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    • All HBS Web  (99)
      • Faculty Publications  (19)

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      • 2022
      • Article

      OpenXAI: Towards a Transparent Evaluation of Model Explanations

      By: Chirag Agarwal, Satyapriya Krishna, Eshika Saxena, Martin Pawelczyk, Nari Johnson, Isha Puri, Marinka Zitnik and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      While several types of post hoc explanation methods have been proposed in recent literature, there is very little work on systematically benchmarking these methods. Here, we introduce OpenXAI, a comprehensive and extensible opensource framework for evaluating and...  View Details
      Keywords: Measurement and Metrics; Analytics and Data Science
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      Agarwal, Chirag, Satyapriya Krishna, Eshika Saxena, Martin Pawelczyk, Nari Johnson, Isha Puri, Marinka Zitnik, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "OpenXAI: Towards a Transparent Evaluation of Model Explanations." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2022).
      • November 2022 (Revised January 2023)
      • Case

      Hugging Face: Serving AI on a Platform

      By: Shane Greenstein, Daniel Yue, Kerry Herman and Sarah Gulick
      It is fall 2022, and open-source AI model company Hugging Face is considering its three areas of priorities: platform development, supporting the open-source community, and pursuing cutting-edge scientific research. As it expands services for enterprise clients, which...  View Details
      Keywords: Community; Open-source; AI and Machine Learning; Product Development; Networks; Service Delivery; Research; Governance; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Information Industry; Technology Industry; United States
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      Greenstein, Shane, Daniel Yue, Kerry Herman, and Sarah Gulick. "Hugging Face: Serving AI on a Platform." Harvard Business School Case 623-026, November 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
      • September 2, 2021
      • Article

      The Digital Economy Runs on Open Source. Here's How to Protect It.

      By: Hila Lifshitz-Assaf and Frank Nagle
      Free and open source software (FOSS) is essential to much of the tech we use every day—from cars to phones to planes to the cloud. While traditionally, it was developed by an army of volunteer developers and given away for free, companies are increasingly taking a more...  View Details
      Keywords: Free And Open-source Software; FOSS; Open Source Distribution; Applications and Software; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Organizations; Policy; Cybersecurity
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      Lifshitz-Assaf, Hila, and Frank Nagle. "The Digital Economy Runs on Open Source. Here's How to Protect It." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (September 2, 2021).
      • Winter 2021
      • Article

      Dealmaking Disrupted: The Unexplored Power of Social Media in Negotiation

      By: James K. Sebenius, Ben Cook, David A. Lax, Isaac Silberberg and Paul Levy
      While social media has had profound effects in many realms, the theory and practice of negotiation have remained relatively untouched by this potent phenomenon. In this article, we survey existing research in this area and develop a broader framework for understanding...  View Details
      Keywords: Bargaining; 3D Negotiation; Negotiation; Conflict and Resolution; Social Media
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      Sebenius, James K., Ben Cook, David A. Lax, Isaac Silberberg, and Paul Levy. "Dealmaking Disrupted: The Unexplored Power of Social Media in Negotiation." Special Issue on Artificial Intelligence, Technology, and Negotiation. Negotiation Journal 37, no. 1 (Winter 2021): 97–141.
      • Article

      Why Congress Should Invest in Open-Source Software

      By: Frank Nagle
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      Nagle, Frank. "Why Congress Should Invest in Open-Source Software." Brookings TechStream (October 13, 2020).
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Market Segmentation Trees

      By: Ali Aouad, Adam Elmachtoub, Kris Ferreira and Ryan McNellis
      As more commerce and media consumption are being conducted online, a wealth of new opportunities are emerging for personalized advertising. We propose a general methodology, Model Trees for Personalization (MTP), for tackling a broad class of personalized...  View Details
      Keywords: Decision Trees; Computational Advertising; Market Segmentation; Digital Marketing; Customization and Personalization; Segmentation; Decision Making
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      Aouad, Ali, Adam Elmachtoub, Kris Ferreira, and Ryan McNellis. "Market Segmentation Trees." Working Paper, July 2022.
      • September 19, 2017
      • Article

