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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (369)
      • Faculty Publications  (36)

      Imitation Remove Imitation →

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      Innovation and Imitation
      Imitation of Complex Strategies
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      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      Corporate Sustainability: A Strategy?

      By: Ioannis Ioannou and George Serafeim
      We explore the conditions under which firms maintain their competitive advantage through sustainability-based differentiation when faced with imitation pressures by industry peers. Specifically, we document growing intraindustry convergence on sustainability actions...  View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Corporate Performance; Industry Analysis; Csr; Esg; Esg (environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Strategy; Environment; Social Responsibility; Strategy And Execution; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Strategy; Performance; Corporate Strategy
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      Ioannou, Ioannis, and George Serafeim. "Corporate Sustainability: A Strategy?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-065, January 2019.
      • September–October 2017
      • Article

      Why Do We Undervalue Competent Management?: Neither Great Leadership Nor Brilliant Strategy Matters Without Operational Excellence

      By: Raffaella Sadun, Nicholas Bloom and John Van Reenen
      A recurring message in business education is that you can’t compete on the basis of management processes because they’re easily copied. Operational effectiveness is table stakes in the competitive universe, it is often assumed, and thus cannot serve as a sustainable...  View Details
      Keywords: Management; Management Analysis, Tools, And Techniques; Management Practices And Processes; Performance Effectiveness
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      Sadun, Raffaella, Nicholas Bloom, and John Van Reenen. "Why Do We Undervalue Competent Management? Neither Great Leadership Nor Brilliant Strategy Matters Without Operational Excellence." Harvard Business Review 95, no. 5 (September–October 2017): 120–127. (Winner of 59th Annual HBR McKinsey Award.)
      • Article

      Products to Platforms: Making the Leap

      By: Feng Zhu and Nathan Furr
      Following the path of companies such as Apple and Amazon, more and more firms are trying to become not just product purveyors but also platform providers, facilitating direct connections between customers and other groups. Although launching a platform can generate new...  View Details
      Keywords: Product; Market Platforms; Expansion
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      Zhu, Feng, and Nathan Furr. "Products to Platforms: Making the Leap." Harvard Business Review 94, no. 4 (April 2016): 72–78.
      • April 2013
      • Article

      Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Feng Zhu
      This paper provides the first formal model of business model innovation. Our analysis focuses on sponsor-based business model innovations where a firm monetizes its product through sponsors rather than setting prices to its customer base. We analyze strategic...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Model Innovation; imitation; Sponsor-based Business Model; Strategic Revelation; Strategic Concealment; Business Model; Innovation And Invention; Price; Competitive Strategy; Adoption; Value; Duopoly And Oligopoly; Product; Customers; Market Entry And Exit; Monopoly
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Feng Zhu. "Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models." Strategic Management Journal 34, no. 4 (April 2013): 464–482.
      • March 2012
      • Article

      Why U.S. Competitiveness Matters to All of Us

      By: Nitin Nohria
      Americans may not realize this, but the world wants the United States to be competitive. For more than a century, global observers have considered the U.S. economy to be an exemplar and America a country to envy and imitate. Unfortunately, America's reign as the...  View Details
      Keywords: Globalization; Competition; Economy; United States
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      Nohria, Nitin. "Why U.S. Competitiveness Matters to All of Us." Harvard Business Review 90, no. 3 (March 2012).
      • 2012
      • Working Paper

      The Impact of Modularity on Intellectual Property and Value Appropriation

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Joachim Henkel
      Modularity is a means of partitioning technical knowledge about a product or process. When state-sanctioned intellectual property rights are ineffective or costly to enforce, modularity can be used to hide information and thus protect intellectual property (IP). We...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Open Source Distribution; Value; Complexity; Intellectual Property
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Joachim Henkel. "The Impact of Modularity on Intellectual Property and Value Appropriation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 12-040, December 2011. (Revised November 2012.)
      • 2011
      • Chapter

      American Exceptionalism?: A Comparative Analysis of the Origins and Trajectory of U.S. Business Education Development

