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Publications

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      • March 2025
      • Case

      GiveDirectly: Can Direct Cash Transfers End Extreme Poverty?

      By: Natalia Rigol, Benjamin N. Roth, Sarah Mehta and John Schultz
      Founded in 2008, GiveDirectly was a nonprofit organization that used direct cash transfers—giving people cash via mobile money—to combat poverty worldwide. By August 2024, the organization had transferred over $800 million to poor people in targeted communities and... View Details
      Keywords: Economics; Ethics; Growth and Development; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Research; Social Enterprise; Society; Africa; Asia; Latin America; North and Central America; United States
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      Rigol, Natalia, Benjamin N. Roth, Sarah Mehta, and John Schultz. "GiveDirectly: Can Direct Cash Transfers End Extreme Poverty?" Harvard Business School Case 825-008, March 2025.
      • February 2025
      • Case

      Ingersoll Rand: Broadening Employee Ownership

      By: Ethan Rouen and Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago
      Set in 2024, this case examines how Ingersoll Rand—a global leader in air, liquid, and gas handling technologies—approached broadening employee ownership. The company granted restricted stock units (RSUs) to all employees on their one-year anniversary, reinforcing a... View Details
      Keywords: Stock Shares; Employee Stock Ownership Plan; Retention; Employee Ownership; Mergers and Acquisitions; Organizational Culture; Expansion; Africa; Asia; Europe; Latin America; Middle East; North and Central America
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      Rouen, Ethan, and Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago. "Ingersoll Rand: Broadening Employee Ownership." Harvard Business School Case 125-076, February 2025.
      • January 2025 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Doing Business in Cairo: Navigating a Path to Economic Resilience

      By: A. Zelleke and Ahmed Dahawy
      Egypt has long been a pivotal force in the Middle East and North Africa. Located at a crossroads of global trade routes, the country was a strategic partner for numerous regional and global powers. However, a substantial currency devaluation in 2016 brought many... View Details
      Keywords: Egypt; Economy; Business; Country; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Inflation and Deflation; Macroeconomics; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Globalized Economies and Regions; International Relations; Emerging Markets; Risk and Uncertainty; Culture; Egypt
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      Zelleke, A., and Ahmed Dahawy. "Doing Business in Cairo: Navigating a Path to Economic Resilience." Harvard Business School Case 325-090, January 2025. (Revised April 2025.)
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Untapped Global: Financing Africa's Missing Middle

      By: Raymond Kluender and Emanuele Colonnelli
      In November 2024, Jim Chu, founder and CEO of Untapped Global, faced mounting internal tensions over the company’s strategic direction. Untapped had developed a data-driven revenue-based financing (RBF) model to address the “missing middle” problem—the $5.2 trillion... View Details
      Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Working Capital; Private Equity; Financial Strategy; Microfinance; International Finance; Currency Exchange Rate; Profit Sharing; Revenue; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Emerging Markets; Mission and Purpose; Small Business; Entrepreneurial Finance; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Information Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Africa; Nigeria; South Africa; Kenya; Uganda; California; San Francisco
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      Kluender, Raymond, and Emanuele Colonnelli. "Untapped Global: Financing Africa's Missing Middle." Harvard Business School Case 825-056, January 2025.
      • November 2024
      • Background Note

      Social Enterprise in the MENA Region

      By: Brian Trelstad and Ahmed Dahawy
      This research note provides an overview of the socio-economic landscape of social enterprise in the Middle East and North Africa. It highlights the diversity of players in the region including social enterprise organizations (in their many forms) and supporting... View Details
      Keywords: MENA; Non-Governmental Organizations; Nonprofit Organizations; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Diasporas; Social Entrepreneurship; Cultural Entrepreneurship; Environmental Sustainability; Geographic Scope; Health Care and Treatment; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Business and Community Relations; Business and Government Relations; Social and Collaborative Networks; Demographics; Health Industry; Service Industry; Tourism Industry; Egypt; Morocco; North Africa; Tunisia; Jordan; Lebanon; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; Dubai; Middle East
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      Trelstad, Brian, and Ahmed Dahawy. "Social Enterprise in the MENA Region." Harvard Business School Background Note 325-041, November 2024.
      • August 2024
      • Case