      After Equifax Breach, Companies Advised to Review Open-Source Software Code

      By: Ben DiPietro and Lou Shipley
      It doesn’t make much sense: At a time when high-powered automated trading systems can execute stock sales in real time, some companies that rely on open-source software to help to run their businesses track their open-source use on spread sheets on paper.
      Lou...  View Details
      Keywords: Software; Open-source; Security Vulnerabilities; Data Privacy; Hack; Applications and Software; Safety; Cybersecurity
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      DiPietro, Ben, and Lou Shipley. "After Equifax Breach, Companies Advised to Review Open-Source Software Code." Wall Street Journal (September 19, 2017).
      • February 2017 (Revised May 2017)
      • Case

      Rapid7

      By: Mitchell Weiss, Paul Gompers and Silpa Kovvali
      That Corey Thomas, vice president at Boston-based Rapid7, Inc., was about to enter his investor’s boardroom to negotiate a potential acquisition of Metasploit, LLC, was already an unlikely achievement of sorts. After all, Rapid7 was a venture-backed, corporate...  View Details
      Keywords: Acquisition; Computer Hacking; Open-source; Corey Thomas; Rapid7; Exploit Testing; Mergers and Acquisitions; Cybersecurity; Computer Industry; North and Central America; Boston
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      Weiss, Mitchell, Paul Gompers, and Silpa Kovvali. "Rapid7." Harvard Business School Case 817-077, February 2017. (Revised May 2017.)
      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Exploring the Relationship between Architecture Coupling and Software Vulnerabilities: A Google Chrome Case

      By: Robert Lagerstrom, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack, Dan Sturtevant and Lee Doolan
      Employing software metrics, such as size and complexity, for predicting defects has been given a lot of attention over the years and has proven very useful. However, the few studies looking at software architecture and vulnerabilities are limited in scope and findings....  View Details
      Keywords: Software; Architecture; Coupling; Vulnerabilities; Applications and Software; Complexity; Measurement and Metrics
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      Lagerstrom, Robert, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack, Dan Sturtevant, and Lee Doolan. "Exploring the Relationship between Architecture Coupling and Software Vulnerabilities: A Google Chrome Case." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-078, February 2017.
      • Summer 2015
      • Article

      Investment Incentives in Open-Source and Proprietary Two-Sided Platforms

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Gaston Llanes
      We study incentives to invest in platform quality in open-source and proprietary two-sided platforms. Open platforms have open access, and developers invest to improve the platform. Proprietary platforms have closed access, and investment is done by the platform owner....  View Details
      Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Digital Platforms; Open Source Distribution; Investment
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Gaston Llanes. "Investment Incentives in Open-Source and Proprietary Two-Sided Platforms." Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 24, no. 2 (Summer 2015): 306–324.
      • Article

      Exploring the Duality Between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the 'Mirroring' Hypothesis

      By: Alan MacCormack, Carliss Y. Baldwin and John Rusnak
      A variety of academic studies argue that a relationship exists between the structure of an organization and the design of the products that the organization produces. Specifically, products tend to "mirror" the architectures of the organizations in which they are...  View Details
      Keywords: Organization Design; Architecture; Modularity; Open Source Software; Communication; Design; Governance; Management Practices and Processes; Open Source Distribution; Product Design; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Structure; Performance; Problems and Challenges; Behavior; Software
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      MacCormack, Alan, Carliss Y. Baldwin, and John Rusnak. "Exploring the Duality Between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the 'Mirroring' Hypothesis." Research Policy 41, no. 8 (October 2012): 1309–1324.
      • December 2008
      • Article

      Which Kind of Collaboration Is Right for You?

