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  • All HBS Web  (190)
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    • All HBS Web  (190)
      • Faculty Publications  (18)

      Mental Models Remove Mental Models →

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      • April 2023
      • Article

      Inattentive Inference

      By: Thomas Graeber
      This paper studies how people infer a state of the world from information structures that include additional, payoff-irrelevant states. For example, learning from a customer review about a product’s quality requires accounting for the reviewer’s otherwise irrelevant...  View Details
      Keywords: Cognition and Thinking; Information Types; Behavior; Knowledge Acquisition
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      Graeber, Thomas. "Inattentive Inference." Journal of the European Economic Association 21, no. 2 (April 2023): 560–592.
      • November 2022
      • Technical Note

      Leader Action Orientations

      By: Ryan Raffaelli, Akshaya Varghese and Laura Weimer
      Leaders are responsible for planning and executing actions that advance organizational goals. As individuals gain career experience, they tend to develop and rely on implicit mental models that shape how they go about “getting things done.” Without knowing it, most...  View Details
      Keywords: Leadership Development; Prejudice and Bias; Cognition and Thinking; Decision Making; Behavior
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      Raffaelli, Ryan, Akshaya Varghese, and Laura Weimer. "Leader Action Orientations." Harvard Business School Technical Note 423-050, November 2022.
      • November 2022 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      Replika AI: Monetizing a Chatbot

      By: Julian De Freitas and Nicole Tempest Keller
      In early 2018, Eugenia Kuyda, co-founder and CEO of San Francisco-based chatbot Replika AI, was deciding how to monetize the app she had built. Launched in 2017, Replika was a consumer AI “companion app” developed by a team of AI software engineers originally based in...  View Details
      Keywords: Mental Health; Subscriber Models; TAM; Monetization Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Product Marketing; AI and Machine Learning; Applications and Software; Product Positioning; Health Disorders; Technology Industry
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      De Freitas, Julian, and Nicole Tempest Keller. "Replika AI: Monetizing a Chatbot." Harvard Business School Case 523-016, November 2022. (Revised December 2022.)
      • September 2021 (Revised March 2022)
      • Case

      Katie Couric Media: Landing the First Client

      By: N. Louis Shipley and William R. Kerr
      In May 2018, celebrated journalist Katie Couric and her husband, John Molner, had recently launched a full-service media firm called Katie Couric Media (KCM). Couric treasured the opportunity to address important social issues like gender equality, environmental...  View Details
      Keywords: Customer Acquisition; Subscription Model; Entrepreneurship; Business Startups; Media; Customers; Acquisition; Social Issues; Brands and Branding; Media and Broadcasting Industry
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      Shipley, N. Louis, and William R. Kerr. "Katie Couric Media: Landing the First Client." Harvard Business School Case 822-011, September 2021. (Revised March 2022.)
      • March 2020 (Revised November 2020)
      • Case

      FinTech Hive at DIFC: Creating a Fintech Ecosystem in Dubai

      By: Marco Di Maggio and Gamze Yucaoglu
      The case opens in 2019 as Raja Al Mazrouei, executive vice president of FinTech Hive (the Hive) at the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC), the first and largest financial technology accelerator in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia region, contemplates her...  View Details
      Keywords: Fintech; Emerging Markets; Business Startups; Venture Capital; Management; Information Technology; Growth Management; Financial Markets; Financial Institutions; United Arab Emirates; Middle East; Dubai
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      Di Maggio, Marco, and Gamze Yucaoglu. "FinTech Hive at DIFC: Creating a Fintech Ecosystem in Dubai." Harvard Business School Case 220-066, March 2020. (Revised November 2020.)
      • 2010
      • Article

