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As Hertz approaches what is expected to be a $1 billion "quick flip" IPO just ten months after being acquired, critics are again taking aim...
- February 2021
- Case
Barbarians at the Gate or Turnaround Gurus? Private Equity and the Rise of the LBO
By: Tom Nicholas and John Masko
During the 1980s, leveraged buyouts (LBOs) and the private equity (PE) firms responsible for carrying them out revolutionized both investment and management in the U.S. Between 1980 and 1989, buyout activity in the U.S. surged from $1 billion per year to $60 billion....
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Keywords:
leveraged buyouts;
Mergers And Acquisitions;
Business Conglomerates;
Restructuring;
Borrowing And Debt;
Private Equity;
Bonds;
Investment Return;
Institutional Investing;
Profit Sharing;
Business History;
Management Style;
Private Ownership;
Performance Effectiveness;
Value Creation;
Financial Services Industry;
United States
- 2020
- Working Paper
Weak Credit Covenants
By: Victoria Ivashina and Boris Vallée
Using novel data on 1,240 credit agreements, we investigate sources of contractual complexity in the leveraged loan market. While negative covenants are widespread, carve-out and deductible clauses that weaken them are as frequent. We propose simple measures of...
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Keywords:
Loan Contracts;
Debt Covenants;
Creditor Governance;
Credit;
Agreements And Arrangements;
leveraged buyouts
Ivashina, Victoria, and Boris Vallée. "Weak Credit Covenants." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 27316, June 2020. (R&R at the Journal of Financial Economics.)
- December 2019 (Revised January 2021)
- Supplement
The Leveraged Buyout of TXU: (B) Energy Future Holdings
By: Trevor Fetter, Erik Snowberg and Rebecca M. Henderson
This case is designed to support a lively discussion about the relative merits of shareholder vs. stakeholder perspectives in the context of a company that provides a vital public service that has important environmental implications. The 2007 purchase of TXU, the...
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Keywords:
leveraged buyouts;
Transformation;
Insolvency And Bankruptcy;
Environmental Sustainability;
Business And Shareholder Relations;
Business And Stakeholder Relations;
Energy Generation;
Utilities Industry;
Energy Industry;
Texas
Fetter, Trevor, Erik Snowberg, and Rebecca M. Henderson. "The Leveraged Buyout of TXU: (B) Energy Future Holdings." Harvard Business School Supplement 320-065, December 2019. (Revised January 2021.)
- December 2019 (Revised January 2021)
- Case
TXU (A): Powering the Largest Leveraged Buyout in History
By: Trevor Fetter, Erik Snowberg and Rebecca M. Henderson
This case is designed to support a lively discussion about the relative merits of shareholder vs. stakeholder perspectives in the context of a company that provides a vital public service that has important environmental implications. The 2007 purchase of TXU, the...
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Keywords:
leveraged buyouts;
Transformation;
Insolvency And Bankruptcy;
Environmental Sustainability;
Business And Shareholder Relations;
Business And Stakeholder Relations;
Energy Generation;
Utilities Industry;
Energy Industry;
Texas
Fetter, Trevor, Erik Snowberg, and Rebecca M. Henderson. "TXU (A): Powering the Largest Leveraged Buyout in History." Harvard Business School Case 320-064, December 2019. (Revised January 2021.)
- October 2019 (Revised December 2019)
- Case
BC Partners: Acuris
By: Victoria Ivashina and Terrence Shu
This case follows Nikos Stathopoulos, Managing Partner of BC Partners, as he and his team evaluate the potential sale of one of BC Partners’ portfolio companies, Acuris. Acuris was a global financial intelligence, news, and data company that had been acquired by BC...
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Keywords:
Fund Management;
Fund Raising;
Leveraged Buyout;
buyout;
Portfolio Management;
Operations Improvement;
Exit;
Exit Strategy;
Valuation Ratios;
Finance;
Private Equity;
leveraged buyouts;
Operations;
Performance Improvement;
Acquisition;
Valuation
Ivashina, Victoria, and Terrence Shu. "BC Partners: Acuris." Harvard Business School Case 220-041, October 2019. (Revised December 2019.)
