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      • Faculty Publications  (421)

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      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Summarizing the Mental Customer Journey

      By: Julian De Freitas, Ahmet Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, Pechthida Kim and Tomer Ullman
      How do consumers summarize and act on their experiences, as when deciding whether an interaction with a firm was satisfying and whether to buy from it? Previous work on the summary of continuous experiences has tended to focus on a handful of experience patterns and...  View Details
      Keywords: Customer Experience; Customer Journey; Natural Language Processing; Summarization; Customer Satisfaction; Outcome or Result; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      De Freitas, Julian, Ahmet Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, Pechthida Kim, and Tomer Ullman. "Summarizing the Mental Customer Journey." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-038, January 2023.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      The Disappearing Index Effect

      By: Robin Greenwood and Marco Sammon
      The abnormal return associated with a stock being added to the S&P 500 has fallen from an average of 3.4% in the 1980s and 7.6% in the 1990s to 0.8% over the past decade. This has occurred despite a significant increase in the percentage of stock market assets linked...  View Details
      Keywords: Stocks; Investment Return
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      Greenwood, Robin, and Marco Sammon. "The Disappearing Index Effect." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-025, December 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      How Do Investors Value ESG?

      By: Malcolm Baker, Mark Egan and Suproteem K. Sarkar
      Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives have risen to near the top of the agenda for corporate executives and boards, driven in large part by their perceptions of shareholder interest. We quantify the value that shareholders place on ESG using a revealed...  View Details
      Keywords: Investment; Investment Portfolio; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Shareholder Relations; Environmental Sustainability; Governance; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Baker, Malcolm, Mark Egan, and Suproteem K. Sarkar. "How Do Investors Value ESG?" NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30708, December 2022. (Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-028, November 2022.)
      • October 2022
      • Case

      Founders First Capital Partners

      By: Brian Trelstad, Mel Martin and Amy Klopfenstein
      In June 2021, Kim T. Folsom, the founder and CEO of revenue-based financing firm Founders First Capital Partners (FFCP), must decide whether to issue another loan to OnShore Technology Group, an up-and-coming software validation company. FFCP provided revenue-based...  View Details
      Keywords: Finance; Financial Instruments; Financing and Loans; Interest Rates; Investment Return; Revenue; Capital; Financial Services Industry; North and Central America; United States
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      Trelstad, Brian, Mel Martin, and Amy Klopfenstein. "Founders First Capital Partners." Harvard Business School Case 323-013, October 2022.
      • October 2022
      • Case

      Star Magnolia Capital: Becoming Experts at Finding Experts

      By: Lauren Cohen, Hao Gao, River Ewing and Grace Headinger
      Shinya Deguchi, Founder and Managing Partner of Star Magnolia Capital, a Shanghai-based multi-family office (MFO), considered how to convince a new prospective family that the MFO’s endowment model approach would best suit their needs. In recent decades, there has been...  View Details
      Keywords: China; Asia; Family Office; Shanghai; Financial Industry; Asset Management; Financial Instruments; Financial Management; Financial Strategy; Investment; Investment Return; Investment Portfolio; Human Capital; Family Business; Financial Services Industry; China; Shanghai
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      Cohen, Lauren, Hao Gao, River Ewing, and Grace Headinger. "Star Magnolia Capital: Becoming Experts at Finding Experts." Harvard Business School Case 223-038, October 2022.
      • October 2022 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      Aphro Beverages

      By: Frank V. Cespedes and Amram Migdal
      This case focuses on distribution, sales, and product decisions as Aphro Beverages reaches an inflection point in its growth trajectory. In 2020, Aphro Beverages, based in Accra, Ghana, successfully launched its brand and brought two new alcoholic spirits products to...  View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Plant-Based Agribusiness; Business Ventures; Business Growth and Maturation; Entrepreneurship; Food; Geography; Geographic Scope; Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Resource Allocation; Marketing; Brands and Branding; Digital Marketing; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Social Marketing; Operations; Distribution; Distribution Channels; Product; Product Design; Product Development; Supply Chain; Sales; Salesforce Management; Food and Beverage Industry; Africa; Ghana
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      Cespedes, Frank V., and Amram Migdal. "Aphro Beverages." Harvard Business School Case 823-044, October 2022. (Revised December 2022.)
      • Article

      Recovering Investor Expectations from Demand for Index Funds

      By: Mark Egan, Alexander J. MacKay and Hanbin Yang
      We use a revealed-preference approach to estimate investor expectations of stock market returns. Using data on demand for index funds that follow the S&P 500, we develop and estimate a model of investor choice to flexibly recover the time-varying distribution of...  View Details
      Keywords: Stock Market Expectations; Demand Estimation; Exchange-traded Funds (ETFs); Demand and Consumers; Investment
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      Egan, Mark, Alexander J. MacKay, and Hanbin Yang. "Recovering Investor Expectations from Demand for Index Funds." Review of Economic Studies 89, no. 5 (October 2022): 2559–2599.
      • September 2022
      • Case

