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Publications

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      • Faculty Publications  (52)

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      • May–June 2025
      • Article

      Sustainability as a Business-Model Transformation

      By: Ivanka Visnjic, Felipe Monteiro and Michael L. Tushman
      Many global companies have made public commitments to sustainability targets. Fulfilling these commitments will require firms to transform their business models and organizational architectures. A few pioneers are leading the way, demonstrating that companies can make... View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Business Model
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      Visnjic, Ivanka, Felipe Monteiro, and Michael L. Tushman. "Sustainability as a Business-Model Transformation." Harvard Business Review 103, no. 3 (May–June 2025): 80–89.
      • April 2025
      • Teaching Note

      Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) and (B)

      By: Michael W. Toffel, Ken Pucker and Stacy Straaberg
      Teaching Note for HBS Case Nos. 622-024, 625-004, 625-005, and 625-702. The Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) case introduces Allbirds as a footwear startup not only focused on simple design, comfort, and sustainable natural materials but on decarbonizing the wider... View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Impact; Environmental Strategy; Innovation; Product Design; Supply Chain Management; Innovation Strategy; Innovation and Management; Product Development; Climate Change; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Business Startups; Initial Public Offering; Knowledge Sharing; Competitive Advantage; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Fashion Industry; United States; California
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      Toffel, Michael W., Ken Pucker, and Stacy Straaberg. "Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 625-006, April 2025.
      • April 2025
      • Supplement

      Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion PowerPoint Supplement

      By: Michael W. Toffel, Ken Pucker and Stacy Straaberg
      The Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) case introduces Allbirds as a footwear startup not only focused on simple design, comfort, and sustainable natural materials but on decarbonizing the wider fashion industry. Background material highlights the growing... View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Impact; Environmental Strategy; Innovation; Product Design; Supply Chain Management; Innovation Strategy; Innovation and Management; Product Development; Climate Change; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Fashion Industry; United States; California
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      Toffel, Michael W., Ken Pucker, and Stacy Straaberg. "Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion PowerPoint Supplement." Harvard Business School PowerPoint Supplement 625-005.
      • November 2023 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Infarm: Betting the (Indoor) Farm on Food Security

      By: Elie Ofek
      In the summer of 2023, the co-founders of Infarm, a controlled environment agriculture (CEA) company, were contemplating a major pivot going forward. While Infarm had successfully shown it could grow over 75 products—mainly herbs, leafy greens and mushrooms—in modular... View Details
      Keywords: Plant-Based Agribusiness; Business Model; Market Entry and Exit; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Transition; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Europe; North America; Toronto; Northeastern United States
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      Ofek, Elie. "Infarm: Betting the (Indoor) Farm on Food Security." Harvard Business School Case 524-043, November 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
      • October–December 2023
      • Article

      A Practical Guide to Conversation Research: How to Study What People Say to Each Other

      By: Michael Yeomans, Katelynn Boland, Hanne K. Collins, Nicole Abi-Esber and Alison Wood Brooks
      Conversation—a verbal interaction between two or more people—is a complex, pervasive, and consequential human behavior. Conversations have been studied across many academic disciplines. However, advances in recording and analysis techniques over the last decade have... View Details
      Keywords: Interpersonal Communication; Analytics and Data Science; Research
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      Yeomans, Michael, Katelynn Boland, Hanne K. Collins, Nicole Abi-Esber, and Alison Wood Brooks. "A Practical Guide to Conversation Research: How to Study What People Say to Each Other." Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 6, no. 4 (October–December 2023).
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Black-box Training Data Identification in GANs via Detector Networks

      By: Lukman Olagoke, Salil Vadhan and Seth Neel
      Since their inception Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have been popular generative models across images, audio, video, and tabular data. In this paper we study whether given access to a trained GAN, as well as fresh samples from the underlying distribution, if... View Details
      Keywords: Cybersecurity; Copyright; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science
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      Olagoke, Lukman, Salil Vadhan, and Seth Neel. "Black-box Training Data Identification in GANs via Detector Networks." Working Paper, October 2023.
      • March 2023 (Revised June 2023)
      • Case

      Metaverse Wars

      By: Andy Wu, David B. Yoffie and Matt Higgins
      In 2023, the term metaverse — a combination of “meta” and “universe” — had become a catch-all for a diverse set of expectations about online virtual worlds and the future of the internet. To some, the metaverse conjured images of a massive participatory videogame... View Details
      Keywords: Metaverse; Technology; Virtual Reality; Facebook; Social Media; Technological Innovation; Internet and the Web; Technology Adoption
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      Wu, Andy, David B. Yoffie, and Matt Higgins. "Metaverse Wars." Harvard Business School Case 723-431, March 2023. (Revised June 2023.)
      • 2022
      • Chapter

