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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (1,654)
      • Faculty Publications  (268)

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      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      A Welfare Analysis of Gambling in Video Games

      By: Tomomichi Amano and Andrey Simonov
      In 2020, gamers worldwide spent more than $15 billion on loot boxes, a lottery of virtual items built into video games. Loot boxes are contentious, as regulators worry that they constitute gambling. In contrast, video game companies maintain that loot boxes are...  View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Behavior; Policy; Games, Gaming, and Gambling; Product Design; Video Game Industry
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      Amano, Tomomichi, and Andrey Simonov. "A Welfare Analysis of Gambling in Video Games." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-052, February 2023.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Contribution of High-Skilled Immigrants to Innovation in the United States

      By: Shai Bernstein, Rebecca Diamond, Abhisit Jiranaphawiboon, Timothy McQuade and Beatriz Pousada
      We characterize the contribution of immigrants to US innovation, both through their direct productivity as well as through their indirect spillover effects on their native collaborators. To do so, we link patent records to a database containing the first five digits of...  View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Economic Growth; Immigrants; Innovation and Invention; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Patents; Innovation Strategy
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      Bernstein, Shai, Rebecca Diamond, Abhisit Jiranaphawiboon, Timothy McQuade, and Beatriz Pousada. "The Contribution of High-Skilled Immigrants to Innovation in the United States." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-065, December 2021. (NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30797, December 2022.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      What's My Employee Worth? The Effects of Salary Benchmarking

      By: Zoë B. Cullen, Shengwu Li and Ricardo Perez-Truglia
      While U.S. legislation prohibits employers from sharing information about their employees’ compensation with each other, companies are still allowed to acquire and use more aggregated data provided by third parties. Most medium and large firms report using this type...  View Details
      Keywords: Information Sharing; Wages; Policy; Compensation and Benefits
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      Cullen, Zoë B., Shengwu Li, and Ricardo Perez-Truglia. "What's My Employee Worth? The Effects of Salary Benchmarking." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30570, October 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
      • September 2022
      • Technical Note

      Addressing Social Determinants of Health in the American Landscape

      By: Susanna Gallani and Jacob Riegler
      Social determinants of health (SDOH) have gained significant attention in recent years. A growing body of research shows that a person’s health is influenced by a large number of non-genetic factors, most of which operate outside the realm of health care and are...  View Details
      Keywords: Socioeconomic Determinants Of Health; Social Determinants Of Health; Population Health; Health; Health Care and Treatment; Social Issues; Health Industry; Insurance Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; United States
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      Gallani, Susanna, and Jacob Riegler. "Addressing Social Determinants of Health in the American Landscape." Harvard Business School Technical Note 123-023, September 2022.
      • August 29, 2022
      • Other Article

      Income Inequality Is Rising. Are We Even Measuring It Correctly?

      By: Jon M. Jachimowicz, K. Blesch and Oliver P. Hauser
      Income inequality is on the rise in many countries around the world, according to the United Nations. What’s more, disparities in global income were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, with some countries facing greater economic losses than others. Policymakers...  View Details
      Keywords: Income Inequality; Gini Coefficient; COVID-19 Pandemic; Government Administration; Equality and Inequality; Health Pandemics; Measurement and Metrics
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      Jachimowicz, Jon M., K. Blesch, and Oliver P. Hauser. "Income Inequality Is Rising. Are We Even Measuring It Correctly?" Harvard Business School Working Knowledge (August 29, 2022).
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Can Finance Save the World? Measurement and Effects of Coal Divestment Policies by Banks

      By: Daniel Green and Boris Vallée
      We study whether divestment policies are an effective tool to address climate change, using coal lending bans by banks around the world as a laboratory. In contrast to theories arguing divestment is ineffective because capital is highly subsitutable, we find large...  View Details
      Keywords: Coal Power; Climate Change; Investment; Environmental Sustainability; Policy; Financing and Loans; Energy Industry; Banking Industry
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      Green, Daniel, and Boris Vallée. "Can Finance Save the World? Measurement and Effects of Coal Divestment Policies by Banks." Working Paper, August 2022.
      • Article

      Early Withdrawal of Pandemic Unemployment Insurance: Effects on Earnings, Employment and Consumption

