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      • 2022
      • Article

      Which Corporate ESG News Does the Market React To?

      By: George Serafeim and Aaron Yoon
      Using a dataset that classifies firm-level ESG news as positive and negative, we examine how stock prices react to different types of ESG news. We analyze 111,020 firm-day observations for 3,126 companies and find that prices react only to issues identified as...  View Details
      Keywords: ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; ESG Ratings; Social Capital; Environment; Sustainability; CSR; Stock Price; Stock Market Expectations; Materiality; Market Reaction; Environmental Sustainability; Governance; Social Issues; Performance; News
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      Serafeim, George, and Aaron Yoon. "Which Corporate ESG News Does the Market React To?" Financial Analysts Journal 78, no. 1 (2022): 59–78.
      • January 2022
      • Background Note

      The Florange Law: Encouraging Long-Termism in Equity Markets?

      By: Charles C.Y. Wang and Tonia Labruyere
      This note provides background information on a French law (“the Florange law”) passed in 2014 that the French government said would encourage long-term shareholdings. The note describes the law, what led to it, the reactions it evoked, and similar initiatives in other...  View Details
      Keywords: Equity; Financial Markets; Investment Activism; Institutional Investing; Corporate Governance; Policy; Rights; Laws and Statutes; Business and Government Relations; Accounting Industry; France
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      Wang, Charles C.Y., and Tonia Labruyere. "The Florange Law: Encouraging Long-Termism in Equity Markets?" Harvard Business School Background Note 122-065, January 2022.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Shared Models in Networks, Organizations, and Groups

      By: Joshua Schwartzstein and Adi Sunderam
      Why did the market rise yesterday? What are the implications of the latest school shooting? Why did a particular employee get promoted? To answer such questions, we often exchange models, stories, narratives, and interpretations with others. This paper provides a...  View Details
      Keywords: Social Learning Theory; Theory; Social Issues; Cognition and Thinking; Social and Collaborative Networks; Attitudes
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      Schwartzstein, Joshua, and Adi Sunderam. "Shared Models in Networks, Organizations, and Groups." Working Paper, September 2021.
      • July 2021
      • Article

      Consumers—Especially Women—Avoid Buying from Firms with Higher Gender Pay Gaps

      By: Tobias Schlager, Bhavya Mohan, Katherine DeCelles and Michael I. Norton
      We document a unique driver of consumer behavior: the public disclosure of a firm’s gender pay gap. Four experiments provide causal evidence that when firms are revealed to have gender pay gaps, consumers are less willing to pay for their goods, a reaction driven by...  View Details
      Keywords: Pay Gap; Perceived Wage Fairness; Purchase Intention; Gender; Wages; Fairness; Perception; Consumer Behavior
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      Schlager, Tobias, Bhavya Mohan, Katherine DeCelles, and Michael I. Norton. "Consumers—Especially Women—Avoid Buying from Firms with Higher Gender Pay Gaps." Special Issue on Consumer Psychology for the Greater Good. Journal of Consumer Psychology 31, no. 3 (July 2021): 518–531.
      • May 2021 (Revised September 2021)
      • Case

      Accounting for Bitcoin at Tesla

      By: Charles C.Y. Wang and Siyu Zhang
      On February 8, 2021, Tesla revealed, through its 10-K filing to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), that it had purchased $1.5 billion of Bitcoin, totaling 7.5% of the company’s cash, and that it planned to accept payments in the cryptocurrency soon. These...  View Details
      Keywords: Bitcoin; Accounting; Currency; Communication Intention and Meaning; Strategy; Investment Portfolio; Emerging Markets; Risk and Uncertainty; Value Creation
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      Wang, Charles C.Y., and Siyu Zhang. "Accounting for Bitcoin at Tesla." Harvard Business School Case 121-074, May 2021. (Revised September 2021.)
      • Article

      The Unprecedented Stock Market Reaction to COVID-19

      By: Scott Baker, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Kyle Kost, Marco Sammon and Tasaneeya Viratyosin
      No previous infectious disease outbreak, including the Spanish Flu, has impacted the stock market as forcefully as the COVID-19 pandemic. In fact, previous pandemics left only mild traces on the U.S. stock market. We use text-based methods to develop these points with...  View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19; Stock Market; Health Pandemics; Governance; Policy; Financial Markets
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      Baker, Scott, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis, Kyle Kost, Marco Sammon, and Tasaneeya Viratyosin. "The Unprecedented Stock Market Reaction to COVID-19." Review of Asset Pricing Studies 10, no. 4 (December 2020): 742–758.
      • May 2020 (Revised October 2021)
      • Case

      Valuing Peloton

      By: E. Scott Mayfield
      Peloton Interactive, a well-known venture-capital-backed unicorn in the connected fitness space, recently had gone public with a market capitalization of over $8.0 billion. However, in the weeks following its public debut, Peloton’s stock price had fallen by over 25%....  View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Public Equity; Initial Public Offering; Disruptive Innovation; Business Strategy; Valuation; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; United States
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      Mayfield, E. Scott. "Valuing Peloton." Harvard Business School Case 220-060, May 2020. (Revised October 2021.)
      • April 2020 (Revised January 2022)
      • Case