- January 2019
- Article
Pay Now or Pay Later? The Economics within the Private Equity Partnership
By: Victoria Ivashina and Josh Lerner
The economics of partnerships have been of enduring interest to economists, but many issues regarding intergenerational conflicts and their impact on the continuity of these organizations remain unclear. We examine 717 private equity partnerships and show that (a) the...
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Keywords:
Partnerships;
Leveraged Buyout;
Partners And Partnerships;
Private Equity;
Venture Capital;
leveraged buyouts
Ivashina, Victoria, and Josh Lerner. "Pay Now or Pay Later? The Economics within the Private Equity Partnership." Journal of Financial Economics 131, no. 1 (January 2019): 61–87.
- September 2018
- Case
Clayton, Dubilier & Rice at 40
By: Josh Lerner, Abhijit Tagade and Terrence Shu
In 2018, private equity firm Clayton, Dubilier & Rice celebrated its 40th anniversary and its 20th year under the leadership of CEO Don Gogel. In those decades, CD&R showed solid portfolio performance and generated strong returns for its investors - accomplishments...
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Keywords:
Finance;
Private Equity;
Succession;
buyout;
Leveraged Buyout;
Turnaround;
Operations;
Private Equity;
Management Succession;
Business Model;
leveraged buyouts;
Trends;
Organizational Change And Adaptation
Lerner, Josh, Abhijit Tagade, and Terrence Shu. "Clayton, Dubilier & Rice at 40." Harvard Business School Case 819-055, September 2018.
- September 2017
- Case
Blackstone's Julia Kahr at the Summit
By: Paul A. Gompers, John D. Dionne and Amram Migdal
In 2009, Blackstone, the New York-based alternative asset and financial services firm, committed to invest up to $750 million into Summit Materials, a new company in the aggregates sector (i.e., construction materials, such as crushed stone, sand, gravel, cement,...
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Keywords:
Roll Up;
Private Equity Roll Up;
Aggregates;
Aggregates Materials;
Construction Materials;
Business Ventures;
Acquisition;
leveraged buyouts;
Business Growth And Maturation;
Engineering;
Construction;
Finance;
Capital;
Equity;
Private Equity;
Financial Instruments;
Investment;
Housing;
Management;
Goals And Objectives;
Growth And Development Strategy;
Growth Management;
Personal Development And Career;
Management Teams;
Planning;
Problems And Challenges;
Value;
Valuation;
Value Creation;
Construction Industry;
Financial Services Industry;
United States
Gompers, Paul A., John D. Dionne, and Amram Migdal. "Blackstone's Julia Kahr at the Summit." Harvard Business School Case 218-002, September 2017.
- August 2017
- Case
Altoona State Investment Board & Bain Capital Fund XI
By: Josh Lerner and Ted Berk
Considers the decision faced by state pension fund manager Rod Calhoun as he decides whether to invest $200 million in Bain Capital's eleventh global buyout fund: Bain Capital Fund XI. For the fund, Bain was offering its limited partners a choice among three different...
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Keywords:
Capital;
Design;
Entrepreneurship;
Equity Method;
Finance;
Leveraged Buyout;
Management;
Management Buyout;
Private Equity;
Venture Capital;
Capital;
Design;
Entrepreneurship;
Finance;
leveraged buyouts;
Management;
Private Equity;
Venture Capital;
Banking Industry;
Massachusetts
Lerner, Josh, and Ted Berk. "Altoona State Investment Board & Bain Capital Fund XI." Harvard Business School Case 218-022, August 2017.
- July 2017
- Supplement
Centerbridge Partners and Great Wolf Resorts (B)
By: Josh Lerner, John D. Dionne and Amram Migdal
The case examines the aftermath of the March 2015 Centerbridge Partners acquisition of Great Wolf Resorts, a North American family-oriented indoor water parks and hotel operator, from a private equity (PE) competitor, Apollo Global Management.
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Keywords:
Private Equity Financing;
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities;
Cmbs;
Secondary Buyouts;
Business Ventures;
Acquisition;
leveraged buyouts;
Business Exit Or Shutdown;
Finance;
Borrowing And Debt;
Cost;
Cost Of Capital;
Equity;
Private Equity;
Financial Instruments;
Debt Securities;
Accommodations Industry;
Entertainment And Recreation Industry;
Financial Services Industry;
North And Central America;
United States
Lerner, Josh, John D. Dionne, and Amram Migdal. "Centerbridge Partners and Great Wolf Resorts (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 818-024, July 2017.