      Budgeting, Psychological Contracts, and Budgetary Misreporting

      By: Susanna Gallani, Ranjani Krishnan, Eric J. Marinich and Michael D. Shields
      This study examines the effect of psychological contract breach on budgetary misreporting. Psychological contracts are mental models or schemas that govern how employees understand their exchange relationships with their employers. Psychological contract breach leads...  View Details
      Keywords: Budgeting; Psychological Contracts; Misreporting; Budgets and Budgeting; Employees; Trust
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      Gallani, Susanna, Ranjani Krishnan, Eric J. Marinich, and Michael D. Shields. "Budgeting, Psychological Contracts, and Budgetary Misreporting." Management Science 65, no. 6 (June 2019): 2924–2945.
      • Article

      Kill or Die: Moral Judgment Alters Linguistic Coding of Causality

      By: Julian De Freitas, Peter DiScioli, Jason Nemirow, Maxim Massenkoff and Steven Pinker
      What is the relationship between the language people use to describe an event and their moral judgments? We test the hypothesis that moral judgment and causative verbs rely on the same underlying mental model of people’s actions. Experiment 1a finds that participants...  View Details
      Keywords: Moral Cognition; Moral Psychology; Causative Verbs; Trolley Problem; Argument Structure; Moral Sensibility; Judgments
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      De Freitas, Julian, Peter DiScioli, Jason Nemirow, Maxim Massenkoff, and Steven Pinker. "Kill or Die: Moral Judgment Alters Linguistic Coding of Causality." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 43, no. 8 (August 2017): 1173–1182.
      • Article

      A Case for Contextual Intelligence

      By: Tarun Khanna
      In this perspective, I make a case for entrepreneurs and academics alike to focus on what I have referred to elsewhere as Contextual Intelligence, the ability to understand the limits of our knowledge, and to adapt that knowledge to a context different from the one in...  View Details
      Keywords: Contextual Intelligence; Institutional Voids; Entrepreneurship In Emerging Markets; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Situation or Environment; Developing Countries and Economies; Entrepreneurship
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      Khanna, Tarun. "A Case for Contextual Intelligence." Special Issue on Leveraging India: Strategies for Global Competitiveness. Management International Review 55, no. 2 (April 2015): 181–190.
      • December 2011
      • Article

      EXEMPLARY CONTRIBUTION: Transforming Mental Models on Emerging Markets

      By: Charles Dhanaraj and Tarun Khanna
      Economic growth in the Western world increasingly depends on meaningful engagement with emerging markets such as Brazil, China, India, South Africa, and Turkey. Business schools are responding with increased attention to these markets in their research and curricula....  View Details
      Keywords: Emerging Markets; Business Model; Economic Growth; Developing Countries and Economies; Research; Business Education; Learning; Financial Institutions; Framework; Transformation; Perspective; India; China; Brazil; South Africa; Turkey
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      Dhanaraj, Charles, and Tarun Khanna. "EXEMPLARY CONTRIBUTION: Transforming Mental Models on Emerging Markets." Academy of Management Learning & Education 10, no. 4 (December 2011).
      • November 2010 (Revised June 2011)
      • Case

      La Fageda

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Joan Enric Ricart and Jordan Mitchell
      La Fageda is a manufacturer of high-quality, naturally-made yogurts in northern Catalonia, Spain. La Fageda is substantially different from its main competitors such as multinational Danone in that it is a 270-person workers' cooperative with 60 percent of its...  View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Business Model; Production; Cooperative Ownership; Quality; Competition; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Spain
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Joan Enric Ricart, and Jordan Mitchell. "La Fageda." Harvard Business School Case 711-452, November 2010. (Revised June 2011.)
      • March 2009 (Revised September 2010)
      • Case

      Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center: Spine Care

      By: Robert S. Huckman, Michael E. Porter, Rachel Gordon and Natalie Kindred
      Describes the Spine Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, a multidisciplinary unit that offers patients suffering from spinal problems "one-stop" access to a range of providers including orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, neurologists, medical specialists in...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Medical Specialties; Service Delivery; Service Operations; Integration; Value Creation; Health Industry; United States
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      Huckman, Robert S., Michael E. Porter, Rachel Gordon, and Natalie Kindred. "Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center: Spine Care." Harvard Business School Case 609-016, March 2009. (Revised September 2010.)
      • 2007
      • Working Paper

