competitive Advantage; Computer Industry; Telecommunications Industry; Technology Industry
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      Yoffie, David B., and Eric Baldwin. "Apple Inc. in 2018." Harvard Business School Case 718-439, May 2018. (Revised December 2019.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Expected Stock Returns Worldwide: A Log-Linear Present-Value Approach

      By: Akash Chattopadhyay, Matthew R. Lyle and Charles C.Y. Wang
      This study provides the first large-scale study of the performance of expected-return proxies (ERPs) internationally. Analyst-forecast-based ICCs are sparsely populated and not robustly associated with future returns. Earnings-model-forecast-based ICCs are...  View Details
      Keywords: Expected Returns; Discount Rates; Fundamental Valuation; Present Value; Information Quality; International Equity Markets; Implied Cost Of Capital; Investment Return; Equity; Markets; Global Range
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      Chattopadhyay, Akash, Matthew R. Lyle, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Expected Stock Returns Worldwide: A Log-Linear Present-Value Approach." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-079, February 2018. (Revised January 2021. Conditionally Accepted. The Accounting Review.)
      • February 2018
      • Case

      Root Capital and the Efficient Impact Frontier

      By: Shawn Cole and Caitlin Reimers Brumme
      In 2015 Root Capital, a pioneer in the impact investing space, began to explore how to more systematically integrate impact and financial management. After much deliberation, Root Capital landed on ex-ante rating system for any potential investment that produced a...  View Details
      Keywords: Measurement And Metrics; Investment; Finance; performance Efficiency; Boston
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      Cole, Shawn, and Caitlin Reimers Brumme. "Root Capital and the Efficient Impact Frontier." Harvard Business School Case 218-084, February 2018.
      • January 2018
      • Article

      The Globalization of Angel Investments: Evidence Across Countries

      By: Josh Lerner, Antoinette Schoar, Stanislav Sokolinski and Karen Wilson
      This paper examines investments made by 13 angel groups across 21 countries. We compare applicants just above and below the funding cutoff and find that these angel investors have a positive impact on the growth, performance, and survival of firms as well as their...  View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Globalization; Investment; Business Startups
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      Lerner, Josh, Antoinette Schoar, Stanislav Sokolinski, and Karen Wilson. "The Globalization of Angel Investments: Evidence Across Countries." Journal of Financial Economics 127, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–20.
      • December 2017
      • Article

      Discordant vs. Harmonious Selves: The Effects of Identity Conflict and Enhancement on Sales Performance in Employee-Customer Interactions

      By: Lakshmi Ramarajan, Nancy Rothbard and Steffanie Wilk
      Across multiple studies, we examine how identity conflict and enhancement within people affect performance in tasks that involve interactions between people through two mechanisms: role-immersion, operationalized as intrinsic motivation, and role-taking,...  View Details
      Keywords: Identity; Interpersonal Communication; Sales; performance
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      Ramarajan, Lakshmi, Nancy Rothbard, and Steffanie Wilk. "Discordant vs. Harmonious Selves: The Effects of Identity Conflict and Enhancement on Sales Performance in Employee-Customer Interactions." Academy of Management Journal 60, no. 6 (December 2017): 2208–2238.
      • August 2017 (Revised July 2018)
      • Case

      MannKind Corporation: Take a Deep Breath, This Time Afrezza Will Work

      By: Elie Ofek and Amanda Dai
      In June 2014, MannKind Corporation announced that after years of development and billions of dollars in expenses, the FDA had finally approved its drug, Afrezza. MannKind would thus be the only company with an inhalable insulin on the market. As an alternative to...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Care And Treatment; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Marketing Strategy; Adoption; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Ofek, Elie, and Amanda Dai. "MannKind Corporation: Take a Deep Breath, This Time Afrezza Will Work." Harvard Business School Case 518-031, August 2017. (Revised July 2018.)
      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Why and How Investors Use ESG Information: Evidence from a Global Survey

      By: Georgios Serafeim
      Using survey data from a sample of senior investment professionals from mainstream (i.e., not SRI funds) investment organizations, we provide insights into why and how investors use reported environmental, social, and governance (ESG) information. The primary reason...  View Details
      Keywords: Investment Management; Sustainability; Esg; Esg (environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Investment Fund; Investment Strategy; Corporate Accountability; Activist Shareholder; Engagement; Environment; Climate Change; Customers; Customer Satisfaction; Employee Engagement; Global Warming; Investment; Decision Making; Environmental Sustainability; performance expectations
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      Serafeim, Georgios. "Why and How Investors Use ESG Information: Evidence from a Global Survey." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-079, February 2017.
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      Are you looking for?

      Performance Expectations: Articles, Research, & Case Studies on Performance Expectations– HBS Working Knowledge
      Skip to Main Content Cold Call A podcast featuring faculty discussing cases they've written and the lessons they impart. Subscribe on iTunes 29 Sep...
      To Be or Not to Be Your Authentic Self? Catering to Others' Expectations and Interests Hinders Performance
      → Search All HBS Web
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