      By: Roberto Verganti and Gary P. Pisano
      Nowadays, virtually no companies innovate alone. Firms team up with a variety of partners, in a wide number of ways, to create new technologies, products, and services. But what is the best way to leverage the power of outsiders? To help executives answer that...  View Details
      Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Framework; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management; Partners and Partnerships; Social and Collaborative Networks; Strategy
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      Verganti, Roberto, and Gary P. Pisano. "Which Kind of Collaboration Is Right for You?" Harvard Business Review 86, no. 12 (December 2008).
      • September 2006 (Revised September 2007)
      • Case

      VMware, Inc. (A)

      By: David B. Yoffie, Ward Bullard, Nikhil Raj and Suja Vaidyanathan
      VMware, Inc., the first company to crack the software virtualization market, faces new challenges from competitors' plans to bundle free virtualization solutions in operating systems. VMware, acquired by data storage giant EMC Corp. in 2003, has delivered top-line...  View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Open Source Distribution; Competition
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      Yoffie, David B., Ward Bullard, Nikhil Raj, and Suja Vaidyanathan. "VMware, Inc. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 707-013, September 2006. (Revised September 2007.)
      • July 2006
      • Article

      Dynamic Mixed Duopoly: A Model Motivated by Linux vs. Windows

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Pankaj Ghemawat
      This paper analyzes a dynamic mixed duopoly in which a profit-maximizing competitor interacts with a competitor that prices at zero (or marginal cost), with the cumulation of output affecting their relative positions over time. The modeling effort is motivated by...  View Details
      Keywords: Open Source Software; Demand-side Learning; Network Effects; Linux; Mixed Duopoly; Competitive Dynamics; Business Models; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Information Technology; Applications and Software; Business Model; Mathematical Methods; Digital Platforms; Profit; Balance and Stability; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; SWOT Analysis; Competition; Price; Information Technology Industry
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Pankaj Ghemawat. "Dynamic Mixed Duopoly: A Model Motivated by Linux vs. Windows." Management Science 52, no. 7 (July 2006): 1072–1084.
      • May 2006
      • Article

      The Dynamics of Open-Source Contributions

      By: Josh Lerner, Parag Pathak and Jean Tirole
      Keywords: Technology
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      Lerner, Josh, Parag Pathak, and Jean Tirole. "The Dynamics of Open-Source Contributions." American Economic Review 96, no. 2 (May 2006): 114–118.
      • 2003
      • Working Paper

      Dynamic Mixed Duopoly: A Model Motivated by Linux vs. Windows

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Pankaj Ghemawat
      This paper analyzes a dynamic mixed duopoly in which a profit-maximizing competitor interacts with a competitor that prices at zero (or marginal cost), with the cumulation of output affecting their relative positions over time. The modeling effort is motivated by...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Competition; Open Source Distribution; Balance and Stability; Applications and Software; Network Effects; Duopoly and Oligopoly
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Pankaj Ghemawat. "Dynamic Mixed Duopoly: A Model Motivated by Linux vs. Windows." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 04-012, August 2003.
      • November 1999 (Revised March 2002)
      • Case

      Red Hat and the Linux Revolution

      By: Alan D. MacCormack and Kerry Herman
      The case describes the history of the Linux operating system and the open-source movement in general. Focuses on a critical decision being made by Red Hat, the largest distributor of Linux, about its future development efforts. The decision allows students to explore...  View Details
      Keywords: Open Source Distribution; Applications and Software; Product Development; Change Management; Research and Development; Business Processes; Disruptive Innovation; Information Technology Industry; North Carolina
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      MacCormack, Alan D., and Kerry Herman. "Red Hat and the Linux Revolution." Harvard Business School Case 600-009, November 1999. (Revised March 2002.)
      • Article

      Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules

      By: Kosuke Imai and Michael Lingzhi Li
      The increasing availability of individual-level data has led to numerous applications of individualized (or personalized) treatment rules (ITRs). Policy makers often wish to empirically evaluate ITRs and compare their relative performance before implementing them in a...  View Details
      Keywords: Causal Inference; Heterogeneous Treatment Effects; Precision Medicine; Uplift Modeling; Analytics and Data Science; AI and Machine Learning
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      Imai, Kosuke, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules." Journal of the American Statistical Association (in press). (Published online 6/21/21.)
      • Teaching Interest

      Overview

      By: Jill J. Avery
      Creating Brand Value (MBA elective course)

      Overview:

      In the consumer/retail space, brands are often companies’ most valuable assets and sources of their sustainable competitive advantage. But, managing brands to achieve their full value potential...  View Details
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