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    • All HBS Web  (280)
      • Faculty Publications  (31)

      Loan Contracts Remove Loan Contracts →

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      Covenant-Light Contracts and Creditor Coordination
      Weak Credit Covenants
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      • October 2020
      • Article

      Corporate Legal Structure and Bank Loan Spread

      By: Anywhere (Siko) Sikochi
      This study examines how a corporate legal structure may affect borrowing costs. Corporate legal structure refers to the legal fragmentation of a firm into multiple, separately incorporated entities. This fragmentation is bound to be a factor when lenders determine the...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Legal Structure; Subsidiaries; Bank Loans; Minority Interest; Credit Risk; Organizational Structure; Business Subsidiaries; Financing and Loans
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      Sikochi, Anywhere (Siko). "Corporate Legal Structure and Bank Loan Spread." Journal of Corporate Finance 64 (October 2020).
      • February 2018
      • Article

      Financial Repression in the European Sovereign Debt Crisis

      By: Bo Becker and Victoria Ivashina
      By the end of 2013, the share of government debt held by the domestic banking sectors of Eurozone countries was more than twice its 2007 level. We show that this type of increasing reliance on the domestic banking sector for absorbing government bonds generates a...  View Details
      Keywords: Credit Cycles; Sovereign Debt; Financial Repression; Sovereign Finance; Borrowing and Debt; Credit; Europe
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      Becker, Bo, and Victoria Ivashina. "Financial Repression in the European Sovereign Debt Crisis." Review of Finance 22, no. 1 (February 2018): 83–115.
      • October 2016 (Revised January 2017)
      • Supplement

      Bally Total Fitness (B): The Fall, 2005–2016

      By: John R. Wells and Gabriel Ellsworth
      By many measures the largest health-club chain in the United States in the early 2000s, Bally Total Fitness sold most of its remaining fitness clubs to 24 Hour Fitness in 2014 and disappeared from the industry top 100 rankings. After Bally was bedeviled by accounting...  View Details
      Keywords: Bally Total Fitness; Accounting; Accounting Audits; Accrual Accounting; Business Earnings; Revenue Recognition; Financial Statements; Acquisition; Business Exit or Shutdown; For-Profit Firms; Crime and Corruption; Borrowing and Debt; Capital; Capital Structure; Cash; Cash Flow; Public Equity; Financial Condition; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Financing and Loans; Investment Activism; Profit; Revenue; Geographic Scope; Business History; Executive Compensation; Resignation and Termination; Annual Reports; Contracts; Lawsuits and Litigation; Business or Company Management; Marketing; Market Entry and Exit; Private Ownership; Public Ownership; Problems and Challenges; Strategy; Business Strategy; Competition; Corporate Strategy; Health Industry; Accounting Industry; United States; Illinois; Chicago
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      Wells, John R., and Gabriel Ellsworth. "Bally Total Fitness (B): The Fall, 2005–2016." Harvard Business School Supplement 717-422, October 2016. (Revised January 2017.)
      • October 2016
      • Case

      The Quiet Ascension of LA Fitness

      By: John R. Wells and Gabriel Ellsworth
      In 2016, LA Fitness was the largest chain of non-franchised fitness clubs in North America, operating 676 clubs, serving 4.9 million members, and generating revenues of over $1.9 billion. Founded by Chinyol Yi, Louis Welch, and Paul Norris in 1984, the privately held...  View Details
      Keywords: La Fitness; Health Clubs; Fitness; Gyms; Chain; Exercise; Personal Training; Retention; Bally Total Fitness; 24 Hour Fitness; Planet Fitness; Buildings and Facilities; Acquisition; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Model; For-Profit Firms; Customers; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customer Satisfaction; Demographics; Age; Gender; Income; Residency; Borrowing and Debt; Capital; Capital Structure; Cash; Cash Flow; Cost; Private Equity; Financial Condition; Financial Liquidity; Financing and Loans; Investment Return; Price; Profit; Revenue; Geographic Location; Geographic Scope; Multinational Firms and Management; Business History; Employees; Recruitment; Selection and Staffing; Human Capital; Contracts; Business or Company Management; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Operations; Service Operations; Leasing; Private Ownership; Problems and Challenges; Sales; Salesforce Management; Situation or Environment; Opportunities; Sports; Strategy; Business Strategy; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Expansion; Segmentation; Information Technology; Mobile Technology; Technology Platform; Health Industry; United States; California; Los Angeles
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      Wells, John R., and Gabriel Ellsworth. "The Quiet Ascension of LA Fitness." Harvard Business School Case 717-424, October 2016.
      • Working Paper

      Covenant-Light Contracts and Creditor Coordination

      By: Bo Becker and Victoria Ivashina
      In 2015, 70% of newly issued leveraged loans had weaker enforcement features, called covenant-light or "cov-lite"; this is nearly a three-time increase in cov-lite issuance compared to a previous peak in 2007. We evaluate whether this development can be attributed to...  View Details
      Keywords: Credit Cycles; Loan Contracts; Debt Covenants; Contracts; Financing and Loans; Credit; Borrowing and Debt
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      Becker, Bo, and Victoria Ivashina. "Covenant-Light Contracts and Creditor Coordination." Swedish House of Finance Research Paper, No. 16-09, March 2016.
      • April 2015
      • Article

