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- August 2023
- Case
Toby Norman: Is Passion Enough for Simprints to Thrive?
By: Jon M. Jachimowicz, Amram Migdal and Max Hancock
As co-founder and CEO of Simprints—a social enterprise with the mission to “transform the way the world fights poverty"—Toby Norman was at a crossroads. His organization had developed ground-breaking technology used to verify aid delivery, reached more than 2.5 million...
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Jachimowicz, Jon M., Amram Migdal, and Max Hancock. "Toby Norman: Is Passion Enough for Simprints to Thrive?" Harvard Business School Case 424-015, August 2023.
- March–April 2023
- Article
Market Segmentation Trees
By: Ali Aouad, Adam Elmachtoub, Kris J. Ferreira and Ryan McNellis
Problem definition: We seek to provide an interpretable framework for segmenting users in a population for personalized decision making. Methodology/results: We propose a general methodology, market segmentation trees (MSTs), for learning market...
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Keywords:
Decision Trees;
Computational Advertising;
Market Segmentation;
Analytics and Data Science;
E-commerce;
Consumer Behavior;
Marketplace Matching;
Marketing Channels;
Digital Marketing
Aouad, Ali, Adam Elmachtoub, Kris J. Ferreira, and Ryan McNellis. "Market Segmentation Trees." Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 25, no. 2 (March–April 2023): 648–667.
- 2023
- Article
Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules
By: Kosuke Imai and Michael Lingzhi Li
The increasing availability of individual-level data has led to numerous applications of individualized (or personalized) treatment rules (ITRs). Policy makers often wish to empirically evaluate ITRs and compare their relative performance before implementing them in a...
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Keywords:
Causal Inference;
Heterogeneous Treatment Effects;
Precision Medicine;
Uplift Modeling;
Analytics and Data Science;
AI and Machine Learning
Imai, Kosuke, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules." Journal of the American Statistical Association 118, no. 541 (2023): 242–256.
- 2022
- Article
OpenXAI: Towards a Transparent Evaluation of Model Explanations
By: Chirag Agarwal, Satyapriya Krishna, Eshika Saxena, Martin Pawelczyk, Nari Johnson, Isha Puri, Marinka Zitnik and Himabindu Lakkaraju
While several types of post hoc explanation methods have been proposed in recent literature, there is very little work on systematically benchmarking these methods. Here, we introduce OpenXAI, a comprehensive and extensible opensource framework for evaluating and...
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Agarwal, Chirag, Satyapriya Krishna, Eshika Saxena, Martin Pawelczyk, Nari Johnson, Isha Puri, Marinka Zitnik, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "OpenXAI: Towards a Transparent Evaluation of Model Explanations." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2022).
- November 2022 (Revised January 2023)
- Case
Hugging Face: Serving AI on a Platform
By: Shane Greenstein, Daniel Yue, Kerry Herman and Sarah Gulick
It is fall 2022, and open-source AI model company Hugging Face is considering its three areas of priorities: platform development, supporting the open-source community, and pursuing cutting-edge scientific research. As it expands services for enterprise clients, which...
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Keywords:
Community;
Open-source;
AI and Machine Learning;
Product Development;
Networks;
Service Delivery;
Research;
Governance;
Business and Stakeholder Relations;
Information Industry;
Technology Industry;
United States
Greenstein, Shane, Daniel Yue, Kerry Herman, and Sarah Gulick. "Hugging Face: Serving AI on a Platform." Harvard Business School Case 623-026, November 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
- September 2022 (Revised August 2023)
- Case
Audrey Tang: Using Technology to Strengthen Democracy in Taiwan
By: Shikhar Ghosh and Shweta Bagai
Since the early days of the internet, Taiwan had a vibrant community of civic hackers and open-source programmers who engaged with social issues. Audrey Tang was one of them. She spearheaded the 2014 Sunflower Student Movement in Taiwan, where protestors peacefully...
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Keywords:
Democracy;
Internet;
Web Technology;
Digital Transformation;
Digital Platform;
COVID;
Information Technology;
Applications and Software;
Governance;
Entrepreneurship;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Innovation and Invention;
Taiwan;
China;
Asia
Ghosh, Shikhar, and Shweta Bagai. "Audrey Tang: Using Technology to Strengthen Democracy in Taiwan." Harvard Business School Case 823-048, September 2022. (Revised August 2023.)