      ROI vs. ROI: The Grupo Baobá Family Office

      By: Lauren Cohen, Hao Gao, Jiawei Ye and Grace Headinger
      Fernando Scodro, a third-generation member of his family, mulled over the next step in integrating an ESG strategy into his family office’s investment portfolio. While his family office, Grupo Baobá, had made excellent progress in incorporating his family’s values into...  View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; ESG; Green Building; Family; Partnership; Latin America; Brazil; Buildings and Facilities; Green Buildings; Family Business; Family and Family Relationships; Financial Management; Partners and Partnerships; Financial Services Industry; Brazil; Latin America
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      Cohen, Lauren, Hao Gao, Jiawei Ye, and Grace Headinger. "ROI vs. ROI: The Grupo Baobá Family Office." Harvard Business School Case 223-018, September 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Human Capital and the Managerial Revolution in the United States

      By: Tom Nicholas
      This paper estimates the returns to human capital accumulation during the first era of megafirms in the United States by linking employees at General Electric—a canonical enterprise associated with the “visible hand” of managerial hierarchies—to data from the 1940...  View Details
      Keywords: Returns To Education; Management Practices; Hierarchies; Human Capital; Management; Training; Higher Education; Government and Politics; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom. "Human Capital and the Managerial Revolution in the United States." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-015, September 2022.
      • September 2022
      • Article

      Human Versus Machine: A Comparison of Robo-Analyst and Traditional Research Analyst Investment Recommendations

      By: Braiden Coleman, Kenneth J. Merkley and Joseph Pacelli
      We provide the first comprehensive analysis of the properties of investment recommendations generated by “Robo-Analysts,” which are human analyst-assisted computer programs conducting automated research analysis. Our results indicate that Robo-Analyst recommendations...  View Details
      Keywords: Fintech; Analysts; Robo-analysts; Investment Recommendations; Investment; Information Technology; Performance
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      Coleman, Braiden, Kenneth J. Merkley, and Joseph Pacelli. "Human Versus Machine: A Comparison of Robo-Analyst and Traditional Research Analyst Investment Recommendations." Accounting Review 97, no. 5 (September 2022): 221–244.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      What Do Impact Investors Do Differently?

      By: Shawn A. Cole, Leslie Jeng, Josh Lerner, Natalia Rigol and Benjamin N. Roth
      In recent years, impact investors – private investors who seek to generate simultaneously attractive financial and social returns – have attracted intense interest and controversy. We analyze a novel, comprehensive data set of impact and traditional investors to assess...  View Details
      Keywords: ESG; Socially Responsible Investing; Investment Decisions; Public Goods; Impact Investment; Investment; Private Equity; Venture Capital
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      Cole, Shawn A., Leslie Jeng, Josh Lerner, Natalia Rigol, and Benjamin N. Roth. "What Do Impact Investors Do Differently?" Working Paper, September 2022.
      • August 2022
      • Case

      Southwick Social Ventures

      By: Henry McGee, Mel Martin and Amy Klopfenstein
      In 2021, the HBS Impact Investment Fund student team had found a promising potential investment in Southwick Social Ventures (SSV), a worker and management-owned trouser manufacturer. With a 100% immigrant workforce, the co-operative was focused on reviving...  View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Entrepreneurship; Social Entrepreneurship; Finance; Investment; Goods and Commodities; Manufacturing Industry; United States; Massachusetts
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      McGee, Henry, Mel Martin, and Amy Klopfenstein. "Southwick Social Ventures." Harvard Business School Case 323-011, August 2022.
      • August 2022
      • Case

      In-Q-Tel: Innovation On A Mission

      By: Joshua Lev Krieger and Josh Lerner
      In 2022, the leaders of In-Q-Tel (IQT) considered what was next for the unique mission-driven organization. Since 1999, IQT had one mission: to be the most sophisticated source of strategic technical knowledge and capabilities to the U.S. government and its allies. IQT...  View Details
      Keywords: Mission and Purpose; National Security; Technological Innovation; Research; Geopolitical Units; Risk Management; Recruitment; Growth and Development Strategy; Venture Capital; Knowledge Management; Information Industry; Banking Industry
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      Krieger, Joshua Lev, and Josh Lerner. "In-Q-Tel: Innovation On A Mission." Harvard Business School Case 823-031, August 2022.
      • August 9, 2022
      • Article

      Preparing Sales for a Changing Economy: Part 1

      By: Frank V. Cespedes
      Companies spend more per capita on sales training than any other function, but the return on investment is disappointing. One recent estimate indicates “that 85-90% of sales training fails to translate into a lasting improvement in productivity.” A major reason is...  View Details
      Keywords: Return On Investment; Sales; Training
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      Cespedes, Frank V. "Preparing Sales for a Changing Economy: Part 1." TrainingIndustry.com (August 9, 2022).
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Training, Communications Patterns, and Spillovers Inside Organizations