      By: Rakesh Khurana
      As business education in an academic setting becomes an increasingly global phenomenon, the university-based business school in America remains a unique institution. This holds true despite the fact that the American business school as it evolved in the post-World War...  View Details
      Keywords: Values And Beliefs; Business History; Business Education; Power And Influence; Society; United States; Europe
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      Khurana, Rakesh. "American Exceptionalism?: A Comparative Analysis of the Origins and Trajectory of U.S. Business Education Development." In Business Schools and their Contribution to Society, edited by Mette Morsing and Alfons Sauquet. Sage Publications, 2011.
      • May 2011
      • Book Review

      Book review of Learning by Example: Imitation and Innovation at a Global Bank, by David Strang.

      By: Rosabeth M. Kanter
      Keywords: Learning; Innovation And Invention
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      Kanter, Rosabeth M. "Book review of Learning by Example: Imitation and Innovation at a Global Bank, by David Strang." American Journal of Sociology 116, no. 6 (May 2011).
      • January 2011
      • Journal Article

      Does Intellectual Property Rights Reform Spur Industrial Development?

      By: Lee G. Branstetter, Ray Fisman, C. Fritz Foley and Kamal Saggi
      An extensive theoretical literature generates ambiguous predictions concerning the effects of intellectual property rights (IPR) reform on industrial development. The impact depends on whether multinational enterprises (MNEs) expand production in reforming countries...  View Details
      Keywords: Development Economics; Foreign Direct Investment; Multinational Firms And Management; Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms; Intellectual Property; Rights; Production; Expansion; United States
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      Branstetter, Lee G., Ray Fisman, C. Fritz Foley, and Kamal Saggi. "Does Intellectual Property Rights Reform Spur Industrial Development?" Journal of International Economics 83, no. 1 (January 2011): 27–36.
      • October 2010 (Revised May 2012)
      • Background Note

      Reverse Engineering, Learning, and Innovation

      By: Willy C. Shih
      This background reading looks at reverse engineering in the context of piracy and knock-offs in emerging markets like China. It first considers legal aspects of reverse engineering in strong property rights regimes like the United States as a way of unpacking the legal...  View Details
      Keywords: Crime And Corruption; Learning; Engineering; Innovation And Invention; Intellectual Property; Knowledge Use And Leverage; Emerging Markets; China; United States
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      Shih, Willy C. "Reverse Engineering, Learning, and Innovation." Harvard Business School Background Note 611-039, October 2010. (Revised May 2012.)
      • October 2010
      • Teaching Note

      From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group (TN)

      By: Willy C. Shih
      Teaching Note for 610057.  View Details
      Keywords: Innovation And Invention; Transformation; Problems And Challenges; Taxation; Technology; Selection And Staffing; Talent And Talent Management; Corporate Strategy; Acquisition; Technology Adoption; Supply Chain; Motorcycle Industry
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      Shih, Willy C. "From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 611-011, October 2010.
      • August 2010 (Revised October 2010)
      • Case

      Patagonia

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Hyunjin Kim and Forest L. Reinhardt
      Patagonia was deeply committed to the environment. This commitment, at times, conflicted with the company's goal to create the most innovative products in its industry. Patagonia's founder and executives welcomed imitation of both its environmental commitment and its...  View Details
      Keywords: Business History; Environmental Sustainability; Business Model; Business Strategy; Expansion; Consumer Products Industry
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Hyunjin Kim, and Forest L. Reinhardt. "Patagonia." Harvard Business School Case 711-020, August 2010. (Revised October 2010.)
      • 2011
      • Working Paper

      Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Feng Zhu
      We study sponsor-based business model innovations where a firm monetizes its product through sponsors rather than setting prices to its customer base. We analyze strategic interactions between an innovative entrant and an incumbent where the incumbent may imitate the...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Innovation And Invention; Market Entry And Exit; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Value
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Feng Zhu. "Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-003, July 2010. (Revised September 2011.)
      • May 2010 (Revised June 2012)
      • Case