      Uber: Competing Globally

      By: Alexander J. MacKay, Amram Migdal and John Masko
      This case describes Uber’s global market entry strategy and responses by regulators and local competitors. It details Uber’s entry into New York City (New York), Bogotá (Colombia), Delhi (India), Shanghai (China), Accra (Ghana), and London (United Kingdom). In each...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Ventures; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Model; Geography; Geographic Location; Geographic Scope; Globalization; Global Strategy; Multinational Firms and Management; Globalized Markets and Industries; Governance; Governance Controls; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Innovation and Invention; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Law; Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Markets; Demand and Consumers; Consumer Behavior; Network Effects; Emerging Markets; Market Design; Market Entry and Exit; Market Participation; Supply and Industry; Industry Structures; Planning; Strategic Planning; Relationships; Business and Community Relations; Business and Government Relations; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Labor and Management Relations; Networks; Strategy; Adaptation; Business Strategy; Competition; Competitive Advantage; Competitive Strategy; Expansion; Information Technology; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Digital Platforms; Transportation; Transportation Networks; Transportation Industry; Technology Industry; Africa; Ghana; Asia; China; Shanghai Shi; Shanghai; India; New Delhi; Europe; United Kingdom; England; London; Latin America; North and Central America; United States; New York (city, NY); New York (state, US); South America; Colombia
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      MacKay, Alexander J., Amram Migdal, and John Masko. "Uber: Competing Globally." Harvard Business School Case 720-404, April 2020. (Revised January 2022.)
      • January–February 2020
      • Article

      Consumer Reactions to Drip Pricing

      By: Shelle Santana, Steven Dallas and Vicki Morwitz
      This research examines how drip pricing—a strategy whereby a firm advertises only part of a product’s price upfront and then reveals additional mandatory or optional fees/surcharges as the consumer proceeds through the buying process—affects consumer choice and...  View Details
      Keywords: Drip Pricing; Pricing; Consumer Protection; Hidden Fees; Price; Consumer Behavior; Perception
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      Santana, Shelle, Steven Dallas, and Vicki Morwitz. "Consumer Reactions to Drip Pricing." Marketing Science 39, no. 1 (January–February 2020): 188–210.
      • September 2019
      • Article

      Contingent Capital Trigger Effects: Evidence from Liability Management Exercises

      By: Boris Vallée
      This paper investigates the so called liability management exercises by European banks, which bear comparable effects to triggering contingent capital. I first explore the determinants of these exercises. I then study market reactions to these operations as well as...  View Details
      Keywords: Contingent Capital; Financial Distress; Regulatory Capital; Financial Institutions; Legal Liability; Management; Banking Industry; Europe
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      Vallée, Boris. "Contingent Capital Trigger Effects: Evidence from Liability Management Exercises." Review of Corporate Finance Studies 8, no. 2 (September 2019): 235–259.
      • July 2019
      • Article

      Market Reaction to Mandatory Nonfinancial Disclosure

      By: Jody Grewal, Edward J. Riedl and George Serafeim
      We examine the equity market reaction to events associated with the passage of a directive in the European Union (EU) mandating increased nonfinancial disclosure. These disclosures relate to firms’ environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and would be...  View Details
      Keywords: Nonfinancial Information; Nonfinancial Performance; ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Investor Behavior; Disclosure; Disclosure Regulation; Regulation; Sustainability; Corporate Performance; Information; Corporate Disclosure; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Performance; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Governance; Outcome or Result
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      Grewal, Jody, Edward J. Riedl, and George Serafeim. "Market Reaction to Mandatory Nonfinancial Disclosure." Management Science 65, no. 7 (July 2019): 3061–3084.
      • March 2019 (Revised January 2021)
      • Module Note

      Strategic Interactions

      By: Ashish Nanda
      This note provides a perspective and some tools to predict and shape interactions with other players when making strategic decisions. As a strategist, you must consider that your firm’s actions evoke reactions from other players in the market and that, reciprocally,...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategic Interaction; Value Capture; Strategy; Value Creation; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Education Industry
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      Nanda, Ashish. "Strategic Interactions." Harvard Business School Module Note 719-501, March 2019. (Revised January 2021.)
      • Editorial

      Why CEOs Should Share Their Long-Term Plans with Investors

      By: Christina Rehnberg, George Serafeim and Brian Tomlinson
      Rather than requiring less short-term information, the key to combating short-termism is to encourage companies to share more information about their long-term plans. Analysis of companies that have done so suggests that long-term plans are not mere marketing...  View Details
      Keywords: CEO; Investor Relations; Disclosure; Long-term Growth; Investing; Business and Shareholder Relations; Strategy; Corporate Disclosure
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      Rehnberg, Christina, George Serafeim, and Brian Tomlinson. "Why CEOs Should Share Their Long-Term Plans with Investors." Harvard Business Review (website) (September 19, 2018).
      • August 2018 (Revised August 2018)
      • Case