      By: Kyle Coombs, Arindrajit Dube, Calvin Jahnke, Raymond Kluender, Suresh Naidu and Michael Stepner
      In June 2021, 22 states ended all supplemental pandemic unemployment insurance (UI) benefits, eliminating benefits entirely for over 2 million workers and reducing benefits by $300 per week for over 1 million workers. Using anonymous bank transaction data and a...  View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Unemployment Insurance; Health Pandemics; Insurance; Employment; Financial Condition; Spending; Government Administration
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      Coombs, Kyle, Arindrajit Dube, Calvin Jahnke, Raymond Kluender, Suresh Naidu, and Michael Stepner. "Early Withdrawal of Pandemic Unemployment Insurance: Effects on Earnings, Employment and Consumption." AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (May 2022): 85–90.
      • Article

      We Need Better Carbon Accounting. Here's How to Get There.

      By: Robert S. Kaplan and Karthik Ramanna
      Any effective system of greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting needs to measure each company’s supply-chain carbon impacts accurately. Such information would provide visibility and incentives for the company to make more climate-friendly product-specification and purchasing...  View Details
      Keywords: Accounting; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; GHG; Carbon Accounting; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Management; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Supply Chain
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      Kaplan, Robert S., and Karthik Ramanna. "We Need Better Carbon Accounting. Here's How to Get There." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (April 12, 2022).
      • April 2022
      • Article

      Does Context Outweigh Individual Characteristics in Driving Voting Behavior? Evidence from Relocations within the U.S.

      By: Enrico Cantoni and Vincent Pons
      We measure the overall influence of contextual versus individual factors (e.g., voting rules and media as opposed to race and education) on voter behavior, and explore underlying mechanisms. Using a U.S.-wide voter-level panel, 2008–18, we examine voters who relocate...  View Details
      Keywords: Voting; Behavior; Geographic Location; Personal Characteristics; Situation or Environment; United States
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      Cantoni, Enrico, and Vincent Pons. "Does Context Outweigh Individual Characteristics in Driving Voting Behavior? Evidence from Relocations within the U.S." American Economic Review 112, no. 4 (April 2022): 1226–1272.
      • 2022
      • Article

      Social Interactivity in Live Video Experiences Reduces Loneliness

      By: Benjamin T. Kaveladze, Robert R. Morris, Rosa Victoria Dimitrova-Gammeltoft, Amit Goldenberg, James J. Gross, Judd Antin, Melissa Sandgren and Melissa C. Thomas-Hunt
      Background: Loneliness, especially when chronic, can substantially reduce one's quality of life. However, positive social experiences might help to break cycles of loneliness by promoting more prosocial cognitions and behaviors. Internet-mediated live video...  View Details
      Keywords: Lonelines; Social Connection; Internet-mediated Communication; Experiment; Emotions; Well-being; Interpersonal Communication; Internet
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      Kaveladze, Benjamin T., Robert R. Morris, Rosa Victoria Dimitrova-Gammeltoft, Amit Goldenberg, James J. Gross, Judd Antin, Melissa Sandgren, and Melissa C. Thomas-Hunt. "Social Interactivity in Live Video Experiences Reduces Loneliness." Frontiers in Digital Health 4:859849 (2022).
      • March 2022 (Revised January 2023)
      • Case

      Innovation at Moog Inc.

      By: Brian J. Hall, Ashley V. Whillans, Davis Heniford, Dominika Randle and Caroline Witten
      This case focuses on the challenges of incentivizing innovation within Moog, an engineering company based in New York state that designs and builds guidance systems for space, air, and land-based travel. The case enables students to grapple with the challenges of using...  View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Innovation Lab; Innovation Management; Motivation; Incentives; Culture; Compensation; Compensation And Benefits; Scalability; Business Growth and Maturation; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Independent Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Organizational Culture; Performance Consistency; Performance Effectiveness; Performance Efficiency; Performance Productivity; Performance Evaluation; Creativity; Motivation and Incentives; Aerospace Industry; Transportation Industry; United States
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      Hall, Brian J., Ashley V. Whillans, Davis Heniford, Dominika Randle, and Caroline Witten. "Innovation at Moog Inc." Harvard Business School Case 922-040, March 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
      • Article