- March 2022
- Article
How to Prioritize the Improvement of Open-Source Software Security
By: Frank Nagle
Nagle, Frank. "How to Prioritize the Improvement of Open-Source Software Security." Brookings TechStream (March 2022).
- September 2, 2021
- Article
The Digital Economy Runs on Open Source. Here's How to Protect It.
By: Hila Lifshitz-Assaf and Frank Nagle
Free and open source software (FOSS) is essential to much of the tech we use every day—from cars to phones to planes to the cloud. While traditionally, it was developed by an army of volunteer developers and given away for free, companies are increasingly taking a more...
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Keywords:
Free And Open-source Software;
FOSS;
Open Source Distribution;
Applications and Software;
Collaborative Innovation and Invention;
Organizations;
Policy;
Cybersecurity
Lifshitz-Assaf, Hila, and Frank Nagle. "The Digital Economy Runs on Open Source. Here's How to Protect It." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (September 2, 2021).
- Winter 2021
- Article
Dealmaking Disrupted: The Unexplored Power of Social Media in Negotiation
By: James K. Sebenius, Ben Cook, David A. Lax, Isaac Silberberg and Paul Levy
While social media has had profound effects in many realms, the theory and practice of negotiation have remained relatively untouched by this potent phenomenon. In this article, we survey existing research in this area and develop a broader framework for understanding...
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Sebenius, James K., Ben Cook, David A. Lax, Isaac Silberberg, and Paul Levy. "Dealmaking Disrupted: The Unexplored Power of Social Media in Negotiation." Special Issue on Artificial Intelligence, Technology, and Negotiation. Negotiation Journal 37, no. 1 (Winter 2021): 97–141.
- Article
Why Congress Should Invest in Open-Source Software
By: Frank Nagle
Nagle, Frank. "Why Congress Should Invest in Open-Source Software." Brookings TechStream (October 13, 2020).
- September 19, 2017
- Article
After Equifax Breach, Companies Advised to Review Open-Source Software Code
By: Ben DiPietro and Lou Shipley
It doesn’t make much sense: At a time when high-powered automated trading systems can execute stock sales in real time, some companies that rely on open-source software to help to run their businesses track their open-source use on spread sheets on paper.
Lou... View Details
Lou... View Details
Keywords:
Software;
Open-source;
Security Vulnerabilities;
Data Privacy;
Hack;
Applications and Software;
Safety;
Cybersecurity
DiPietro, Ben, and Lou Shipley. "After Equifax Breach, Companies Advised to Review Open-Source Software Code." Wall Street Journal (September 19, 2017).
- February 2017 (Revised May 2017)
- Case
Rapid7
By: Mitchell Weiss, Paul Gompers and Silpa Kovvali
That Corey Thomas, vice president at Boston-based Rapid7, Inc., was about to enter his investor’s boardroom to negotiate a potential acquisition of Metasploit, LLC, was already an unlikely achievement of sorts. After all, Rapid7 was a venture-backed, corporate...
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- 2017
- Working Paper
Exploring the Relationship between Architecture Coupling and Software Vulnerabilities: A Google Chrome Case
By: Robert Lagerstrom, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack, Dan Sturtevant and Lee Doolan
Employing software metrics, such as size and complexity, for predicting defects has been given a lot of attention over the years and has proven very useful. However, the few studies looking at software architecture and vulnerabilities are limited in scope and findings....
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Keywords:
Software;
Architecture;
Coupling;
Vulnerabilities;
Applications and Software;
Complexity;
Measurement and Metrics
Lagerstrom, Robert, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack, Dan Sturtevant, and Lee Doolan. "Exploring the Relationship between Architecture Coupling and Software Vulnerabilities: A Google Chrome Case." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-078, February 2017.
- Summer 2015
- Article
Investment Incentives in Open-Source and Proprietary Two-Sided Platforms
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Gaston Llanes
We study incentives to invest in platform quality in open-source and proprietary two-sided platforms. Open platforms have open access, and developers invest to improve the platform. Proprietary platforms have closed access, and investment is done by the platform owner....