      The De Beers Group: Launching Lightbox Jewelry for Lab-Grown Diamonds

      By: Benjamin C. Esty
      In May 2018, the De Beers Group shocked the diamond industry when it announced it was launching a new fashion jewelry brand of laboratory-grown (synthetic) diamonds. The reaction was swift as people sought to understand the company’s motivations: was it a “huge gamble”...  View Details
      Keywords: Diamonds; Differentiation; New Business; Strategy Development; Strategy Execution; Scope; Adjacency; Core; Commoditization; New Product Launch; Mining; Retail; Corporate Strategy; Business Strategy; Disruption; Value Creation; Product Launch; Segmentation; Expansion; Competitive Advantage; United States; United Kingdom
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      Esty, Benjamin C. "The De Beers Group: Launching Lightbox Jewelry for Lab-Grown Diamonds." Harvard Business School Case 719-408, August 2018. (Revised August 2018.)
      • June 2018
      • Case

      American Airlines' Value Pricing (Abridged)

      By: Alvin J. Silk and Sunil Gupta
      This is an abridged version of the 1992 case where American Airlines (AA) launched "Value Pricing" in an attempt to simplify the pricing structure of the airline industry. AA expected that this plan would benefit not only consumers, but also AA and the entire airline...  View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Marketing; Market Segmentation; Pricing; Pricing Strategy; Demand Analysis; Competition; Marketing; Segmentation; Price; Strategy; Demand and Consumers; Analysis; Air Transportation Industry
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      Silk, Alvin J., and Sunil Gupta. "American Airlines' Value Pricing (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 519-019, June 2018.
      • April 2018 (Revised March 2019)
      • Case

      Tesla-SolarCity

      By: E. Scott Mayfield and Emil N. Siriwardane
      On June 21, 2016, Tesla Motors, Inc. announced its offer to acquire SolarCity, bringing CEO Elon Musk one step closer to completing his goal of moving the world from a hydrocarbon-based economy to a solar-electric one. Markets and analysts were mixed in their reaction...  View Details
      Keywords: Tesla; SolarCity; Solar Power; Mergers and Acquisitions; Renewable Energy; Goals and Objectives; Finance
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      Mayfield, E. Scott, and Emil N. Siriwardane. "Tesla-SolarCity." Harvard Business School Case 218-108, April 2018. (Revised March 2019.)
      • Article

      Market Reactions to Sovereign Litigation

      By: Faisal Z. Ahmed and Laura Alfaro
      Recent rulings in the ongoing litigation over the pari passu clause in Argentinian sovereign debt instruments have generated considerable controversy. Some official-sector participants and academic articles have suggested that the rulings will disrupt or impede...  View Details
      Keywords: Sovereign Debt; Litigation; Vulture Funds; Argentina; Sovereign Finance; Lawsuits and Litigation; Markets; Argentina
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      Ahmed, Faisal Z., and Laura Alfaro. "Market Reactions to Sovereign Litigation." Capital Markets Law Journal 12, no. 2 (April 2017): 141–163.
      • September 2016
      • Article

      Disproportional Control Rights and the Bonding Role of Debt

      By: Aiyesha Dey, Valeri Nikolaev and Xue Wang
      We examine the governance role of debt in the context of U.S.-based dual class ownership structures. We hypothesize that the use of debt alleviates the conflict between shareholder classes by balancing the power of controlling insiders. We document that dual class...  View Details
      Keywords: Dual Class; Private Debt; Debt Covenants; Bonding Mechanisms; Ownership Type; Capital Structure; Borrowing and Debt
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      Dey, Aiyesha, Valeri Nikolaev, and Xue Wang. "Disproportional Control Rights and the Bonding Role of Debt." Management Science 62, no. 9 (September 2016): 2581–2614.
      • March 2016
      • Article

      Dividends as Reference Points: A Behavioral Signaling Approach

      By: Malcolm Baker, Brock Mendel and Jeffrey Wurgler
      We outline a dividend signaling model that features investors who are averse to dividend cuts. Managers with strong unobservable cash earnings separate by paying high dividends but retain enough to be likely not to fall short next period. The model is consistent with a...  View Details
      Keywords: Investment
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      Baker, Malcolm, Brock Mendel, and Jeffrey Wurgler. "Dividends as Reference Points: A Behavioral Signaling Approach." Review of Financial Studies 29, no. 3 (March 2016): 697–738.
      • February 2016 (Revised May 2016)
      • Case

      Astroscale, Space Debris, and Earth's Orbital Commons

      By: Matthew Weinzierl, Angela Acocella and Mayuka Yamazaki
      An engineer and technology entrepreneur, Nobu Okada, had turned a mid-life crisis into a bold—some would say quixotic—quest to prevent a tragedy of the commons at the global scale. Namely, Okada believed the accumulation of debris in near-Earth orbital space posed a...  View Details
      Keywords: Market Entry and Exit; Global Range; Entrepreneurship; Crisis Management; Wastes and Waste Processing; Economics; Aerospace Industry
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      Weinzierl, Matthew, Angela Acocella, and Mayuka Yamazaki. "Astroscale, Space Debris, and Earth's Orbital Commons." Harvard Business School Case 716-037, February 2016. (Revised May 2016.)
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