      By: Miguel Espinosa and Christopher T. Stanton
      We study direct productivity changes and spillovers after a randomized training program for the frontline workers in a Colombian government agency. While trained workers improved their individual production, we also find substantial spillovers that affected managers'...  View Details
      Keywords: Spillovers; Labor Productivity; Firm Objectives, Organization, And Behavior; Training; Performance Productivity
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      Espinosa, Miguel, and Christopher T. Stanton. "Training, Communications Patterns, and Spillovers Inside Organizations." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30224, July 2022.
      • June 2022
      • Case

      PFA Pensions: The Climate Plus Product

      By: Daniel Green, Victoria Ivashina and Alys Ferragamo
      The case explores whether alternative investments play a unique role in achieving low carbon dioxide emissions at the portfolio level. This case is set in April of 2020 and follows Kasper Ahrndt Lorenzen, Chief Investment Officer, and Peter Tind Larsen, Head of...  View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Carbon Footprint; Alternative Assets; Alternative Investment Vehicles; Pension Fund Investing; Private Equity; Renewable Energy; Investment Portfolio; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Denmark
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      Green, Daniel, Victoria Ivashina, and Alys Ferragamo. "PFA Pensions: The Climate Plus Product." Harvard Business School Case 222-088, June 2022.
      • May 2022
      • Case

      Third Point in 2020: Growth is Where the Value is?

      By: Robin Greenwood, James Williams and Denise Han
      In early May 2020, Daniel Loeb’s team at Third Point was evaluating a potential growth opportunity in the Walt Disney Company and whether investor activism might play a role. Battered by the effects of COVID-19, the company’s stock had initially tumbled to $86 and then...  View Details
      Keywords: Growth; Equity; Disney; Value; COVID-19 Pandemic; Economics; Strategy; Growth and Development; Investment Return; Opportunities; Business and Stakeholder Relations; North America
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      Greenwood, Robin, James Williams, and Denise Han. "Third Point in 2020: Growth is Where the Value is?" Harvard Business School Case 222-029, May 2022.
      • May 2022
      • Supplement

      Third Point in 2020: Growth is Where the Value is? (B)

      By: Robin Greenwood and Denise Han
      In early May 2020, Daniel Loeb’s team at Third Point was evaluating a potential growth opportunity in the Walt Disney Company and whether investor activism might play a role. Battered by the effects of COVID-19, the company’s stock had initially tumbled to $86 and then...  View Details
      Keywords: Growth; Equity; Disney; Value; Economics; Finance; Investment; Strategy; Management; Investment Activism; Investment Return; Growth and Development; North America
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      Greenwood, Robin, and Denise Han. "Third Point in 2020: Growth is Where the Value is? (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 222-030, May 2022.
      • Article

      Expected Stock Returns Worldwide: A Log-Linear Present-Value Approach

      By: Akash Chattopadhyay, Matthew R. Lyle and Charles C.Y. Wang
      This study provides the first large-scale study of the performance of expected-return proxies (ERPs) internationally. Analyst-forecast-based ICCs are sparsely populated and not robustly associated with future returns. Earnings-model-forecast-based ICCs are...  View Details
      Keywords: Expected Returns; Discount Rates; Fundamental Valuation; Implied Cost Of Capital; International Equity Markets; Present Value; Investment Return; Equity; Markets; Global Range
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      Chattopadhyay, Akash, Matthew R. Lyle, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Expected Stock Returns Worldwide: A Log-Linear Present-Value Approach." Accounting Review 97, no. 2 (March 2022): 107–133.
      • February 2022 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      Jaypee Infratech and the Indian Bankruptcy Code

      By: Kristin Mugford, William Vrattos and Radhika Kak
      In 2016, India passed a new bankruptcy law (IBC) to counter a brewing bank crisis and increased corporate distress. Homebuilder Jaypee Infratech, one of India largest distressed companies (the “dirty dozen”) began restructuring under the IBC in 2017. Two years later,...  View Details
      Keywords: Restructuring; Decisions; Judgments; Voting; Developing Countries and Economies; Financial Crisis; Public Sector; Asset Pricing; Borrowing and Debt; Corporate Finance; Credit; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Debt Securities; Bonds; Investment Return; Price; Government Legislation; Laws and Statutes; Bids and Bidding; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Risk and Uncertainty; Valuation; Real Estate Industry; India; Delhi
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      Mugford, Kristin, William Vrattos, and Radhika Kak. "Jaypee Infratech and the Indian Bankruptcy Code." Harvard Business School Case 222-071, February 2022. (Revised December 2022.)
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