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- October 2023 (Revised March 2024)
- Case
Fortinet: Cybersecurity Pioneer Ken Xie Considers the Long Game
By: Tsedal Neeley, Jeff Huizinga and Emily Grandjean
Ken Xie, cofounder of cybersecurity giant Fortinet, faced a critical decision that would validate his leadership. Fortinet became the industry’s second-largest pureplay cybersecurity firm by developing differentiated hardware and investing in R&D. However, after a...
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Keywords:
Leadership Development;
Leadership Style;
Marketing Strategy;
Communication Strategy;
Cybersecurity;
Competitive Advantage;
Information Technology Industry;
United States;
Sunnyvale
Neeley, Tsedal, Jeff Huizinga, and Emily Grandjean. "Fortinet: Cybersecurity Pioneer Ken Xie Considers the Long Game." Harvard Business School Case 424-016, October 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
- January 2023
- Article
Calculators for Women: When Identity-Based Appeals Backfire
By: Tami Kim, Kate Barasz, Michael I. Norton and Leslie K. John
From “Chick Beer” to “Dryer Sheets for Men,” identity-based labeling is frequently deployed by marketers to appeal to specific target markets. Yet such identity appeals can backfire, alienating the very consumers they aim to attract. We theorize and empirically...
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Keywords:
Categorization Threat;
Stereotypes;
Identity;
Labels;
Gender;
Perception;
Consumer Behavior
Kim, Tami, Kate Barasz, Michael I. Norton, and Leslie K. John. "Calculators for Women: When Identity-Based Appeals Backfire." Special Issue on Racism and Discrimination in the Marketplace edited by Samantha N. N. Cross and Stephanie Dellande. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 8, no. 1 (January 2023): 72–82.
- December 2022 (Revised June 2023)
- Case
Hacking the U.S. Election: Russia's Misinformation Campaign
By: Shikhar Ghosh
The case discusses the relatively low technology approach used by Russia to influence the U.S. Presidential Election in 2016. Although political parties manipulating the media was not a new phenomenon, the Russians ran a broad, well-financed, and sophisticated social...
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Keywords:
Political Elections;
International Relations;
Social Media;
Power and Influence;
Information;
Russia;
United States
Ghosh, Shikhar. "Hacking the U.S. Election: Russia's Misinformation Campaign." Harvard Business School Case 823-043, December 2022. (Revised June 2023.)
- 2024
- Working Paper
Scared Straight? Threat and Assimilation of Refugees in Germany
By: Philipp Jaschke, Sulin Sardoschau and Marco Tabellini
This paper examines the impact of local hostility on the assimilation of refugees. We leverage plausibly exogenous variation in refugees' allocation across German regions between 2013 and 2016, and combine representative survey data and administrative records with...
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Keywords:
Assimilation;
Threat Hypothesis;
Migration;
Cultural Change;
Refugees;
Culture;
Identity;
Germany
Jaschke, Philipp, Sulin Sardoschau, and Marco Tabellini. "Scared Straight? Threat and Assimilation of Refugees in Germany." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-043, December 2021. (Revised August 2024. Also available from NBER, and featured on Le Monde.)
- Article
Relational Reconciliation: Socializing Others Across Demographic Differences
By: Lakshmi Ramarajan and Erin M. Reid
In demographically diverse organizations, employees charged with socializing others—
socialization agents—must navigate a deep tension between the organization’s needs to
integrate individuals into a collective and individuals’ needs for recognition of their
unique...
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Ramarajan, Lakshmi, and Erin M. Reid. "Relational Reconciliation: Socializing Others Across Demographic Differences." Academy of Management Journal 63, no. 2 (April 2020): 356–385.
- May 2019
- Article
A Counterfeit Competence: After Threat, Cheating Boosts One's Self-Image
By: S. Wiley Wakeman, Celia Moore and F. Gino
In six studies, we show that after experiencing a threat to their abilities, individuals who misrepresent their performance as better than it actually is boost their feelings of competence. We situate these findings in the literature on self-protection. We show that...