      The Merits and Limits of China's Modern Universities

      By: William C. Kirby
      China has a long history of advanced learning, but its modern universities are quite young. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, the establishment of Chinese universities based on international models signaled the end of a millennium of promoting talent through... View Details
      Keywords: Higher Education; Education Industry; China
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      Kirby, William C. "The Merits and Limits of China's Modern Universities." Chap. 11 in Making Meritocracy: Lessons from China and India, from Antiquity to the Present, edited by Tarun Khanna and Michael Szonyi, 262–283. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2022.
      • 2022
      • White Paper

      Census II of Free and Open Source Software - Application Libraries

      By: Frank Nagle, James Dana, Jennifer Hoffman, Steven Randazzo and Yanuo Zhou
      Produced in partnership with Harvard Laboratory for Innovation Science (LISH) and the Open Source Security Foundation (OpenSSF), Census II is the second investigation into the widespread use of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS). The Census II effort utilizes data... View Details
      Keywords: Open Source Software; Applications and Software; Cybersecurity; Open Source Distribution
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      Nagle, Frank, James Dana, Jennifer Hoffman, Steven Randazzo, and Yanuo Zhou. "Census II of Free and Open Source Software - Application Libraries." White Paper, Linux Foundation and Laboratory for Innovation Science at Harvard, March 2022.
      • August 2021 (Revised October 2024)
      • Case

      Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A)

      By: Michael W. Toffel, Kenneth P. Pucker and Eren Kuzucu
      The Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) case introduces Allbirds as a footwear startup not only focused on simple design, comfort, and sustainable natural materials but on decarbonizing the wider fashion industry. Background material highlights the growing... View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Impact; Environmental Strategy; Innovation; Product Design; Supply Chain Management; Innovation Strategy; Innovation and Management; Product Development; Climate Change; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Fashion Industry; United States; California
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      Toffel, Michael W., Kenneth P. Pucker, and Eren Kuzucu. "Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A)." Harvard Business School Case 622-024, August 2021. (Revised October 2024.)
      • May 2021
      • Case

      Megan Ming Francis: Leadership and Racial Injustice

      By: Francesca Gino and Frances X. Frei
      In this multimedia case, Megan Ming Francis, a professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Washington (UW) and a visiting professor at the Harvard Kennedy School, discusses the roots of racial injustice and the need for change. Through... View Details
      Keywords: Racial Injustice; Race; Prejudice and Bias; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Leadership
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      Gino, Francesca, and Frances X. Frei. "Megan Ming Francis: Leadership and Racial Injustice." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 921-701, May 2021.
      • Article

      Joy and Rigor in Behavioral Science

      By: Hanne K. Collins, Ashley V. Whillans and Leslie K. John
      In the past decade, behavioral science has seen the introduction of beneficial reforms to reduce false positive results. Serving as the motivational backdrop for the present research, we wondered whether these reforms might have unintended negative consequences on... View Details
      Keywords: Open Science; Pre-registration; Exploration; Confirmation; False Positives; Career Satisfaction; Science; Research; Personal Development and Career; Satisfaction; Diversity
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      Collins, Hanne K., Ashley V. Whillans, and Leslie K. John. "Joy and Rigor in Behavioral Science." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 164 (May 2021): 179–191.
      • April 2021
      • Case

      Codecademy: Where to Next?

      By: Jeffrey F. Rayport, Max Mailman and Sarah Ascherman
      In March 2020, Zach Sims, co-founder and CEO of online education platform Codecademy, prepared for a meeting with his Chief of Staff Kunal Ahuja to discuss the company’s goals. Codecademy billed itself as the largest online resource for computer science literacy and... View Details
      Keywords: Monetization Strategy; Business Model; Change Management; Venture Capital; Leading Change; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Management Teams; Marketing Channels; Product Marketing; Network Effects; Product Development; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Strategic Planning; Internet and the Web; Digital Platforms; United States
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      Rayport, Jeffrey F., Max Mailman, and Sarah Ascherman. "Codecademy: Where to Next?" Harvard Business School Case 821-093, April 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Hidden Software and Veiled Value Creation: Illustrations from Server Software Usage

      By: Raviv Murciano-Goroff, Ran Zhuo and Shane Greenstein
      How do you measure the value of a commodity that transacts at a price of zero from an economic standpoint? This study examines the potential for and extent of omission and misattribution in standard approaches to economic accounting with regards to open source... View Details
      Keywords: Server Software; Open Source Distribution; Applications and Software; Analytics and Data Science; Economics; Value Creation; Measurement and Metrics
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      Murciano-Goroff, Raviv, Ran Zhuo, and Shane Greenstein. "Hidden Software and Veiled Value Creation: Illustrations from Server Software Usage." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28738, April 2021.
      • April 2021 (Revised July 2021)
      • Case

