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Publications

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  • All HBS Web  (76)
    • Faculty Publications  (18)

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    • All HBS Web  (76)
      • Faculty Publications  (18)

      Inertia Remove Inertia →

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      • Winter 2022
      • Article

      Leading Disruption in a Legacy Business: A Compelling Growth Ambition Is a Critical Enabler for New Ventures

      By: Andy Binns, Michael Tushman and Charles O'Reilly
      Leading innovation in established corporations is difficult. Active inertia and dynamic conservatism are real. Still, leaders can drive disruptive ventures from inside large corporations. These leaders ideate, incubate, and scale innovations, much as an entrepreneur...  View Details
      Keywords: Disruptive Innovation; Innovation and Management; Leading Change; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Business Model
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      Binns, Andy, Michael Tushman, and Charles O'Reilly. "Leading Disruption in a Legacy Business: A Compelling Growth Ambition Is a Critical Enabler for New Ventures." MIT Sloan Management Review 63, no. 2 (Winter 2022).
      • June 2020
      • Article

      Lazy Prices

      By: Lauren Cohen, Christopher J. Malloy and Quoc Nguyen
      We explore the implications of a subtle "default" choice that firms make in their regular reporting practices, namely that firms typically repeat what they most recently reported. Using the complete history of regular quarterly and annual filings by U.S. corporations...  View Details
      Keywords: Default Behavior; Inertia; Firms; Disclosure; Information; Business or Company Management; Behavior; Annual Reports; Corporate Disclosure; Financial Reporting; United States
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      Cohen, Lauren, Christopher J. Malloy, and Quoc Nguyen. "Lazy Prices." Journal of Finance 75, no. 3 (June 2020): 1371–1415. (Winner of the First Prize, Chicago Quantitative Alliance Academic Paper Competition, 2016. Winner of the Jack Treynor Prize for superior work in the field of investment management and financial markets, sponsored by the Q-Group,The Institute for Quantitative Research in Finance, 2016. Winner of the Hillcrest Behavioral Finance Prize, 2016.)
      • June 2020
      • Article

      Start-up Inertia versus Flexibility: The Role of Founder Identity in a Nascent Industry

      By: Tiona Zuzul and Mary Tripsas
      Through an inductive, comparative study of four early entrants in the nascent air taxi market, we examine why start-ups, generally characterized as flexible, malleable entities, might instead exhibit inertial behavior. While two of the firms engaged in ongoing...  View Details
      Keywords: Founder Identity; Nascent Industries; Entrepreneurship; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Identity
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      Zuzul, Tiona, and Mary Tripsas. "Start-up Inertia versus Flexibility: The Role of Founder Identity in a Nascent Industry." Administrative Science Quarterly 65, no. 2 (June 2020): 395–433.
      • Article

      Frame Flexibility: The Role of Cognitive and Emotional Framing in Innovation Adoption by Incumbent Firms

      By: Ryan Raffaelli, Mary Ann Glynn and Michael Tushman
      Why do incumbent firms frequently reject nonincremental innovations? Beyond technical, structural, or economic factors, we propose an additional factor: the degree of the top management team's (TMT) frame flexibility, i.e., their capability to cognitively expand an...  View Details
      Keywords: Innovation Adoption; Cognition; Framing; Emotional Resonance; Incumbent Inertia; Innovation and Invention; Technology Adoption; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Change Management
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      Raffaelli, Ryan, Mary Ann Glynn, and Michael Tushman. "Frame Flexibility: The Role of Cognitive and Emotional Framing in Innovation Adoption by Incumbent Firms." Strategic Management Journal 40, no. 7 (July 2019): 1013–1039.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Consumer Inertia and Market Power

      By: Alexander MacKay and Marc Remer
      We study the pricing decision of firms in the presence of consumer inertia. Inertia, which can arise from habit formation, brand loyalty, and switching costs, generates dynamic pricing incentives. These incentives mediate the impact of competition on market power in...  View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Inertia; Market Power; Dynamic Competition; Demand Estimation; Consumer Behavior; Markets; Performance; Competition; Price
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      MacKay, Alexander, and Marc Remer. "Consumer Inertia and Market Power." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-111, April 2019. (Revised January 2022. Direct download.)
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Understanding and Overcoming Roadblocks to Environmental Sustainability. Past Roads and Future Prospects