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Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Gaston Llanes. "Investment Incentives in Open-Source and Proprietary Two-Sided Platforms." Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 24, no. 2 (Summer 2015): 306–324.
- Article
Exploring the Duality Between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the 'Mirroring' Hypothesis
By: Alan MacCormack, Carliss Y. Baldwin and John Rusnak
A variety of academic studies argue that a relationship exists between the structure of an organization and the design of the products that the organization produces. Specifically, products tend to "mirror" the architectures of the organizations in which they are...
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Keywords:
Organization Design;
Architecture;
Modularity;
Open Source Software;
Communication;
Design;
Governance;
Management Practices and Processes;
Open Source Distribution;
Product Design;
Mission and Purpose;
Organizational Structure;
Performance;
Problems and Challenges;
Behavior;
Software
MacCormack, Alan, Carliss Y. Baldwin, and John Rusnak. "Exploring the Duality Between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the 'Mirroring' Hypothesis." Research Policy 41, no. 8 (October 2012): 1309–1324.
- December 2008
- Article
Which Kind of Collaboration Is Right for You?
By: Roberto Verganti and Gary P. Pisano
Nowadays, virtually no companies innovate alone. Firms team up with a variety of partners, in a wide number of ways, to create new technologies, products, and services. But what is the best way to leverage the power of outsiders? To help executives answer that...
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Keywords:
Cost vs Benefits;
Framework;
Collaborative Innovation and Invention;
Innovation and Management;
Partners and Partnerships;
Social and Collaborative Networks;
Strategy
Verganti, Roberto, and Gary P. Pisano. "Which Kind of Collaboration Is Right for You?" Harvard Business Review 86, no. 12 (December 2008).
- September 2006 (Revised September 2007)
- Case
VMware, Inc. (A)
By: David B. Yoffie, Ward Bullard, Nikhil Raj and Suja Vaidyanathan
VMware, Inc., the first company to crack the software virtualization market, faces new challenges from competitors' plans to bundle free virtualization solutions in operating systems. VMware, acquired by data storage giant EMC Corp. in 2003, has delivered top-line...
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Keywords:
Technological Innovation;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Market Entry and Exit;
Open Source Distribution;
Competition
Yoffie, David B., Ward Bullard, Nikhil Raj, and Suja Vaidyanathan. "VMware, Inc. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 707-013, September 2006. (Revised September 2007.)
- July 2006
- Article
Dynamic Mixed Duopoly: A Model Motivated by Linux vs. Windows
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Pankaj Ghemawat
This paper analyzes a dynamic mixed duopoly in which a profit-maximizing competitor interacts with a competitor that prices at zero (or marginal cost), with the cumulation of output affecting their relative positions over time. The modeling effort is motivated by...
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Keywords:
Open Source Software;
Demand-side Learning;
Network Effects;
Linux;
Mixed Duopoly;
Competitive Dynamics;
Business Models;
Duopoly and Oligopoly;
Information Technology;
Applications and Software;
Business Model;
Mathematical Methods;
Digital Platforms;
Profit;
Balance and Stability;
Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques;
SWOT Analysis;
Competition;
Price;
Information Technology Industry
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Pankaj Ghemawat. "Dynamic Mixed Duopoly: A Model Motivated by Linux vs. Windows." Management Science 52, no. 7 (July 2006): 1072–1084.
- May 2006
- Article
The Dynamics of Open-Source Contributions
By: Josh Lerner, Parag Pathak and Jean Tirole
Keywords:
Technology
Lerner, Josh, Parag Pathak, and Jean Tirole. "The Dynamics of Open-Source Contributions." American Economic Review 96, no. 2 (May 2006): 114–118.
- 2003
- Working Paper
Dynamic Mixed Duopoly: A Model Motivated by Linux vs. Windows
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Pankaj Ghemawat
This paper analyzes a dynamic mixed duopoly in which a profit-maximizing competitor interacts with a competitor that prices at zero (or marginal cost), with the cumulation of output affecting their relative positions over time. The modeling effort is motivated by...
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Keywords:
Business Model;
Competition;
Open Source Distribution;
Balance and Stability;
Applications and Software;
Network Effects;
Duopoly and Oligopoly
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Pankaj Ghemawat. "Dynamic Mixed Duopoly: A Model Motivated by Linux vs. Windows." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 04-012, August 2003.