      Incentivizing Calculated Risk-Taking: Evidence from an Experiment with Commercial Bank Loan Officers

      By: Shawn Cole, Martin Kanz and Leora Klapper
      This paper uses a series of experiments with commercial bank loan officers to test the effect of performance incentives on risk assessment and lending decisions. We first show that while high-powered incentives lead to greater screening effort and more profitable...  View Details
      Keywords: Banking; Management Processes; Credit Products; Experimental Economics; Risk Management; Motivation and Incentives; Management Practices and Processes; Financing and Loans; Banking Industry
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      Cole, Shawn, Martin Kanz, and Leora Klapper. "Incentivizing Calculated Risk-Taking: Evidence from an Experiment with Commercial Bank Loan Officers." Journal of Finance 70, no. 2 (April 2015): 537–575.
      • 2014
      • Working Paper

      Financial Repression in the European Sovereign Debt Crisis

      By: Bo Becker and Victoria Ivashina
      By the end of 2013, the share of government debt held by the domestic banking sectors of Eurozone countries was more than twice its 2007 level. We show that this type of increasing reliance on the domestic banking sector for absorbing government bonds generates a...  View Details
      Keywords: Credit Cycles; Sovereign Debt; Financial Repression; Sovereign Finance; Greece
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      Becker, Bo, and Victoria Ivashina. "Financial Repression in the European Sovereign Debt Crisis." Working Paper, April 2014.
      • March 2014
      • Article

      Cyclicality of Credit Supply: Firm Level Evidence

      By: Bo Becker and Victoria Ivashina
      Theory predicts that there is a close link between bank credit supply and the evolution of the business cycle. Yet fluctuations in bank-loan supply have been hard to quantify in the time series. While loan issuance falls in recessions, it is not clear if this is due to...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Cycles; Borrowing and Debt; Credit; Banks and Banking; Bonds; Financial Markets; Financing and Loans; Banking Industry
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      Becker, Bo, and Victoria Ivashina. "Cyclicality of Credit Supply: Firm Level Evidence." Journal of Monetary Economics 62 (March 2014): 76–93.
      • Article

      Liability Structure in Small-Scale Finance

      By: Fenella Carpena, Shawn Cole, Jeremy Shapiro and Bilal Zia
      Microfinance, the provision of small individual and business loans, has experienced dramatic growth, reaching over 150 million borrowers worldwide. Much of the success of microfinance has been attributed to attempts to overcome the challenges of information asymmetries...  View Details
      Keywords: Microfinance; Emerging Markets; Financial Markets; Legal Liability; Banks and Banking; Banking Industry; India
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      Carpena, Fenella, Shawn Cole, Jeremy Shapiro, and Bilal Zia. "Liability Structure in Small-Scale Finance." World Bank Economic Review 27, no. 3 (2013): 437–469.
      • November 2012 (Revised July 2013)
      • Case

      Gerry Pasciucco at AIG Financial Products

      By: Gautam Mukunda and Thomas J. DeLong
      Gerry Pasciucco was appointed to lead American International Group's Financial Products (AIGFP) group after the government bailout of AIG in 2008 and charged with the task of shutting down the division while minimizing the government's losses. AIGFP's failed trades had...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Accountability; Ethics; Crisis Management; Financial Crisis; Management Teams; Business and Government Relations; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Mukunda, Gautam, and Thomas J. DeLong. "Gerry Pasciucco at AIG Financial Products." Harvard Business School Case 413-059, November 2012. (Revised July 2013.)
      • Article

      Employee Selection as a Control System

      By: Dennis Campbell
      Theories from the economics, management control, and organizational behavior literatures predict that when it is difficult to align incentives by contracting on output, aligning preferences via employee selection may provide a useful alternative. This study...  View Details
      Keywords: Management Systems; Governance Controls; Employees; Selection and Staffing; Motivation and Incentives; Decision Making; Business Model
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      Campbell, Dennis. "Employee Selection as a Control System." Journal of Accounting Research 50, no. 4 (September 2012): 931–966.
      • September 2011 (Revised September 2011)
      • Case

      Penn Warranty Corporation

      By: Richard S. Ruback and Royce Yudkoff
      Penn Warranty Corporation sold warranty contracts to the used car market. During the recession in 2008/2009 Penn's sales declined by 26% Instead of growing by 11% as forecasted. Also, disruptions in financial and insurance markets created a cash shortfall. In the...  View Details
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      Ruback, Richard S., and Royce Yudkoff. "Penn Warranty Corporation." Harvard Business School Case 212-007, September 2011. (Revised from original August 2011 version.)
      • September 2010
      • Article

