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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (170)
      • Faculty Publications  (34)

      Organizational Inequality Remove Organizational Inequality →

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      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Setting Gendered Expectations? Recruiter Outreach Bias in Online Tech Training Programs

      By: Jacqueline N. Lane, Karim R. Lakhani and Roberto Fernandez
      Competence development in digital technologies, analytics, and artificial intelligence is increasingly important to all types of organizations and their workforce. Universities and corporations are investing heavily in developing training programs, at all tenure...  View Details
      Keywords: STEM; Selection and Staffing; Gender; Prejudice and Bias; Training; Equality and Inequality; Competency and Skills
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      Lane, Jacqueline N., Karim R. Lakhani, and Roberto Fernandez. "Setting Gendered Expectations? Recruiter Outreach Bias in Online Tech Training Programs." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-066, April 2023. (Accepted by Organization Science.)
      • April 2023
      • Article

      Racial Inequality in Work Environments

      By: Letian Zhang
      This article explores racial stratification in work environments. Inequality scholars have long identified racial disparities in wage and occupational attainment, but workers’ careers and well-being are also shaped by elements of their work environment, including firm...  View Details
      Keywords: Discrimination; Race; Equality and Inequality; Working Conditions; Personal Development and Career; Organizational Culture
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      Zhang, Letian. "Racial Inequality in Work Environments." American Sociological Review 88, no. 2 (April 2023): 252–283.
      • January 2023
      • Case

      Natura: Weathering the Pandemic at Brazil's Cosmetic Giant

      By: Brian Trelstad, Pedro Levindo and Carla Larangeira
      Brazil's Natura, a multi-brand cosmetics group, has taken several measures to safeguard the livelihoods of its thousands of employees and millions of sales representatives during the COVID-19 health and economic crisis. The company has also made strides in its efforts...  View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; ESG Reporting; Acquisition; Customer Focus and Relationships; Decision Making; Social Entrepreneurship; Environmental Sustainability; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Ethics; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Global Strategy; Corporate Governance; Health Pandemics; Human Resources; Human Capital; Crisis Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Marketing; Distribution Channels; Supply Chain; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Culture; Customer Ownership; Relationships; Business and Community Relations; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Networks; Partners and Partnerships; Science-Based Business; Reputation; Human Needs; Social Issues; Strategy; Equality and Inequality; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Brazil; Latin America
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      Trelstad, Brian, Pedro Levindo, and Carla Larangeira. "Natura: Weathering the Pandemic at Brazil's Cosmetic Giant." Harvard Business School Case 323-065, January 2023.
      • September 2022
      • Article

      Regulatory Spillover and Workplace Racial Inequality

      By: Letian Zhang
      This paper suggests that affirmative action bans in the U.S. public sector may influence racial inequality in the private sector. Since the 1990s, nine states have banned affirmative action practice in public universities and state governments. Though these bans have...  View Details
      Keywords: Inequality; Regulation; Law; Organizational Norm; CEO; Affirmative Action; Organizations; Private Sector; Equality and Inequality; Diversity; Race; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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      Zhang, Letian. "Regulatory Spillover and Workplace Racial Inequality." Administrative Science Quarterly 67, no. 3 (September 2022): 595–629.
      • 2022
      • Article

      Values and Inequality: Prosocial Jobs and the College Wage Premium

      By: Nathan Wilmers and Letian Zhang
      Employers often recruit workers by invoking corporate social responsibility, organizational purpose, or other claims to a prosocial mission. In an era of substantial labor market inequality, commentators typically dismiss these claims as hypocritical: prosocial...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Equality and Inequality; Wages; Recruitment
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      Wilmers, Nathan, and Letian Zhang. "Values and Inequality: Prosocial Jobs and the College Wage Premium." American Sociological Review 87, no. 3 (2022): 415–442.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Racial Inequality in Organizations: A Systems Psychodynamic Perspective

      By: Sanaz Mobasseri, William Kahn and Robin Ely
      This paper uses systems psychodynamic concepts to develop a theory about the persistence of racial inequality in U.S. companies, treating White men as the dominant group and Black people as an illustrative subordinate group. We theorize that this persistence is rooted...  View Details
      Keywords: Systems Psychodynamics; Organizational Inequality; Masculinity; Equality and Inequality; Race; Gender; Identity; Power and Influence
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      Mobasseri, Sanaz, William Kahn, and Robin Ely. "Racial Inequality in Organizations: A Systems Psychodynamic Perspective." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-052, December 2021. (Revised September 2022.)
      • September 2021
      • Comment