- February 2017 (Revised January 2019)
- Supplement
Bankruptcy at Caesars Entertainment (B)
By: Kristin Mugford
Keywords:
Gaming;
Chapter 11;
Fraudulent Conveyance;
Apollo;
Tpg;
Bankruptcy;
leveraged buyouts;
Restructuring;
Capital Structure;
Insolvency And Bankruptcy;
Private Equity;
Financial Management;
Lawsuits And Litigation;
Negotiation;
Entertainment And Recreation Industry;
Las Vegas
Mugford, Kristin. "Bankruptcy at Caesars Entertainment (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 217-058, February 2017. (Revised January 2019.)
- 2016
- Working Paper
Pay Now or Pay Later? The Economics within the Private Equity Partnership
By: Victoria Ivashina and Josh Lerner
The economics of partnerships have been of enduring interest to economists, but many issues regarding intergenerational conflicts and their impact on the continuity of these organizations remain unclear. We examine 717 private equity partnerships and show that (a) the...
View Details
Keywords:
Partnerships;
Leveraged Buyout;
Venture Capital;
Private Equity;
Partners And Partnerships;
leveraged buyouts
Ivashina, Victoria, and Josh Lerner. "Pay Now or Pay Later? The Economics within the Private Equity Partnership." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-119, March 2016.
- March 2016 (Revised May 2018)
- Case
Michael Milken: The Junk Bond King
By: Tom Nicholas and Matthew G. Preble
Michael Milken, an investment banker who dominated the junk bond market in the 1980s, was sentenced to jail in 1990 after pleading guilty to a number of securities and tax-related felonies. In the preceding decade, Milken had helped usher in a new wave of leveraged buy...
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Keywords:
Junk Bonds;
High-yield Bonds;
Financial Innovation;
Shareholder Value;
Bonds;
Capital;
Capital Structure;
Cost Of Capital;
Crime And Corruption;
Entrepreneurship;
Ethics;
Finance;
Investment Banking;
leveraged buyouts;
Mergers And Acquisitions;
Ownership;
Private Equity;
Restructuring;
United States
Nicholas, Tom, and Matthew G. Preble. "Michael Milken: The Junk Bond King." Harvard Business School Case 816-050, March 2016. (Revised May 2018.)
- February 2016 (Revised March 2019)
- Case
Bankruptcy at Caesars Entertainment
By: Kristin Mugford and David Chan
Caesars Entertainment was a large casino operator in the United States that had been purchased in a 2008 leveraged buyout by Apollo and TPG. In January 2015, Caesars Entertainment Operating Company (CEOC), its largest subsidiary, filed for Chapter 11. This set up a...
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Keywords:
Gaming;
Chapter 11;
Fraudulent Conveyance;
Apollo;
Tpg;
Bankruptcy;
leveraged buyouts;
Restructuring;
Capital Structure;
Insolvency And Bankruptcy;
Private Equity;
Financial Management;
Lawsuits And Litigation;
Negotiation;
Games, Gaming, And Gambling;
Entertainment And Recreation Industry;
Las Vegas
Mugford, Kristin, and David Chan. "Bankruptcy at Caesars Entertainment." Harvard Business School Case 216-052, February 2016. (Revised March 2019.)
- December 2014
- Article
Private Equity, Jobs, and Productivity
By: Steven J. Davis, John Haltiwanger, Kyle Handley, Ron Jarmin, Josh Lerner and Javier Miranda
Private equity critics claim that leveraged buyouts bring huge job losses. To investigate this claim, we construct and analyze a new dataset that covers U.S. private equity transactions from 1980 to 2005. We track 3,200 target firms and their 150,000 establishments...
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Keywords:
Private Equity;
leveraged buyouts;
Performance Productivity;
Jobs And Positions;
United States
Davis, Steven J., John Haltiwanger, Kyle Handley, Ron Jarmin, Josh Lerner, and Javier Miranda. "Private Equity, Jobs, and Productivity." American Economic Review 104, no. 12 (December 2014): 3956–3990. (Earlier versions distributed as National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 17399 and Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 12-033.) (Originally called "Private Equity and Employment.")