      Zipline: Expanding the World's Largest Autonomous Drone Delivery Network

      By: Tarun Khanna and George Gonzalez
      Zipline initially established the world's largest logistics network in Rwanda and Ghana by delivering medical supplies to hospitals via automated drones from a centralized hub. The company is now looking to expand to the U.S. home delivery market and designed a... View Details
      Keywords: Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Growth and Development Strategy; Logistics; Expansion; Air Transportation; Business Model; Rwanda; Ghana; United States
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      Khanna, Tarun, and George Gonzalez. "Zipline: Expanding the World's Largest Autonomous Drone Delivery Network." Harvard Business School Case 725-381, August 2024.
      • April 2024 (Revised July 2024)
      • Case

      Market Dynamics and Moral Dilemmas: Novo Nordisk’s Weight-Loss Drugs

      By: Joseph L. Badaracco, Tom Quinn and John Schultz
      Danish pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk was owned by a charitable foundation, and since its founding in the 1920s had focused on producing insulin to treat diabetes. In 2017, however, it released Ozempic, a diabetes treatment with the revolutionary side effect of... View Details
      Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Decisions; Judgments; Values and Beliefs; Global Strategy; Health Care and Treatment; Patents; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Product Positioning; Supply and Industry; Supply Chain; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Opportunities; Social Issues; Equality and Inequality; Pharmaceutical Industry; Health Industry; Denmark; United States; Europe; China; India; Middle East; North Africa
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      Badaracco, Joseph L., Tom Quinn, and John Schultz. "Market Dynamics and Moral Dilemmas: Novo Nordisk’s Weight-Loss Drugs." Harvard Business School Case 324-114, April 2024. (Revised July 2024.)
      • February 2024 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      Finberg: Corporate Venture Capital in Türkiye

      By: Paul A. Gompers and Namrata Arora
      In December 2021, Murat Özyeğin, Chairman of Fiba Holding, along with Ömer Mert and İhsan Elgin, engaged in discussions about the future of United Payment, a fintech company in which Finberg, a subsidiary of Fibabanka, held a 20% stake. Finberg, established in 2018 as... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Venture Capital; Technology; Return On Investment; Venture Capital; Investment; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Competition; Valuation; Acquisition; Business Startups; Information Technology Industry; Banking Industry; Middle East; North Africa; Turkey; Ukraine; Romania; Poland
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      Gompers, Paul A., and Namrata Arora. "Finberg: Corporate Venture Capital in Türkiye." Harvard Business School Case 824-175, February 2024. (Revised April 2024.)
      • January 2024 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      Target Malaria: Editing Mosquitoes through Gene Drives

      By: Shikhar Ghosh and Shweta Bagai
      Target Malaria, a non-profit research consortium, is exploring the application of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology to combat malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. Its approach uses gene drives, a revolutionary tool, to suppress the population of malaria-carrying... View Details
      Keywords: Health Disorders; Technological Innovation; Nonprofit Organizations; Business Strategy; Genetics; Ethics; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; United States; United Kingdom; Burkina Faso; Africa
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      Ghosh, Shikhar, and Shweta Bagai. "Target Malaria: Editing Mosquitoes through Gene Drives." Harvard Business School Case 824-068, January 2024. (Revised April 2024.)
      • January 2024
      • Case

      Mariam Braimah: Designing a Career in Tech

      By: Lakshmi Ramarajan, Hannah Riley Bowles and Michael Norris
      In 2022, Mariam Braimah, a digital designer working at Netflix, is considering the next move in her career. She has spent several years at Netflix, and in her spare time, using her savings, has founded a design-focused fellowship program and a consumer insights company... View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Interpersonal Communication; Entrepreneurship; Personal Development and Career; Power and Influence; Technology Industry; Nigeria; United States; New York (city, NY); San Francisco
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      Ramarajan, Lakshmi, Hannah Riley Bowles, and Michael Norris. "Mariam Braimah: Designing a Career in Tech." Harvard Business School Case 424-030, January 2024.
      • August 2023 (Revised December 2023)
      • Case