      By: Ann-Kristin Bergquist, Shawn A. Cole, John Ehrenfeld, Andrew A. King and Auden Schendler
      This working paper examines key barriers to business sustainability discussed at a multidisciplinary conference held at the Harvard Business School in 2018. Drawing on perspectives from both the historical and business literatures, speakers debated the historical...  View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Problems and Challenges; History; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Opportunities
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      Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, Shawn A. Cole, John Ehrenfeld, Andrew A. King, and Auden Schendler. "Understanding and Overcoming Roadblocks to Environmental Sustainability. Past Roads and Future Prospects." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-067, January 2019.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Category Kings or Commoners? Marketing Shaping and Its Consequences in Nascent Categories

      By: Rory McDonald
      For a new market category to materialize, someone must actively bring it into existence. Yet it remains a mystery how entrepreneurs, whose resources are stretched thin, can accomplish this task. Prior research emphasizes the importance of market-shaping...  View Details
      Keywords: Nascent Markets; New Categories; Innovation; Qualitative Methods; Emerging Markets; Strategy; Cultural Entrepreneurship; Innovation and Invention
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      McDonald, Rory. "Category Kings or Commoners? Marketing Shaping and Its Consequences in Nascent Categories." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-095, February 2016. (Revised January 2022.)
      • Article

      The Perils of Proactive Churn Prevention Using Plan Recommendations: Evidence from a Field Experiment

      By: Eva Ascarza, Raghuram Iyengar and Martin Schleicher
      Facing the issue of increasing customer churn, many service firms have begun recommending pricing plans to their customers. One reason behind this type of retention campaign is that customers who subscribe to a plan suitable for them should be less likely to churn...  View Details
      Keywords: Churn/retention; Field Experiment; Pricing; Tariff/plan Choice; Targeting; Customer Relationship Management; Price; Performance Effectiveness
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      Ascarza, Eva, Raghuram Iyengar, and Martin Schleicher. "The Perils of Proactive Churn Prevention Using Plan Recommendations: Evidence from a Field Experiment." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 53, no. 1 (February 2016): 46–60.
      • May 2014
      • Teaching Note

      Gunfire at Sea (multi-media case)

      By: Michael Tushman
      This short video illustrates the challenges of leading innovation and change. This classic case (one of the oldest in the HBS system) retains its timeliness. The case describes how Lt. Sims develops a new form of gunfire at sea—continuous aim gunfire. While 3,000% more...  View Details
      Keywords: Leading Change; National Security; Innovation Leadership; Public Administration Industry; United States
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      Tushman, Michael. "Gunfire at Sea (multi-media case)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 414-077, May 2014.
      • May 2014
      • Case

      Gunfire at Sea (multi-media case)

      By: Michael Tushman and Tom Ryder
      This short video illustrates the challenges of leading innovation and change. This classic case (one of the oldest in the HBS system) retains its timeliness. The case describes how Lt. Sims develops a new form of gunfire at sea—continuous aim gunfire. While 3,000% more...  View Details
      Keywords: Organization Behavior; Change; Innovation; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Leading Change; Innovation Leadership; United States
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      Tushman, Michael, and Tom Ryder. "Gunfire at Sea (multi-media case)." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 414-707, May 2014.
      • Article

      Organizational Ambidexterity in Action: How Managers Explore and Exploit

      By: Charles A. O'Reilly III and Michael L. Tushman
      Dynamic capabilities have been proposed as a useful way to understand how organizations are able to adapt to changes in technology and markets. Organizational ambidexterity, the ability of senior managers to seize opportunities through the orchestration and integration...  View Details
      Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Management Practices and Processes; Resource Allocation; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Design; Opportunities
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      O'Reilly, Charles A., III, and Michael L. Tushman. "Organizational Ambidexterity in Action: How Managers Explore and Exploit." California Management Review 53, no. 4 (Summer 2011): 5–21.
      • Article

      A Choice Prediction Competition for Market Entry Games: An Introduction

      By: Ido Erev, Eyal Ert and Alvin E. Roth
      A choice prediction competition is organized that focuses on decisions from experience in market entry games (http://sites.google.com/site/gpredcomp/ and http://www.mdpi.com/si/games/predict-behavior/). The competition is based on two experiments: An estimation...  View Details
      Keywords: Experience and Expertise; Decision Choices and Conditions; Forecasting and Prediction; Learning; Market Entry and Exit; Game Theory; Behavior; Competition
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      Erev, Ido, Eyal Ert, and Alvin E. Roth. "A Choice Prediction Competition for Market Entry Games: An Introduction." Special Issue on Predicting Behavior in Games. Games 1, no. 2 (June 2010): 117–136.
      • 2008
      • Working Paper