      Commentary on ‘2019 Academic Marketing Climate Survey: Motivation, Results and Recommendations', by Jeff Galak and Barbara E. Kahn

      By: John A. Deighton
      This paper reflects on the conclusions of a survey by Galak and Kahn on the climate experienced by faculty of all genders and ethnicities in the marketing departments of US business schools.  View Details
      Keywords: Gender; Equality and Inequality; Organizational Culture
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      Deighton, John A. "Commentary on ‘2019 Academic Marketing Climate Survey: Motivation, Results and Recommendations', by Jeff Galak and Barbara E. Kahn." Marketing Letters 32, no. 3 (September 2021): 337–339.
      • September 2021
      • Article

      Shaking Things Up: Disruptive Events and Inequality

      By: Letian Zhang
      This paper develops a theory of how disruptive events could reduce racial and gender inequality in organizations. Despite pressure from regulators and advocates, racial and gender inequality in the workplace remains high. I theorize that because such inequality is...  View Details
      Keywords: Inequality; Equality and Inequality; Diversity; Race; Gender; Restructuring; Mergers and Acquisitions; Disruption
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      Zhang, Letian. "Shaking Things Up: Disruptive Events and Inequality." American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 2 (September 2021): 376–440.
      • August 2021
      • Case

      Zoom Video Communications: Building a Culture of Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion During COVID-19

      By: Karen G. Mills, Scott Duke Kominers, Christopher Stanton, Andy Wu, George Gonzalez and Gabriella Elanbeck
      Keywords: Diversity Management; Diversity Training; Cultural Change; Cultural Diversity; Inclusion; Inclusive Growth; Inclusive Hiring; Hiring; Hiring Of Employees; Recruiting; Performance Management; Change Leadership; Race And Ethnicity; Racial Bias; Racial Disparity; Racial Injustice; Racial Tensions; Racism; Organization; Organization Process; Organization Structure; Structural/institutional Racism; Leadership And Change Management; Leadership And Managing People; Leading; Gender Bias; Discrimination; Inequalities; Inequality; Social Change; Employee Attitude Development And Empowerment; Employee Bonding; Employee Empowerment; Employee Engagement; Employee Fairness; Employee Morale; Employee Performance Management; Employee Relations; Company Culture; Company Values; Values; COVID-19 Pandemic; Demographics; Diversity; Age; Ethnicity; Gender; Business Processes; Change Management; Change; Race; Human Capital; Human Resources; Compensation and Benefits; Employees; Employee Relationship Management; Recruitment; Retention; Selection and Staffing; Jobs and Positions; Job Interviews; Leadership; Leading Change; Management; Management Teams; Business or Company Management; Crisis Management; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Management Style; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Organizational Design; Organizational Structure; Organizations; Mission and Purpose; Culture; Happiness; Prejudice and Bias; Satisfaction; Equity; Identity; Leadership Style; Values and Beliefs; Technology Industry; United States
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      Mills, Karen G., Scott Duke Kominers, Christopher Stanton, Andy Wu, George Gonzalez, and Gabriella Elanbeck. "Zoom Video Communications: Building a Culture of Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion During COVID-19." Harvard Business School Case 322-031, August 2021.
      • July 2021 (Revised October 2021)
      • Case

      Trouble at Basecamp: Managing Politics, Polarization, and Conflict in the Workplace (A)

      By: Nour Kteily, Deepak Malhotra and David Lane
      As founders of the software company Basecamp, Jason Fried and David H. Hansson were used to being the subjects of social media attention. Both maintained active and dedicated Twitter followings for their unique perspectives on management and life. But on April 26,...  View Details
      Keywords: Change; Communication; Policy; Diversity; Fairness; Values and Beliefs; Governance; Employees; Working Conditions; Leading Change; Leadership Style; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Culture; Work-Life Balance; Labor and Management Relations; Conflict and Resolution; Identity; Social Issues; Equality and Inequality; Digital Platforms; Conflict Management; Information Technology Industry; United States
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      Kteily, Nour, Deepak Malhotra, and David Lane. "Trouble at Basecamp: Managing Politics, Polarization, and Conflict in the Workplace (A)." Harvard Business School Case 922-003, July 2021. (Revised October 2021.)
      • July 2021
      • Supplement

