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    • All HBS Web  (64)
      • Faculty Publications  (19)

      Justification Remove Justification →

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      • June 2022
      • Article

      Conservatism Gets Funded? A Field Experiment on the Role of Negative Information in Novel Project Evaluation

      By: Jacqueline N. Lane, Misha Teplitskiy, Gary Gray, Hardeep Ranu, Michael Menietti, Eva C. Guinan and Karim R. Lakhani
      The evaluation and selection of novel projects lies at the heart of scientific and technological innovation, and yet there are persistent concerns about bias, such as conservatism. This paper investigates the role that the format of evaluation, specifically information...  View Details
      Keywords: Project Evaluation; Innovation; Knowledge Frontier; Information Sharing; Negativity Bias; Projects; Innovation and Invention; Information; Knowledge Sharing
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      Lane, Jacqueline N., Misha Teplitskiy, Gary Gray, Hardeep Ranu, Michael Menietti, Eva C. Guinan, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Conservatism Gets Funded? A Field Experiment on the Role of Negative Information in Novel Project Evaluation." Management Science 68, no. 6 (June 2022): 4478–4495.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Incidence of the Corporate Income Tax Is Irrelevant for Its (Benefit-Based) Justification

      By: Matthew C. Weinzierl
      Robust support for corporate income taxation is a puzzle for standard tax theory because the tax’s incidence is uncertain and unreliable. We propose a resolution: if the corporate tax is seen as a benefit-based tax, its normative appeal depends on the correspondence...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Income Tax; Benefit-based Taxation; Business Ventures; Taxation
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      Weinzierl, Matthew C. "The Incidence of the Corporate Income Tax Is Irrelevant for Its (Benefit-Based) Justification." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29547, December 2021.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      When Do Experts Listen to Other Experts? The Role of Negative Information in Expert Evaluations for Novel Projects

      By: Jacqueline N. Lane, Misha Teplitskiy, Gary Gray, Hardeep Ranu, Michael Menietti, Eva C. Guinan and Karim R. Lakhani
      The evaluation of novel projects lies at the heart of scientific and technological innovation, and yet literature suggests that this process is subject to inconsistency and potential biases. This paper investigates the role of information sharing among experts as the...  View Details
      Keywords: Project Evaluation; Innovation; Knowledge Frontier; Negativity Bias; Projects; Innovation and Invention; Information; Diversity; Judgments
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      Lane, Jacqueline N., Misha Teplitskiy, Gary Gray, Hardeep Ranu, Michael Menietti, Eva C. Guinan, and Karim R. Lakhani. "When Do Experts Listen to Other Experts? The Role of Negative Information in Expert Evaluations for Novel Projects." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-007, July 2020. (Revised November 2020.)
      • October 2017
      • Article

      'Be Careless with That!' Availability of Product Upgrades Increases Cavalier Behavior Toward Possessions

      By: Silvia Bellezza, Joshua M. Ackerman and Francesca Gino
      Consumers are often faced with the opportunity to purchase a new, enhanced product, such as a new phone, even though the product they currently own is still fully functional. We propose that consumers act more recklessly with their current products when in the presence...  View Details
      Keywords: Carelessness; Product Upgrade; Ownership; Justification; Consumer Behavior; Attitudes; Property
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      Bellezza, Silvia, Joshua M. Ackerman, and Francesca Gino. "'Be Careless with That!' Availability of Product Upgrades Increases Cavalier Behavior Toward Possessions." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 54, no. 5 (October 2017): 768–784.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Motivated Errors

      By: Christine L Exley and Judd B. Kessler
      In three sets of experiments involving 5,432 subjects, we show that agents make more errors when doing so allows them to justify selfish behavior. We show that errors relating to addition arise when they can help to justify selfishness but are eliminated when selfish...  View Details
      Keywords: Information; Behavior; Motivation and Incentives; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving
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      Exley, Christine L., and Judd B. Kessler. "Motivated Errors." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-017, August 2019. (Revised March 2022.)
      • 2016
      • Chapter

      How Moral Flexibility Constrains Our Moral Compass

      By: F. Gino
      Cheating, fraud, deception, uncooperative actions, and many other forms of unethical behavior are among the greatest personal and societal challenges of our time. While the media commonly focuses on the most sensational scams (e.g., Enron, Bernard Madoff), less...  View Details
      Keywords: Moral Sensibility; Behavior; Organizations; Attitudes
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      Gino, F. "How Moral Flexibility Constrains Our Moral Compass." In Cheating, Corruption, and Concealment: The Roots of Dishonesty, edited by Jan-Willem van Prooijen and Paul A.M. van Lange. Cambridge University Press, 2016.
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      'Be Careless with That!' Availability of Product Upgrades Increases Cavalier Behavior Toward Possessions

