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- July 2021
- Case
Bessemer Venture Partners: Century Fund
By: Jo Tango and Alys Ferragamo
In July of 2021, Bessemer Venture Partners (BVP) contemplated the future of its growth investing practice, known as “Century.” While still relatively new as a focused initiative, BVP’s growth investing already had significant momentum. The fund’s investment pace had...
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- April 2021
- Supplement
Exercise for Revlon: Surviving Covid-19
By: Kristin Mugford and Sarah Gulick
Exercise for Revlon: Surviving Covid-19
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- March 2021
- Case
Revlon: Surviving Covid-19
By: Kristin Mugford and Sarah Gulick
In October 2020, Revlon faced a crossroads. While it had been struggling with high levels of debt before COVID-19, the pandemic had caused it to go further into debt. Unlike other financial crises, many consumers had stopped buying skincare or cosmetics, and sales of...
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- February 2021 (Revised June 2021)
- Case
Barbarians at the Gate or Turnaround Gurus? Private Equity and the Rise of the LBO
By: Tom Nicholas and John Masko
During the 1980s, leveraged buyouts (LBOs) and the private equity (PE) firms responsible for carrying them out revolutionized both investment and management in the U.S. Between 1980 and 1989, buyout activity in the U.S. surged from $1 billion per year to $60 billion....
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Keywords:
Leveraged Buyouts;
Mergers and Acquisitions;
Business Conglomerates;
Restructuring;
Borrowing and Debt;
Private Equity;
Bonds;
Investment Return;
Institutional Investing;
Profit Sharing;
Business History;
Management Style;
Private Ownership;
Performance Effectiveness;
Value Creation;
Financial Services Industry;
United States
- 2020
- Working Paper
Weak Credit Covenants
By: Victoria Ivashina and Boris Vallée
Using novel data on 1,240 credit agreements, we investigate sources of contractual complexity in the leveraged loan market. While negative covenants are widespread, carve-out and deductible clauses that weaken them are as frequent. We propose simple measures of...
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- December 2019 (Revised January 2021)
- Supplement
The Leveraged Buyout of TXU: (B) Energy Future Holdings
By: Trevor Fetter, Erik Snowberg and Rebecca M. Henderson
This case is designed to support a lively discussion about the relative merits of shareholder vs. stakeholder perspectives in the context of a company that provides a vital public service that has important environmental implications. The 2007 purchase of TXU, the...
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- December 2019 (Revised January 2021)
- Case
TXU (A): Powering the Largest Leveraged Buyout in History
By: Trevor Fetter, Erik Snowberg and Rebecca M. Henderson
This case is designed to support a lively discussion about the relative merits of shareholder vs. stakeholder perspectives in the context of a company that provides a vital public service that has important environmental implications. The 2007 purchase of TXU, the...
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- October 2019 (Revised June 2020)
- Case
Toys 'R' Us: Come Buy My Toys
By: Nori Gerardo Lietz, Erica Segall, Alejandro Botto and Terrence Shu
Keywords:
Private Equity;
Retail;
Finance;
Leveraged Buyout;
Leverage;
Leveraged Buyouts;
Bankruptcy
- October 2019 (Revised December 2019)
- Case
BC Partners: Acuris
By: Victoria Ivashina and Terrence Shu
This case follows Nikos Stathopoulos, Managing Partner of BC Partners, as he and his team evaluate the potential sale of one of BC Partners’ portfolio companies, Acuris. Acuris was a global financial intelligence, news, and data company that had been acquired by BC...
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- January 2019
- Article
Pay Now or Pay Later? The Economics within the Private Equity Partnership
By: Victoria Ivashina and Josh Lerner
The economics of partnerships have been of enduring interest to economists, but many issues regarding intergenerational conflicts and their impact on the continuity of these organizations remain unclear. We examine 717 private equity partnerships and show that (a) the...
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- September 2018
- Case
Clayton, Dubilier & Rice at 40
By: Josh Lerner, Abhijit Tagade and Terrence Shu
In 2018, private equity firm Clayton, Dubilier & Rice celebrated its 40th anniversary and its 20th year under the leadership of CEO Don Gogel. In those decades, CD&R showed solid portfolio performance and generated strong returns for its investors - accomplishments...
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- November 2017
- Teaching Note
The Carlyle Group and Axalta
By: Josh Lerner and Alexey Tuzikov
Teaching Note for HBS No. 818-040.