      Wellsprings of Creation: How Perturbation Sustains Exploration in Mature Organizations

      By: David James Brunner, Bradley R. Staats, Michael L. Tushman and David M. Upton
      Organizations struggle to balance simultaneous imperatives to exploit and explore, yet theorists differ as to whether exploitation undermines or enhances exploration. The debate reflects a gap: the missing mechanism by which organizations break free of old routines and...  View Details
      Keywords: Disruption; Innovation and Management; Business Processes; Opportunities; Creativity
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      Brunner, David James, Bradley R. Staats, Michael L. Tushman, and David M. Upton. "Wellsprings of Creation: How Perturbation Sustains Exploration in Mature Organizations." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-011, July 2008. (Revised June 2009, September 2010.)
      • 2007
      • Chapter

      Process Management, Technological Innovation, and Organizational Adaptation

      By: Mary Benner and M. Tushman
      The promise of process management practices is that as organizations focus on variance reduction and increased process control, they will drive both speed and organizational efficiency. However, this promise also accentuates the dark side of process management. These...  View Details
      Keywords: Competency and Skills; Innovation and Management; Technological Innovation; Management Practices and Processes; Business Processes; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Design
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      Benner, Mary, and M. Tushman. "Process Management, Technological Innovation, and Organizational Adaptation." Chap. 15 in Business Process Transformation, edited by Varun Grover and M. Lynne Markus, 317–326. Advances in Management Information Systems. Irvine, CA: M.E. Sharpe, 2007.
      • May 2007
      • Article

      Corporate Financing Decisions When Investors Take the Path of Least Resistance

      By: Malcolm Baker, Joshua Coval and Jeremy Stein
      We explore the consequences for corporate financial policy that arise when investors exhibit inertial behavior. One implication of investor inertia is that, all else equal, a firm pursuing a strategy of equity-financed growth will prefer a stock-for-stock merger to...  View Details
      Keywords: Behavior; Investment; Policy; Corporate Finance
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      Baker, Malcolm, Joshua Coval, and Jeremy Stein. "Corporate Financing Decisions When Investors Take the Path of Least Resistance." Journal of Financial Economics 84, no. 2 (May 2007): 266–298.
      • April 2006 (Revised April 2020)
      • Case

      "The Case of Leadership Inertia"

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter
      The CEO of an international bank has raised the bank's performance by emphasizing a new culture of leadership that empowers people at all levels. Managers are rated both on their business results and their leadership—how they model new behaviors—but 12 senior managers...  View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Culture; Leadership Style; Leading Change; Performance Evaluation; Employee Relationship Management
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. The Case of Leadership Inertia"." Harvard Business School Case 303-125, April 2006. (Revised April 2020.)
      • Article

      Inertia and Incentives: Bridging Organizational Economics and Organizational Competence

      By: Rebecca M. Henderson and Sarah Kaplan
      Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Economics; Competency and Skills
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      Henderson, Rebecca M., and Sarah Kaplan. "Inertia and Incentives: Bridging Organizational Economics and Organizational Competence." Organization Science 16, no. 5 (September–October 2005): 509–521.
      • 2005
      • Other Unpublished Work

      Corporate Financing Decisions When Investors Take the Path of Least Resistance

      By: Malcolm Baker, Joshua Coval and Jeremy Stein
      We explore the consequences for corporate financial policy that arise when investors exhibit inertial behavior. One implication of investor inertia is that, all else equal, a firm pursuing a strategy of equity-financed growth will prefer a stock-for-stock merger to...  View Details
      Keywords: Decisions; Behavior; Stocks; Mergers and Acquisitions; Policy; Investment; Financial Institutions; Equity; Corporate Finance
      Citation
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      Baker, Malcolm, Joshua Coval, and Jeremy Stein. "Corporate Financing Decisions When Investors Take the Path of Least Resistance." NBER Working Paper Series, April 2005. (First Draft in 2004.)
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