      By: Silvia Bellezza, Joshua M. Ackerman and Francesca Gino
      Consumers are often faced with the opportunity to purchase a new, enhanced product (e.g., a new phone), even though the device they currently own is still fully functional. We propose that consumers act more recklessly with their current products and are less concerned...  View Details
      Keywords: Carelessness; Product Upgrade; Justification; Loss; Consumer Behavior; Attitudes; Product; Ownership
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      Bellezza, Silvia, Joshua M. Ackerman, and Francesca Gino. "'Be Careless with That!' Availability of Product Upgrades Increases Cavalier Behavior Toward Possessions." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-077, April 2015.
      • April 2015
      • Article

      Self-serving Justifications: Doing Wrong and Feeling Moral

      By: Shaul Shalvi, F. Gino, Rachel Barkan and Shahar Ayal
      Unethical behavior by "ordinary" people poses significant societal and personal challenges. We present a novel framework centered on the role of self-serving justification to build upon and advance the rapidly expanding research on intentional unethical behavior of...  View Details
      Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Moral Sensibility
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      Shalvi, Shaul, F. Gino, Rachel Barkan, and Shahar Ayal. "Self-serving Justifications: Doing Wrong and Feeling Moral." Current Directions in Psychological Science 24, no. 2 (April 2015): 125–130.
      • 2014
      • Discussion Paper

      Do High Feed-in Tariffs for Solar PV Panels Hinder Competition (Japanese)

      By: Koji Nomura and Tomomichi Amano
      In Japan, feed-in-tariffs (FIT) are a key policy tool that has been deployed to produce the mass diffusion of photovoltaices (PV). In this study, we argue that this policy is unlikely to induce sustainable economic growth, which some use as a justification for FIT. We...  View Details
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      Nomura, Koji, and Tomomichi Amano. "Do High Feed-in Tariffs for Solar PV Panels Hinder Competition (Japanese)." Development Bank of Japan, Research Center on Global Warming Discussion Paper Series, no. 49, April 2014.
      • 2013
      • Article

      Ethically Adrift: How Others Pull Our Moral Compass from True North, and How we Can Fix It

      By: C. Moore and F. Gino
      This chapter is about the social nature of morality. Using the metaphor of the moral compass to describe individuals' inner sense of right and wrong, we offer a framework to help us understand social reasons why our moral compass can come under others' control, leading...  View Details
      Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Moral Sensibility; Behavior
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      Moore, C., and F. Gino. "Ethically Adrift: How Others Pull Our Moral Compass from True North, and How we Can Fix It." Research in Organizational Behavior 33 (2013): 53–77.
      • Article

      On Derivatives Markets and Social Welfare: A Theory of Empty Voting and Hidden Ownership

      By: Jordan M. Barry, John William Hatfield and Scott Duke Kominers
      In the past twenty-five years, derivatives markets have grown exponentially. Large, modern derivatives markets increasingly enable investors to hold economic interests in corporations without owning voting rights, and vice versa. This leads to both empty...  View Details
      Keywords: Voting; Corporate Disclosure; Financial Markets; Ownership
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      Barry, Jordan M., John William Hatfield, and Scott Duke Kominers. "On Derivatives Markets and Social Welfare: A Theory of Empty Voting and Hidden Ownership." Virginia Law Review 99, no. 6 (October 2013): 1103–1168.
      • January 2013
      • Article

      Preference Heterogeneity and Optimal Capital Income Taxation

      By: Mikhail Golosov, Maxim Troshkin, Aleh Tsyvinski and Matthew Weinzierl
      We examine a prominent justification for capital income taxation: goods preferred by those with high ability ought to be taxed. In an environment where commodity taxes are allowed to be nonlinear functions of income and consumption, we derive an analytical expression...  View Details
      Keywords: Taxation
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      Golosov, Mikhail, Maxim Troshkin, Aleh Tsyvinski, and Matthew Weinzierl. "Preference Heterogeneity and Optimal Capital Income Taxation." Journal of Public Economics 97 (January 2013): 160–175. (Also NBER Working Paper Series, No. 16619, December 2010.)
      • 2012
      • Article