      Mental Accounting and Small Windfalls: Evidence from an Online Grocer

      By: Katherine L. Milkman, John Beshears, Todd Rogers and Max H. Bazerman
      We study the effect of small windfalls on consumer spending decisions by examining the purchasing behavior of a sample of online grocery shoppers over the course of a year. We compare the purchases customers make when redeeming a $10-off coupon they received from their...  View Details
      Keywords: Spending; Consumer Behavior; Mathematical Methods; Food and Beverage Industry; Retail Industry
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      Milkman, Katherine L., John Beshears, Todd Rogers, and Max H. Bazerman. "Mental Accounting and Small Windfalls: Evidence from an Online Grocer." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08-024, September 2007. (Revised March 2008.)
      • Article

      The Effect of Dividends on Consumption

      By: Malcolm Baker, Stefan Nagel and Jeffrey Wurgler
      Classical models predict that the division of stock returns into dividends and capital appreciation does not affect investor consumption patterns, while mental accounting and other economic frictions predict that investors have a higher propensity to consume from...  View Details
      Keywords: Investment; Investment Return; Economics; Stocks; Capital; Business Earnings; Investment Portfolio; Investment Funds; Cost; Saving
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      Baker, Malcolm, Stefan Nagel, and Jeffrey Wurgler. "The Effect of Dividends on Consumption." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, no. 1 (2007): 277–291.
      • 2006
      • Working Paper

      The Effect of Dividends on Consumption

      By: Malcolm Baker, Stefan Nagel and Jeffrey Wurgler
      Classical models predict that the division of stock returns into dividends and capital appreciation does not affect investor consumption patterns, while mental accounting and other economic frictions predict that investors have a higher propensity to consume from stock...  View Details
      Keywords: Demand and Consumers; Personal Finance; Investment Return; Household
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      Baker, Malcolm, Stefan Nagel, and Jeffrey Wurgler. "The Effect of Dividends on Consumption." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 12288, June 2006. (First Draft in 2005.)
      • 2002
      • Chapter

      Eliciting Mental Models through Imagery

      By: Gerald Zaltman
      Keywords: Perception; Cognition and Thinking
      Citation
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      Zaltman, Gerald. "Eliciting Mental Models through Imagery." Chap. 22 in The Languages of the Brain, edited by Albert M. Galaburda, Stephen M. Kosslyn, and Yves Christen. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002.
      • October 1996
      • Background Note

      Building Effective One-on-One Work Relationships

      By: Linda A. Hill
      Addresses how to build effective one-on-one work relationships. Spells out the importance of analyzing your network and understanding on whom you are dependent. Also provides some criteria for assessing the quality of your relationships. Finally, it discusses how to...  View Details
      Keywords: Performance Effectiveness; Quality; Networks; Conflict and Resolution
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      Hill, Linda A. "Building Effective One-on-One Work Relationships." Harvard Business School Background Note 497-028, October 1996.
      • Forthcoming
      • Article

      Rationalizing Outcomes: Interdependent Learning in Competitive Markets

      By: Anoop R. Menon and Dennis Yao
      In this article we use simulation models to explore interdependent learning in competitive markets. Such interactions require attention to both the mental representations held by the management of the focal firm as well as the beliefs of that management about the...  View Details
      Keywords: Mental Models; Strategic Interactions; Rationalization; Explanation-based View; Competition
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      Menon, Anoop R., and Dennis Yao. "Rationalizing Outcomes: Interdependent Learning in Competitive Markets." Strategy Science (forthcoming).
      • Research Summary

      Reinvention and “Frame Flexibility”

      By: Ryan L. Raffaelli

      Adopting a radical innovation creates pressure for leaders to reframe their mental models while they also sustain their organization's existing capabilities and product category variants. Yet at key junctures in a product class and during technological change, a...  View Details

      Keywords: Institutional Change; Innovation & Entrepreneurship; Diffusion Processes; Technology Adoption; Cognition and Thinking; Identity; Emotions
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