      Bank Lending During the Financial Crisis of 2008

      By: Victoria Ivashina and David S. Scharfstein
      This paper documents that new loans to large borrowers fell by 47% during the peak period of the financial crisis (fourth quarter of 2008) relative to the prior quarter and by 79% relative to the peak of the credit boom (second quarter of 2007). New lending for real...  View Details
      Keywords: Financial Liquidity; Financing and Loans; Credit; Borrowing and Debt; Financial Crisis; Banking Industry
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and David S. Scharfstein. "Bank Lending During the Financial Crisis of 2008." Journal of Financial Economics 97, no. 3 (September 2010): 319–338.
      • August 2010
      • Teaching Note

      Vereinigung Hamburger Schiffsmakler und Schiffsagenten e.V.: Valuing Ships (TN)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Albert W. Sheen
      Teaching Note for 210058.  View Details
      Keywords: Valuation; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Financial Crisis; Price; Financing and Loans; Contracts; Asset Pricing; Cash Flow; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Shipping Industry; Germany
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Albert W. Sheen. "Vereinigung Hamburger Schiffsmakler und Schiffsagenten e.V.: Valuing Ships (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 211-009, August 2010.
      • 2010
      • Working Paper

      Employee Selection as a Control System

      By: Dennis Campbell
      Theories from the economics, management control, and organizational behavior literatures predict that when it is difficult to align incentives by contracting on output, aligning preferences via employee selection may provide a useful alternative. This study...  View Details
      Keywords: Accounting; Decision Making; Governance Controls; Employees; Selection and Staffing; Management Systems; Financial Services Industry
      Citation
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      Campbell, Dennis. "Employee Selection as a Control System." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-021, August 2010. (Revised September 2010, April 2012.)
      • July 2010
      • Supplement

      Vereinigung Hamburger Schiffsmakler und Schiffsagenten e.V. (VHSS): Valuing Ships (CW)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Albert W. Sheen
      After booming for more than five years, the global shipping (maritime) industry experienced a dramatic crash in late 2008 as the global financial system froze and the global economy slid into recession. Ship charter rates (revenue) fell by as much as 90% causing prices...  View Details
      Keywords: Fair Value Accounting; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Capital Markets; Cash Flow; Financial Liquidity; Banks and Banking; Price; Price Bubble; Contracts; Crisis Management; Market Transactions; Valuation; Shipping Industry
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Albert W. Sheen. "Vereinigung Hamburger Schiffsmakler und Schiffsagenten e.V. (VHSS): Valuing Ships (CW)." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 211-701, July 2010.
      • June 2010 (Revised April 2011)
      • Case

      Vereinigung Hamburger Schiffsmakler und Schiffsagenten e.V. (VHSS): Valuing Ships

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Albert Sheen
      After booming for more than five years, the global shipping (maritime) industry experienced a dramatic crash in late 2008 as the global financial system froze and the global economy slid into recession. Ship charter rates (revenue) fell by as much as 90% causing prices...  View Details
      Keywords: Fair Value Accounting; Financial Crisis; Capital Markets; Financial Liquidity; International Finance; Globalized Markets and Industries; Valuation; Banking Industry; Shipping Industry; Germany
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Albert Sheen. "Vereinigung Hamburger Schiffsmakler und Schiffsagenten e.V. (VHSS): Valuing Ships." Harvard Business School Case 210-058, June 2010. (Revised April 2011.)
      • 2011
      • Working Paper

      Cyclicality of Credit Supply: Firm Level Evidence

      By: Bo Becker and Victoria Ivashina
      Theory predicts that there is a close link between bank credit supply and the evolution of the business cycle. Yet fluctuations in bank-loan supply have been hard to quantify in the time-series. While loan issuance falls in recessions, it is not clear if this is due to...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Cycles; Borrowing and Debt; Credit; Banks and Banking; Bonds; Financial Markets; Financing and Loans; Banking Industry
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      Becker, Bo, and Victoria Ivashina. "Cyclicality of Credit Supply: Firm Level Evidence." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-107, June 2010. (Revised August 2011.)
      • April 2010
      • Case

      Bill Nichol Negotiates with Walmart: Hard Bargains over Soft Goods (A)

      By: James K. Sebenius and Ellen Knebel
      CEO Bill Nichol must somehow negotiate a surprise ultimatum from Walmart, his largest customer, about his largest and most profitable product line: “We're dropping it.” Among its hosiery products, the Kentucky Derby Hosiery Co. produces and sells a branded line of...  View Details
      Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Crisis Management; Negotiation Tactics; Conflict Management; Apparel and Accessories Industry; North America
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      Sebenius, James K., and Ellen Knebel. "Bill Nichol Negotiates with Walmart: Hard Bargains over Soft Goods (A)." Harvard Business School Case 910-043, April 2010.
      • February 2009
      • Background Note

      An Introduction to Consumer Credit

      By: Peter Tufano
      This note reviews a variety of shorter-term consumer credit products in the U.S. with an emphasis on the types of products that low- and moderate-income consumers use. Included here are the following: credit cards, bank overdraft products, payday lending, personal...  View Details
      Keywords: Credit; Financing and Loans; Personal Finance; United States
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      Tufano, Peter, Andrea Ryan, and Daniel Schneider. "An Introduction to Consumer Credit." Harvard Business School Background Note 209-107, February 2009.
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