      Trouble at Basecamp: Managing Politics, Polarization, and Conflict in the Workplace (B)

      By: Nour Kteily, Deepak Malhotra and David Lane
      Supplement to the (A) case  View Details
      Keywords: Change; Communication; Diversity; Fairness; Values and Beliefs; Governance; Employees; Working Conditions; Leading Change; Leadership Style; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Culture; Work-Life Balance; Labor and Management Relations; Conflict and Resolution; Identity; Social Issues; Equality and Inequality; Technology Platform; Information Technology Industry; United States
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      Kteily, Nour, Deepak Malhotra, and David Lane. "Trouble at Basecamp: Managing Politics, Polarization, and Conflict in the Workplace (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 922-004, July 2021.
      • April 2021 (Revised April 2022)
      • Case

      OneTen: One Million Opportunities in Ten Years

      By: V. Kasturi Rangan and Courtney Han
      In the wake of George Floyd's killing in May 2020, and widespread protests for social justice in the United States, OneTen was formed by a coalition of 40 large companies to provide one million jobs for African-Americans in 10 years. The case describes the background...  View Details
      Keywords: Labor Market; COVID-19 Pandemic; Diversity; Race; Jobs and Positions; Opportunities; Social Issues; Employment; Equality and Inequality; Equity; United States
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      Rangan, V. Kasturi, and Courtney Han. "OneTen: One Million Opportunities in Ten Years." Harvard Business School Case 521-093, April 2021. (Revised April 2022.)
      • 2021
      • Book

      Glass Half-Broken: Shattering the Barriers That Still Hold Women Back at Work

      By: Colleen Ammerman and Boris Groysberg
      Why does the gender gap persist and how can we close it? For years women have made up the majority of college-educated workers in the United States. In 2019, the gap between the percentage of women and the percentage of men in the workforce was the smallest on record....  View Details
      Keywords: Women; Career; Gender Gap; Glass Ceiling; Gender; Employment; Personal Development and Career; Equality and Inequality; Organizational Culture; Diversity; Management; Strategy
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      Ammerman, Colleen, and Boris Groysberg. Glass Half-Broken: Shattering the Barriers That Still Hold Women Back at Work. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2021.
      • January 19, 2021
      • Article

      How to Be a 'Glass-Shattering' Organization

      By: Colleen Ammerman and Boris Groysberg
      Advancing gender equality is certainly desirable, but may not seem vital during this turbulent time — yet that assumption couldn’t be further from the truth. In fact, losing sight of gender equity right now is likely to put you at a real disadvantage when the pandemic...  View Details
      Keywords: Gender Equity; Gender Inclusivity; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Organizational Change and Adaptation
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      Ammerman, Colleen, and Boris Groysberg. "How to Be a 'Glass-Shattering' Organization." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (January 19, 2021).
      • September 2020 (Revised September 2021)
      • Case

      Student Success at Georgia State University (A)

      By: Michael W. Toffel, Robin Mendelson and Julia Kelley
      Georgia State University had developed a reputation for driving student success by nearly doubling its graduation rate for students of all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. It did so while growing its student body and the proportion of Black/African...  View Details
      Keywords: Education; Higher Education; Learning; Curriculum and Courses; Demographics; Diversity; Ethnicity; Income; Race; Leadership; Goals and Objectives; Measurement and Metrics; Operations; Organizations; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Culture; Outcome or Result; Performance; Performance Effectiveness; Performance Evaluation; Service Operations; Performance Improvement; Planning; Strategic Planning; Social Enterprise; Nonprofit Organizations; Social Issues; Wealth and Poverty; Equality and Inequality; Information Technology; Digital Platforms; Education Industry; Atlanta
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      Toffel, Michael W., Robin Mendelson, and Julia Kelley. "Student Success at Georgia State University (A)." Harvard Business School Case 621-006, September 2020. (Revised September 2021.)
      • September 2020 (Revised September 2021)
      • Supplement