      From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group

      By: Willy C. Shih and Nancy Hua Dai
      As Zuo Zongshen drove the transformation of the Zongshen Industrial Group from an early imitator in the motorcycle business to a company that increasingly focused on innovation as a way to get out of the hyper-competitive commodity business, he continually faced new...  View Details
      Keywords: Experience And Expertise; Learning; Investment; Disruptive Innovation; Knowledge Acquisition; Organizational Change And Adaptation; Organizational Structure; Competitive Strategy; Manufacturing Industry; Motorcycle Industry; China
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      Shih, Willy C., and Nancy Hua Dai. "From Imitation to Innovation: Zongshen Industrial Group." Harvard Business School Case 610-057, May 2010. (Revised June 2012.)
      • December 2008
      • Article

      To Innovate or Imitate? Entry Strategy and the Role of Market Research

      By: Elie Ofek and Ozge Turut
      Keywords: Innovation And Invention; Strategy; Markets; Research
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      Ofek, Elie, and Ozge Turut. "To Innovate or Imitate? Entry Strategy and the Role of Market Research." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 45, no. 6 (December 2008).
      • December 2008
      • Case

      Responding to Imitation: Intel vs. AMD in 1991

      By: Dennis A. Yao
      This case examines Intel's response to imitative entry by Advanced Micro Devices into the 386 microprocessor product category in which Intel had been the sole producer. The case is set in 1991 when AMD first introduces its Intel-compatible 386 processor and before...  View Details
      Keywords: Price; Marketing Strategy; Market Entry And Exit; Competition; Hardware; Technology Industry
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      Yao, Dennis A. "Responding to Imitation: Intel vs. AMD in 1991." Harvard Business School Case 709-450, December 2008.
      • Article

      How to Capture Value from Innovation: Shaping Intellectual Property and Industry Architecture

      By: Gary P. Pisano and David J. Teece
      Capturing value from innovation requires innovators to figure out how to blunt inroads into the profit stream by imitators, customers, suppliers, and other providers of complementary products and services. In making strategic decisions around technology...  View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; Intellectual Property; Knowledge Management; Knowledge Sharing; Industry Structures; Standards; Commercialization; Value
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      Pisano, Gary P., and David J. Teece. "How to Capture Value from Innovation: Shaping Intellectual Property and Industry Architecture." Special Issue on Leading Through Innovation (50th Anniversary Issue). California Management Review 50, no. 1 (Fall 2007): 278–296.
      • 2007
      • Working Paper

      Intellectual Property Rights, Imitation, and Foreign Direct Investment: Theory and Evidence

      By: Lee Branstetter, Raymond Fisman, C. Fritz Foley and Kamal Saggi
      Citation
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      Branstetter, Lee, Raymond Fisman, C. Fritz Foley, and Kamal Saggi. "Intellectual Property Rights, Imitation, and Foreign Direct Investment: Theory and Evidence." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 13033, April 2007.
      • 2006
      • Other Unpublished Work

      Does Competition Increase Patent Litigation? Empirical Evidence of Strategic Patenting in the Telecom Equipment Industry

      By: Juan Alcacer and Rachelle C. Sampson
      Anecdotal evidence suggests that patent litigation has increased in the last 20 years as firms in knowledge intensive industries use patents more frequently to protect their knowledge stocks and managers focus on extracting new revenue streams from existing patent...  View Details
      Keywords: Patents; Competition; Lawsuits And Litigation
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      Alcacer, Juan, and Rachelle C. Sampson. "Does Competition Increase Patent Litigation? Empirical Evidence of Strategic Patenting in the Telecom Equipment Industry." 2006. (Presented at Academy of Management Annual Meeting in Honolulu, HI, August 2005.)
      • 2006
      • Chapter

      Creating the Dynamics of Hard-to-Imitate Innovation

      By: Hirotaka Takeuchi
      Keywords: Innovation Strategy; Innovation Leadership
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      Takeuchi, Hirotaka. "Creating the Dynamics of Hard-to-Imitate Innovation." In Japan Moving Toward a More Advanced Knowledge Economy: Advanced Knowledge—Creating Companies, by Hirotaka Takeuchi and Tsutomu Shibata. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Institute (WBI), 2006.
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      Imitation of Complex Strategies
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