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Keywords:
Cheating;
Self-perception;
Self-protection;
Competency and Skills;
Identity;
Perception;
Performance
Wakeman, S. Wiley, Celia Moore, and F. Gino. "A Counterfeit Competence: After Threat, Cheating Boosts One's Self-Image." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 82 (May 2019): 253–265.
- 2017
- Working Paper
Shopping for Confirmation: How Disconfirming Feedback Shapes Social Networks
By: Paul Green Jr., Francesca Gino and Bradley Staats
Many organizations employ interpersonal feedback processes as a structured means of informing and motivating employee improvement. Ample evidence suggests that these feedback processes are largely ineffective, and despite a wealth of prescriptive literature, these...
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Keywords:
Developmental Feedback;
Self-concept;
Positive Illusions;
Social Network;
Threat;
Identity;
Social and Collaborative Networks;
Behavior;
Performance;
Social Media
Green, Paul, Jr., Francesca Gino, and Bradley Staats. "Shopping for Confirmation: How Disconfirming Feedback Shapes Social Networks." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-028, September 2017.
- September 2017 (Revised July 2018)
- Case
CyberArk: Protecting the Keys to the IT Kingdom
By: Raffaella Sadun, David Yoffie and Margot Eiran
CyberArk was the recognized leader in the Privileged Account Management (PAM) space, a cybersecurity subsegment it had essentially created to secure organizations’ IT systems and sensitive data. Over 17 years, the Israeli company had grown to a market capitalization of...
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Keywords:
Strategy;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Organizational Culture;
Competitive Advantage;
Information Technology;
Cybersecurity;
Information Technology Industry;
Israel;
United States
Sadun, Raffaella, David Yoffie, and Margot Eiran. "CyberArk: Protecting the Keys to the IT Kingdom." Harvard Business School Case 718-418, September 2017. (Revised July 2018.)
- July 16, 2016
- Article
A Game Theoretic Model for Resource Allocation Among Countermeasures with Multiple Attributes
By: Elisabeth C. Paulson, Igor Linkov and Jeffrey Keisler
We study a strategic, two-player, sequential game between an attacker and defender. The defender must allocate resources amongst possible countermeasures and across possible targets. The attacker then chooses a type of threat and a target to attack. This paper proposes...
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Paulson, Elisabeth C., Igor Linkov, and Jeffrey Keisler. "A Game Theoretic Model for Resource Allocation Among Countermeasures with Multiple Attributes." European Journal of Operational Research 252, no. 2 (July 16, 2016): 610–622.
- 2014
- Other Article
Communicating Change: When Identity Becomes a Source of Vulnerability for Institutional Challengers
By: Ryann Elizabeth Manning, Julie Battilana and Lakshmi Ramarajan
Social movements challenge institutions through two related communication processes: articulating collective action frames and constructing collective movement identity. We argue that frames not only express movement identity, but also provide openings through which...
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Keywords:
Identity Threat;
Institutional Change;
Social Movements;
Framing;
Social Issues;
Identity;
Organizational Culture;
Change
Manning, Ryann Elizabeth, Julie Battilana, and Lakshmi Ramarajan. "Communicating Change: When Identity Becomes a Source of Vulnerability for Institutional Challengers." Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings (2014): 453–458.
- 2009
- Chapter
Collaboration Across Knowledge Boundaries within Diverse Teams: Reciprocal Expertise Affirmation as an Enabling Condition
By: Amy C. Edmondson, Kate Roloff and Lucy H. MacPhail
We review research on expertise diversity, psychological safety, team collaboration, and role identity to propose a model in which reciprocal affirmations of expertise identity among team members—a feature of the team environment that we conceptualize as a dimension of...
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Keywords:
Interpersonal Communication;
Experience and Expertise;
Learning;
Knowledge Use and Leverage;
Groups and Teams;
Familiarity;
Identity;
Cooperation
Edmondson, Amy C., Kate Roloff, and Lucy H. MacPhail. "Collaboration Across Knowledge Boundaries within Diverse Teams: Reciprocal Expertise Affirmation as an Enabling Condition." In Exploring Positive Identities and Organizations: Building a Theoretical and Research Foundation, edited by Laura M. Roberts and Jane E. Dutton, 311–332. Psychology Press, 2009.