      Student Success at Georgia State University (B)

      By: Michael W. Toffel, Robin Mendelson and Julia Kelley
      This is a supplement to the Student Success at Georgia State University (A) case. The (B) case includes the results of a randomized control trial that Georgia State conducted to test education technology start-up AdmitHub’s chatbot solution as a strategy for improving...  View Details
      Keywords: Education; Higher Education; Learning; Curriculum and Courses; Demographics; Diversity; Ethnicity; Income; Race; Values and Beliefs; Leadership; Goals and Objectives; Measurement and Metrics; Operations; Organizations; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Culture; Outcome or Result; Performance; Performance Effectiveness; Performance Evaluation; Performance Improvement; Planning; Strategic Planning; Social Enterprise; Nonprofit Organizations; Social Issues; Wealth and Poverty; Equality and Inequality; Information Technology; Digital Platforms; Education Industry; Atlanta
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      Toffel, Michael W., Robin Mendelson, and Julia Kelley. "Student Success at Georgia State University (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 621-039, September 2020. (Revised September 2021.)
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Uncovering Inequalities in Time-Use and Well-Being during COVID-19: A Multi-Country Investigation

      By: Laura M. Giurge, Ayse Yemiscigil, Joseph Sherlock and Ashley V. Whillans
      The COVID-19 global pandemic continues to alter how people spend their time, with possible downstream consequences for subjective well-being. Using diverse samples from the United States, Canada, Denmark, Brazil, and Spain (n = 30,018) and following a preregistered...  View Details
      Keywords: Time-use; Subjective Well-being; COVID-19; Health Pandemics; Work-Life Balance; Gender; Equality and Inequality
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      Giurge, Laura M., Ayse Yemiscigil, Joseph Sherlock, and Ashley V. Whillans. "Uncovering Inequalities in Time-Use and Well-Being during COVID-19: A Multi-Country Investigation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-037, September 2020.
      • Article

      Relational Reconciliation: Socializing Others Across Demographic Differences

      By: Lakshmi Ramarajan and Erin M. Reid
      In demographically diverse organizations, employees charged with socializing others— socialization agents—must navigate a deep tension between the organization’s needs to integrate individuals into a collective and individuals’ needs for recognition of their unique...  View Details
      Keywords: Diversity; Organizational Culture; Identity; Employees
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      Ramarajan, Lakshmi, and Erin M. Reid. "Relational Reconciliation: Socializing Others Across Demographic Differences." Academy of Management Journal 63, no. 2 (April 2020): 356–385.
      • March 2020
      • Article

      Explaining the Persistence of Gender Inequality: The Work-family Narrative as a Social Defense Against 24/7 Work Culture

      By: Irene Padavic, Robin J. Ely and Erin M. Reid
      It is widely accepted that the conflict between women’s family obligations and professional jobs’ long hours lies at the heart of their stalled advancement. Yet research suggests that this “work-family narrative” is incomplete: men also experience it and nevertheless...  View Details
      Keywords: 24/7 Work Culture; Hegemonic Narrative; Social Defense; Work-family Conflict; Systems-psychodynamic Theory; Work-Life Balance; Personal Development and Career; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Organizational Culture
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      Padavic, Irene, Robin J. Ely, and Erin M. Reid. "Explaining the Persistence of Gender Inequality: The Work-family Narrative as a Social Defense Against 24/7 Work Culture." Administrative Science Quarterly 65, no. 1 (March 2020): 61–111. (Winner, Rosabeth Moss Kanter Award for Excellence in Work-Family Research, 2021. Runner-up, Financial Times Responsible Business Education Award, Academic Research with Impact, 2021.)
      • March–April 2020
      • Article

      What's Really Holding Women Back? It's Not What Most People Think

      By: R. Ely and Irene Padavic
      Ask people to explain why women remain so dramatically underrepresented in the senior ranks of most companies, and you will hear from the vast majority a lament that goes something like this: High-level jobs require extremely long hours, women's devotion to family...  View Details
      Keywords: Overwork; Employment; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Work-Life Balance; Organizational Culture
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      Ely, R., and Irene Padavic. "What's Really Holding Women Back? It's Not What Most People Think." Harvard Business Review 98, no. 2 (March–April 2020): 58–67.
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