      Public Equities Impact Investing at BlackRock

      By: Shawn A. Cole, Vikram S. Gandhi, Michael Norris and John Masko
      In early 2021, BlackRock—the world’s largest asset manager with $9 trillion in assets under management (AUM)—sought to become a leader in promoting environmental and social sustainability. Over the previous ten years, CEO Larry Fink had written an annual open letter to... View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Equity; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Financial Management; Investment Funds; Investment Return; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Cole, Shawn A., Vikram S. Gandhi, Michael Norris, and John Masko. "Public Equities Impact Investing at BlackRock." Harvard Business School Case 221-066, April 2021. (Revised July 2021.)
      • December 2020 (Revised April 2021)
      • Case

      Arcos Dorados: A QSR Recovery Plan

      By: Forest Reinhardt, José B. Alvarez, Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago and Mariana Cal
      Arcos Dorados—McDonald’s largest independent franchisee, covering Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)—faced a pandemic that was disrupting the entire consumer foodservice business in 2020. With the exclusive right to own, operate, and sub-franchise McDonald’s... View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Plant-Based Agribusiness; Customer Value and Value Chain; Income; Macroeconomics; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Food; Health Pandemics; Crisis Management; Logistics; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Strategic Planning; Food and Beverage Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Retail Industry; Latin America; Aruba; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Mexico; Panama; Costa Rica; Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Ecuador; French Guiana; Peru; Uruguay; Venezuela; Puerto Rico; Trinidad and Tobago
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      Reinhardt, Forest, José B. Alvarez, Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago, and Mariana Cal. "Arcos Dorados: A QSR Recovery Plan." Harvard Business School Case 721-023, December 2020. (Revised April 2021.)
      • May 8, 2020
      • Article

      Which Covid-19 Data Can You Trust?

      By: Satchit Balsari, Caroline Buckee and Tarun Khanna
      The COVID-19 pandemic has produced a tidal wave of data, but how much of it is any good? And as a layperson, how can you sort the good from the bad? The authors suggest a few strategies for dividing the useful data from the misleading: Beware of data that’s too broad... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Health Pandemics; Analytics and Data Science
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      Balsari, Satchit, Caroline Buckee, and Tarun Khanna. "Which Covid-19 Data Can You Trust?" Harvard Business Review (website) (May 8, 2020).
      • 2019
      • Article

      Sustaining Open Innovation Through a 'Center of Excellence'

      By: Elizabeth E. Richard, Jeffrey R. Davis, Jin Hyun Paik and Karim R. Lakhani
      This paper presents NASA’s experience using a Center of Excellence (CoE) to scale and sustain an open innovation program as an effective problem-solving tool and includes strategic management recommendations for other organizations based on lessons... View Details
      Keywords: Crowdsourcing; Culture Change; Open Innovation; Center Of Excellence; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Organizational Culture; Change Management
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      Richard, Elizabeth E., Jeffrey R. Davis, Jin Hyun Paik, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Sustaining Open Innovation Through a 'Center of Excellence'." Strategy & Leadership 47, no. 3 (2019): 19–26.
      • Article

      Advancing Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Research Through Open Innovation Competitions

      By: Andrea Blasco, Michael G. Endres, Rinat A. Sergeev, Anup Jonchhe, Max Macaluso, Rajiv Narayan, Ted Natoli, Jin H. Paik, Bryan Briney, Chunlei Wu, Andrew I. Su, Aravind Subramanian and Karim R. Lakhani
      Open data science and algorithm development competitions offer a unique avenue for rapid discovery of better computational strategies. We highlight three examples in computational biology and bioinformatics research where the use of competitions has yielded significant... View Details
      Keywords: Computational Biology; Bioinformatics; Innovation Competitions; Research; Collaborative Innovation and Invention
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      Blasco, Andrea, Michael G. Endres, Rinat A. Sergeev, Anup Jonchhe, Max Macaluso, Rajiv Narayan, Ted Natoli, Jin H. Paik, Bryan Briney, Chunlei Wu, Andrew I. Su, Aravind Subramanian, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Advancing Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Research Through Open Innovation Competitions." PLoS ONE 14, no. 9 (September 2019).
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      The Impact of Professionals' Contributions to Online Knowledge Communities on Their Workplace Knowledge Work

      By: Hila Lifshitz - Assaf and Frank Nagle
      Knowledge work is becoming increasingly challenging as pace of change in the knowledge frontier is increasing. Organizations have created multiple mechanisms to minimize knowledge gaps and increase learning such internal training, mentorship programs as well as... View Details
      Keywords: Open Source; Future Of Work; Software Development; Knowledge Work; Online Community; Learning; Knowledge Sharing; Applications and Software; Open Source Distribution; Performance Productivity
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      Lifshitz - Assaf, Hila, and Frank Nagle. "The Impact of Professionals' Contributions to Online Knowledge Communities on Their Workplace Knowledge Work." Working Paper, April 2019.
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