      Automating Morality: Ethics for Intelligent Machines

      By: Joseph L. Badaracco Jr. and Tom Quinn
      As autonomy became a more significant part of modern life – most notably in autonomous vehicles (AVs), such as Teslas – ethical debates about whether and how to impart ethics to machines heated up. Utilitarians pointed out that autonomous vehicles crashed much less... View Details
      Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Judgments; Fairness; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Disruptive Innovation; Technology Adoption; Risk and Uncertainty; Cognition and Thinking; Technological Innovation; Auto Industry; Technology Industry; Africa; Asia; Europe; North and Central America; Oceania; South America
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      Badaracco, Joseph L., Jr., and Tom Quinn. "Automating Morality: Ethics for Intelligent Machines." Harvard Business School Case 324-007, August 2023. (Revised December 2023.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      LALIGA—From a Soccer Competition Organizer to a Global Player in the Sports and Entertainment Industry

      By: Stephen A. Greyser, Kenneth Cortsen and Juan Fuentes Fernández
      LALIGA, the first- and second-tier professional soccer league (known as “football” outside of the U.S. and Canada) in Spain, enters its 100th soccer season later this decade. The most popular game in the world (Giulianotti, 2012) has gone through many changes since... View Details
      Keywords: Soccer; "Sports Organizations,; Business History; Strategy; Brands and Branding; Technology Adoption; Sports Industry
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      Greyser, Stephen A., Kenneth Cortsen, and Juan Fuentes Fernández. "LALIGA—From a Soccer Competition Organizer to a Global Player in the Sports and Entertainment Industry." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-009, August 2023.
      • August 2023
      • Case

      Floward

      By: Krishna Palepu and Namrata Arora
      In 2022, Abdulaziz B. Al Loughani, CEO and co-founder of Floward, an online flower and gifting company established in Kuwait in 2017, contemplated the firm's growth trajectory. Floward, an e-commerce enterprise that offered fresh-cut flowers sourced directly from... View Details
      Keywords: Initial Public Offering; Expansion; Growth and Development Strategy; E-commerce; Information Technology Industry; Middle East; North Africa; Saudi Arabia; Kuwait; United Arab Emirates; Jordan
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      Palepu, Krishna, and Namrata Arora. "Floward." Harvard Business School Case 124-010, August 2023.
      • June 2023
      • Supplement

      Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare

      By: George Serafeim
      In May 2022, Roche Group, one of the largest healthcare companies in the world, hosted its first ESG investor event focused exclusively on its efforts to impact access to healthcare. While Roche had recently set an ambitious goal to double the number of patients that... View Details
      Keywords: ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Sustainable Finance; Growth Strategy And Execution; Sustainability Targets; Impact Evaluation; Healthcare Access; Healthcare Innovation; Healthcare Systems; Healthcare Operations; Finance; Strategy; Health Testing and Trials; Health Care and Treatment; Growth Management; Measurement and Metrics; Innovation Strategy; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Health Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry; Switzerland; North America; Europe; Asia; Latin America; Africa
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      Serafeim, George. "Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 123-713, June 2023.
      • April 2023 (Revised April 2024)
      • Teaching Note

      Netflix's Culture: Binge or Cringe?

      By: Hubert Joly, Leonard A. Schlesinger, James Barnett and Stacy Straaberg
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 522-096. View Details
      Keywords: Compensation and Benefits; Employees; Recruitment; Resignation and Termination; Retention; Selection and Staffing; Innovation and Management; Innovation Strategy; Leadership Style; Business or Company Management; Management Style; Media; Business Processes; Organizational Culture; Organizational Structure; Performance Expectations; Performance Productivity; Creativity; Business Strategy; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; Media and Broadcasting Industry; Motion Pictures and Video Industry; Video Game Industry; North America; California; Canada; Europe; Middle East; Africa; Asia; Latin America
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      Joly, Hubert, Leonard A. Schlesinger, James Barnett, and Stacy Straaberg. "Netflix's Culture: Binge or Cringe?" Harvard Business School Teaching Note 523-004, April 2023. (Revised April 2024.)
      • March 2023
      • Case

      Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare

      By: George Serafeim, Susanna Gallani and Benjamin Maletta
      In May 2022, Roche Group, one of the largest healthcare companies in the world, hosted its first ESG investor event focused exclusively on its efforts to impact access to healthcare. While Roche had recently set an ambitious goal to double the number of patients that... View Details
      Keywords: ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Sustainable Finance; Growth Strategy And Execution; Sustainability Targets; Impact Evaluation; Healthcare Access; Healthcare Innovation; Healthcare Systems; Healthcare Operations; Finance; Strategy; Health Testing and Trials; Health Care and Treatment; Growth Management; Measurement and Metrics; Innovation Strategy; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Health Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry; Switzerland; North America; Europe; Asia; Latin America; Africa
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      Serafeim, George, Susanna Gallani, and Benjamin Maletta. "Roche: ESG and Access to Healthcare." Harvard Business School Case 123-075, March 2023.
      • March 2023 (Revised November 2023)
      • Module Note

      The Social Purpose of the Firm

      By: Debora L. Spar and Julia M. Comeau
      The Social Purpose of the Firm (SPF) is a short module designed to explore how, and under what circumstances, business leaders can harness the power of capitalism and markets to “make a difference in the world” – that is, to address a significant societal problem as a... View Details
      Keywords: Social Accounting; Purpose; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Social Enterprise; Mission and Purpose; United States; Sweden; Kenya; Netherlands
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      Spar, Debora L., and Julia M. Comeau. "The Social Purpose of the Firm." Harvard Business School Module Note 323-051, March 2023. (Revised November 2023.)
      • February 2023 (Revised July 2023)
      • Case

      Moleskine Foundation: Can Creativity Change the World?

      By: Ryan Raffaelli, Alexandra C. Feldberg and Sarah Gulick
      The Italy-based Moleskine Foundation worked with young adults in Africa and Europe to inspire social change through art and creative projects. Adama Sanneh, the newly appointed CEO of the Moleskine Foundation, faced several challenges: First, he had to make his own... View Details
      Keywords: Nonprofit Organizations; Social Enterprise; Leadership; Identity; Strategy; Education Industry; Italy; Africa; Europe; United States
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      Raffaelli, Ryan, Alexandra C. Feldberg, and Sarah Gulick. "Moleskine Foundation: Can Creativity Change the World?" Harvard Business School Case 423-043, February 2023. (Revised July 2023.)
      • October 2022 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      SMART: AI and Machine Learning for Wildlife Conservation

      By: Brian Trelstad and Bonnie Yining Cao
      Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART), a set of software and analytical tools designed for the purpose of wildlife conservation, had demonstrated significant improvements in patrol coverage, with some observed reductions in poaching and contributing to wildlife... View Details
      Keywords: Business and Government Relations; Emerging Markets; Technology Adoption; Strategy; Management; Ethics; Social Enterprise; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Natural Environment; Technology Industry; Cambodia; United States; Africa
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      Trelstad, Brian, and Bonnie Yining Cao. "SMART: AI and Machine Learning for Wildlife Conservation." Harvard Business School Case 323-036, October 2022. (Revised December 2022.)
      • August 2022
      • Case

      Meaningful Gigs

      By: Brian Trelstad and Rachel Philbin
      In October 2020, just a year after founding their company Meaningful Gigs, founders Ronnie Kwesi Coleman and Stephanie Nachemja-Burton prepared for a vital investment meeting with Rethink Education. They had already reached $400,000 in annually recurring revenue (ARR)... View Details
      Keywords: Venture Capital; Growth and Development Strategy; Revenue; Education Industry; Technology Industry; Africa; United States
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      Trelstad, Brian, and Rachel Philbin. "Meaningful Gigs." Harvard Business School Case 323-006, August 2022.
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