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- September 2017
- Case
Blackstone's Julia Kahr at the Summit
By: Paul A. Gompers, John D. Dionne and Amram Migdal
In 2009, Blackstone, the New York-based alternative asset and financial services firm, committed to invest up to $750 million into Summit Materials, a new company in the aggregates sector (i.e., construction materials, such as crushed stone, sand, gravel, cement,...
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Keywords:
Roll Up;
Private Equity Roll Up;
Aggregates;
Aggregates Materials;
Construction Materials;
Business Ventures;
Acquisition;
Leveraged Buyouts;
Business Growth and Maturation;
Engineering;
Construction;
Finance;
Capital;
Equity;
Private Equity;
Financial Instruments;
Investment;
Housing;
Management;
Goals and Objectives;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Growth Management;
Personal Development and Career;
Management Teams;
Planning;
Problems and Challenges;
Value;
Valuation;
Value Creation;
Construction Industry;
Financial Services Industry;
United States
- August 2017
- Case
Altoona State Investment Board & Bain Capital Fund XI
By: Josh Lerner and Ted Berk
Considers the decision faced by state pension fund manager Rod Calhoun as he decides whether to invest $200 million in Bain Capital's eleventh global buyout fund: Bain Capital Fund XI. For the fund, Bain was offering its limited partners a choice among three different...
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- July 2017
- Supplement
Centerbridge Partners and Great Wolf Resorts (B)
By: Josh Lerner, John D. Dionne and Amram Migdal
The case examines the aftermath of the March 2015 Centerbridge Partners acquisition of Great Wolf Resorts, a North American family-oriented indoor water parks and hotel operator, from a private equity (PE) competitor, Apollo Global Management.
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Keywords:
Private Equity Financing;
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities;
CMBS;
Secondary Buyouts;
Business Ventures;
Acquisition;
Leveraged Buyouts;
Business Exit or Shutdown;
Finance;
Borrowing and Debt;
Cost;
Cost of Capital;
Equity;
Private Equity;
Financial Instruments;
Debt Securities;
Accommodations Industry;
Entertainment and Recreation Industry;
Financial Services Industry;
North and Central America;
United States
- February 2017 (Revised January 2019)
- Supplement
Bankruptcy at Caesars Entertainment (B)
By: Kristin Mugford
- 2016
- Working Paper
Pay Now or Pay Later? The Economics within the Private Equity Partnership
By: Victoria Ivashina and Josh Lerner
The economics of partnerships have been of enduring interest to economists, but many issues regarding intergenerational conflicts and their impact on the continuity of these organizations remain unclear. We examine 717 private equity partnerships and show that (a) the...
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- March 2016 (Revised May 2021)
- Case
Michael Milken: The Junk Bond King
By: Tom Nicholas and Matthew G. Preble
Michael Milken, an investment banker who dominated the junk bond market in the 1980s, was sentenced to jail in 1990 after pleading guilty to a number of securities and tax-related felonies. In the preceding decade, Milken had helped usher in a new wave of leveraged buy...
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Keywords:
Junk Bonds;
High-yield Bonds;
Financial Innovation;
Shareholder Value;
Bonds;
Capital;
Capital Structure;
Cost of Capital;
Crime and Corruption;
Entrepreneurship;
Ethics;
Finance;
Investment Banking;
Leveraged Buyouts;
Mergers and Acquisitions;
Ownership;
Private Equity;
Restructuring;
United States
- February 2016 (Revised March 2019)
- Case
Bankruptcy at Caesars Entertainment
By: Kristin Mugford and David Chan
Caesars Entertainment was a large casino operator in the United States that had been purchased in a 2008 leveraged buyout by Apollo and TPG. In January 2015, Caesars Entertainment Operating Company (CEOC), its largest subsidiary, filed for Chapter 11. This set up a...
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Keywords:
Gaming;
Chapter 11;
Fraudulent Conveyance;
Apollo;
TPG;
Bankruptcy;
Leveraged Buyouts;
Restructuring;
Capital Structure;
Insolvency and Bankruptcy;
Private Equity;
Financial Management;
Lawsuits and Litigation;
Negotiation;
Games, Gaming, and Gambling;
Entertainment and Recreation Industry;
Las Vegas
- December 2014
- Article
Private Equity, Jobs, and Productivity
By: Steven J. Davis, John Haltiwanger, Kyle Handley, Ron Jarmin, Josh Lerner and Javier Miranda
Private equity critics claim that leveraged buyouts bring huge job losses. To investigate this claim, we construct and analyze a new dataset that covers U.S. private equity transactions from 1980 to 2005. We track 3,200 target firms and their 150,000 establishments...
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