      Organizing for Society: A Typology of Social Entrepreneuring Models

      By: Johanna Mair, Julie Battilana and Julian Cardenas
      In this article, we use content and cluster analysis on a global sample of 200 social entrepreneurial organizations to develop a typology of social entrepreneuring models. This typology is based on four possible forms of capital that can be leveraged: social, economic,...  View Details
      Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship; Organizational Structure
      Citation
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      Mair, Johanna, Julie Battilana, and Julian Cardenas. "Organizing for Society: A Typology of Social Entrepreneuring Models." Special Issue on Social Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Journal of Business Ethics 111, no. 3 (December 2012): 353–373.
      • January 2009 (Revised October 2011)
      • Case

      Barack Obama and the Bush Tax Cuts (A)

      By: Matthew C. Weinzierl and Eric D. Werker
      As his inauguration approached, President-elect Obama faced a financial sector meltdown, a costly bailout, and massive government deficits. With the economy in recession, interest rates near zero, and joblessness on the rise, Obama needed to decide whether, and how...  View Details
      Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Financial Crisis; Borrowing and Debt; Financial Management; Policy; Government Administration; Taxation; United States
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      Weinzierl, Matthew C., and Eric D. Werker. "Barack Obama and the Bush Tax Cuts (A)." Harvard Business School Case 709-037, January 2009. (Revised October 2011.)
      • August 2007
      • Column

      Pitch Your Offer—and Close the Deal

      By: Deepak Malhotra and Max H. Bazerman
      The article offers several strategies on how to be a good negotiator and decision maker for business developments. The strategies that are presented were an extract from the book Negotiation Genius: How to Overcome Obstacles and Achieve Brilliant Results at the...  View Details
      Keywords: Decision Making; Negotiation; Negotiation Offer; Negotiation Tactics; Strategy
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      Malhotra, Deepak, and Max H. Bazerman. "Pitch Your Offer—and Close the Deal." Negotiation 10, no. 8 (August 2007).
      • April 2007
      • Compilation

      AOL/Time Warner: To Merge or Demerge?

      By: David J. Collis and Troy Smith
      This is a compilation of four analyst reports about the AOL/Time Warner merger of 2001. The first half cites three reports released in 2000, around the time the merger was announced, which give the logic and justifications for the merger. The second half is taken from...  View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Reports; Business Divisions; Media and Broadcasting Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry
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      Collis, David J., and Troy Smith. "AOL/Time Warner: To Merge or Demerge?" Harvard Business School Compilation 707-556, April 2007.
      • March 1995 (Revised April 1995)
      • Background Note

      Scope of the Corporation, The

      By: David J. Collis
      Describes analyses that determine the appropriate limit to the scope of the firm. Examines both the production cost justification for firm diversification--economies of scope and shared resources, and the governance cost justification for including transactions inside...  View Details
      Keywords: Cost; Agency Theory; Corporate Strategy; Diversification; Expansion
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      Collis, David J. "Scope of the Corporation, The." Harvard Business School Background Note 795-139, March 1995. (Revised April 1995.)
      • June 1993
      • Article

      The Effects of Relationships and Justification in an Interdependent Allocation Task

      By: J. Polzer, M. Neale and P. Glenn
      Keywords: Relationships
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      Polzer, J., M. Neale, and P. Glenn. "The Effects of Relationships and Justification in an Interdependent Allocation Task." Group Decision and Negotiation 2, no. 2 (June 1993): 135–148.
      • summer 1991
      • Article

      Trade Secrets and the Justification of Intellectual Property: A Comment on Hettinger

      By: L. S. Paine
      Keywords: Intellectual Property
      Citation
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      Paine, L. S. "Trade Secrets and the Justification of Intellectual Property: A Comment on Hettinger." Philosophy & Public Affairs 20, no. 3 (summer 1991): 247–263. (Reprinted in Business in Ethical Focus: An Anthology, edited by Fritz Allhoff and Anand J. Vaidya, 564-576. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2008; Reprinted in Ethics in the Workplace: Selected Readings in Business Ethics, edited by Robert A. Larmer, 268-278. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing, 1996; Reprinted in Ethics in the Workplace, edited by Edward J. Ottensmeyer and Gerald McCarthy, 508-519. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996; Reprinted in Intellectual Property: Moral, Legal, and International Dilemmas, edited by Adam D. Moore, 39-56. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1997.)
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