      Policies to Influence Perceptions about COVID-19 Risk: The Case of Maps

      By: Claudia Engel, Jonathan Rodden and Marco Tabellini
      Choropleth disease maps have become an important tool for informing the public about the risks posed by COVID-19. In a survey conducted in the U.S. state of Georgia in June 2020, we randomly assigned respondents to view either of two maps. The first one reported...  View Details
      Keywords: Disease Surveillance; Health Pandemics; Risk and Uncertainty; Perception; Policy
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      Engel, Claudia, Jonathan Rodden, and Marco Tabellini. "Policies to Influence Perceptions about COVID-19 Risk: The Case of Maps." Science Advances 8, no. 11 (March 18, 2022).
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      The Disagreement Problem in Explainable Machine Learning: A Practitioner's Perspective

      By: Satyapriya Krishna, Tessa Han, Alex Gu, Javin Pombra, Shahin Jabbari, Steven Wu and Himabindu Lakkaraju
      As various post hoc explanation methods are increasingly being leveraged to explain complex models in high-stakes settings, it becomes critical to develop a deeper understanding of if and when the explanations output by these methods disagree with each other, and how...  View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Mathematical Methods
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      Krishna, Satyapriya, Tessa Han, Alex Gu, Javin Pombra, Shahin Jabbari, Steven Wu, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "The Disagreement Problem in Explainable Machine Learning: A Practitioner's Perspective." Working Paper, 2022.
      • 2022
      • Chapter

      Measuring Compliance Risk and the Emergence of Analytics

      By: Eugene F. Soltes
      Corporate compliance manages a diverse set of regulatory and reputational concerns ranging from fraud to privacy to discrimination. However, effectively managing such risks has often been hampered by a lack of adequate information about when, where, and why misconduct...  View Details
      Keywords: Compliance; Risk; Analytics; Governance Compliance; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Risk Management; Analytics and Data Science
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      Soltes, Eugene F. "Measuring Compliance Risk and the Emergence of Analytics." Chap. 8 in Measuring Compliance: Assessing Corporate Crime and Misconduct Prevention, edited by Melissa Rorie and Benjamin van Rooij, 137–152. Cambridge University Press, 2022.
      • January 2022
      • Background Note

      Residual Income Valuation Model

      By: Charles C.Y. Wang and Albert Shin
      This note explains the residual income valuation model (RIM), how it relates to "traditional" valuation models, the intuition behind its use, and empirical research related to its value relevance. RIM is theoretically equivalent to the dividend discount model and the...  View Details
      Keywords: Residual Income Valuation; Valuation; Research; Theory; Measurement and Metrics; Performance; Financial Management; Business Strategy
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      Wang, Charles C.Y., and Albert Shin. "Residual Income Valuation Model." Harvard Business School Background Note 122-070, January 2022.
      • January 2022
      • Article

      Global Behaviors, Perceptions, and the Emergence of Social Norms at the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic

      By: Lukas Hensel, Marc Witte, Stefano Caria, Thiemo Fetzer, Stefano Fiorin, Friedrich M. Goetz, Margarita Gomez, Johannes Haushofer, Andriy Ivchenko, Gordon T. Kraft-Todd, Elena Reutskaja, Christopher Roth, Erez Yoeli and Jon M. Jachimowicz
      We conducted a large-scale survey covering 58 countries and over 100,000 respondents between late March and early April 2020 to study beliefs and attitudes towards citizens' and governments' responses at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most respondents reported...  View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19; Government Regulation; Social Norms; Health Pandemics; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Behavior; Perception; Global Range; Surveys
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      Hensel, Lukas, Marc Witte, Stefano Caria, Thiemo Fetzer, Stefano Fiorin, Friedrich M. Goetz, Margarita Gomez, Johannes Haushofer, Andriy Ivchenko, Gordon T. Kraft-Todd, Elena Reutskaja, Christopher Roth, Erez Yoeli, and Jon M. Jachimowicz. "Global Behaviors, Perceptions, and the Emergence of Social Norms at the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 193 (January 2022): 473–496.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Do Safety Management System Standards Indicate Safer Operations? Evidence from the OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Standard