- December 2014
- Other Article
Private Equity, Jobs, and Productivity—Online Appendix
By: Steven J. Davis, John Haltiwanger, Kyle Handley, Ron Jarmin, Josh Lerner and Javier Miranda
Private equity critics claim that leveraged buyouts bring huge job losses. To investigate this claim, we construct and analyze a new dataset that covers U.S. private equity transactions from 1980 to 2005. We track 3,200 target firms and their 150,000 establishments...
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Davis, Steven J., John Haltiwanger, Kyle Handley, Ron Jarmin, Josh Lerner, and Javier Miranda. "Private Equity, Jobs, and Productivity—Online Appendix." American Economic Review 104, no. 12 (December 2014).
- June 2014 (Revised May 2017)
- Case
Southeastern Asset Management Challenges Buyout at Dell
By: Paul Healy, Suraj Srinivasan and Aldo Sesia
In late 2012, Michael Dell wants to take Dell Inc., the company he founded, private. Mr. Dell believes that the successful company's transformation from a personal computer (PC) manufacturer to an enterprise solutions and services provider (ESS) is dependent on going...
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Keywords:
Leveraged Buyout Transaction;
Leveraged Buyouts;
Leveraged Recapitalization;
Management Buyout;
Dell, Inc.;
Hedge Fund;
Corporate Accountability;
Corporate Governance;
Corporate Governance Theory;
Valuation;
Valuation Ratios;
Valuation Methodologies;
Board Of Directors;
Boards Of Directors;
Carl Icahn;
Computer Industry;
Computer Services Industries;
Proxy Contest;
Proxy Battles;
Proxy Fight;
Proxy Advisor;
Financial Accounting;
Financial Analysis;
Financial Ratios;
Corporate Finance;
Finance;
Corporate Accountability;
Corporate Governance;
Corporate Finance;
leveraged buyouts;
Computer Industry;
United States
Healy, Paul, Suraj Srinivasan, and Aldo Sesia. "Southeastern Asset Management Challenges Buyout at Dell." Harvard Business School Case 114-015, June 2014. (Revised May 2017.)
- October 2013
- Case
Advantage Partners: Dia Kanri (A)
By: Paul A. Gompers, Nobuo Sato and Akiko Kanno
This case explores the opportunity to purchase the condominium management business of a distressed real estate developer by Advantage Partners, a leading Japanese private equity firm. The case explores investment structuring, bidding strategy, and the ability of...
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Keywords:
Private Equity;
Lbo;
Roll-up;
Investment;
Financing;
Condominium Management;
leveraged buyouts;
Asia
Gompers, Paul A., Nobuo Sato, and Akiko Kanno. "Advantage Partners: Dia Kanri (A)." Harvard Business School Case 214-016, October 2013.
- October 2013
- Supplement
Advantage Partners: Dia Kanri (B)
By: Paul A. Gompers, Nobuo Sato and Akiko Kanno
This case presents the final decision and outcomes for the (A) case.
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Gompers, Paul A., Nobuo Sato, and Akiko Kanno. "Advantage Partners: Dia Kanri (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 214-017, October 2013.
- October 2013 (Revised November 2013)
- Case
Blackstone and the Sale of Citigroup's Loan Portfolio
By: Victoria Ivashina and David Scharfstein
The credit boom that preceded the 2007-2009 financial crisis led to several lending practices that exposed banks to large risks. In particular, when the financial crisis unraveled, there were several billion dollars' worth of leveraged buyout (LBO) loans that were...
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Keywords:
Restructuring;
Private Equity;
Insolvency And Bankruptcy;
Credit Derivatives And Swaps;
Financial Markets;
Investment;
Banking Industry;
Financial Services Industry
Ivashina, Victoria, and David Scharfstein. "Blackstone and the Sale of Citigroup's Loan Portfolio." Harvard Business School Case 214-037, October 2013. (Revised November 2013.)
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As Hertz approaches what is expected to be a $1 billion "quick flip" IPO just ten months after being acquired, critics are again taking aim...