      By: Kala Viswanathan, Matthew S. Johnson and Michael W. Toffel
      Problem definition: In light of the enormous disruptions and costs associated with occupational injuries, companies and buyers are increasingly looking to voluntary occupational health and safety standards to improve worker safety. Yet because these standards...  View Details
      Keywords: Occupational Health; Occupational Safety; Program Evaluation; Safety Performance; Injuries; OHSAS 18001; ISO 45001; Standards; Safety; Quality; Operations; Performance Evaluation; Manufacturing Industry; United States
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      Viswanathan, Kala, Matthew S. Johnson, and Michael W. Toffel. "Do Safety Management System Standards Indicate Safer Operations? Evidence from the OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Standard." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-042, December 2021. (Revised November 2022.)
      • Article

      Megastudies Improve the Impact of Applied Behavioural Science

      By: Katherine L. Milkman, Dena Gromet, Hung Ho, Joseph S. Kay, Timothy W. Lee, Pepi Pandiloski, Yeji Park, Aneesh Rai, Max Bazerman, John Beshears, Lauri Bonacorsi, Colin Camerer, Edward Chang, Gretchen Chapman, Robert Cialdini, Hengchen Dai, Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, Ayelet Fishbach, James J. Gross, Samantha Horn, Alexa Hubbard, Steven J. Jones, Dean Karlan, Tim Kautz, Erika Kirgios, Joowon Klusowski, Ariella Kristal, Rahul Ladhania, Jens Ludwig, George Loewenstein, Barbara Mellers, Sendhil Mullainathan, Silvia Saccardo, Jann Spiess, Gaurav Suri, Joachim H. Talloen, Jamie Taxer, Yaacov Trope, Lyle Ungar, Kevin G. Volpp, Ashley Whillans, Jonathan Zinman and Angela L. Duckworth
      Policy-makers are increasingly turning to behavioural science for insights about how to improve citizens’ decisions and outcomes. Typically, different scientists test different intervention ideas in different samples using different outcomes over different time...  View Details
      Keywords: Policy Making; Behavioral Science; Behavior; Change; Decision Making; Policy
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      Milkman, Katherine L., Dena Gromet, Hung Ho, Joseph S. Kay, Timothy W. Lee, Pepi Pandiloski, Yeji Park, Aneesh Rai, Max Bazerman, John Beshears, Lauri Bonacorsi, Colin Camerer, Edward Chang, Gretchen Chapman, Robert Cialdini, Hengchen Dai, Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, Ayelet Fishbach, James J. Gross, Samantha Horn, Alexa Hubbard, Steven J. Jones, Dean Karlan, Tim Kautz, Erika Kirgios, Joowon Klusowski, Ariella Kristal, Rahul Ladhania, Jens Ludwig, George Loewenstein, Barbara Mellers, Sendhil Mullainathan, Silvia Saccardo, Jann Spiess, Gaurav Suri, Joachim H. Talloen, Jamie Taxer, Yaacov Trope, Lyle Ungar, Kevin G. Volpp, Ashley Whillans, Jonathan Zinman, and Angela L. Duckworth. "Megastudies Improve the Impact of Applied Behavioural Science." Nature 600, no. 7889 (December 16, 2021): 478–483.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Stock Investors' Returns Are Exaggerated

      By: Jesse M. Fried, Paul Ma and Charles C.Y. Wang
      The stock market generates less wealth than it appears. We show that total shareholder return (TSR), the standard measure of stock investor performance, substantially exaggerates returns earned by these investors in aggregate, and thus by most investors. The main...  View Details
      Keywords: All-shareholder Returns; Capital Flows; Dividend Reinvestment; Equity Premium; Total Shareholder Returns; Stocks; Investment Return; Market Timing
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      Fried, Jesse M., Paul Ma, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Stock Investors' Returns Are Exaggerated." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-036, November 2021.
      • November 2021
      • Article

      Panel Experiments and Dynamic Causal Effects: A Finite Population Perspective

      By: Iavor Bojinov, Ashesh Rambachan and Neil Shephard
      In panel experiments, we randomly assign units to different interventions, measuring their outcomes, and repeating the procedure in several periods. Using the potential outcomes framework, we define finite population dynamic causal effects that capture the relative...  View Details
      Keywords: Panel Data; Dynamic Causal Effects; Potential Outcomes; Finite Population; Nonparametric; Mathematical Methods
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      Bojinov, Iavor, Ashesh Rambachan, and Neil Shephard. "Panel Experiments and Dynamic Causal Effects: A Finite Population Perspective." Quantitative Economics 12, no. 4 (November 2021): 1171–1196.
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