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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (312)
      • Faculty Publications  (29)

      Hybrid Organizations Remove Hybrid Organizations →

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      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Is Hybrid Work the Best of Both Worlds? Evidence from a Field Experiment

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury, Tarun Khanna, Christos A. Makridis and Kyle Schirmann
      Hybrid work is emerging as a novel form of organizing work globally. This paper reports causal evidence on how the extent of hybrid work—the number of days worked from home relative to days worked from the office—affects work outcomes. Collaborating with an...  View Details
      Keywords: Hybrid Work; Remote Work; Work-from-home; Field Experiment; Employees; Geographic Location; Performance; Work-Life Balance
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj, Tarun Khanna, Christos A. Makridis, and Kyle Schirmann. "Is Hybrid Work the Best of Both Worlds? Evidence from a Field Experiment." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-063, March 2022.
      • 2022
      • Chapter

      Sustainability for People and the Planet: Placing Workers at the Center of Sustainability Research

      By: Julie Yen, Julie Battilana and Emilie Aguirre
      Though workers face a series of critical challenges in contemporary work organizations, they are often overlooked in conversations about sustainable business. In this chapter, we argue that prioritizing the rights and well-being of workers is a core dimension of...  View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Employees; Well-being; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Organizational Structure; Social Issues
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      Yen, Julie, Julie Battilana, and Emilie Aguirre. "Sustainability for People and the Planet: Placing Workers at the Center of Sustainability Research." Chap. 11 in Handbook on the Business of Sustainability: The Organization, Implementation, and Practice of Sustainable Growth, edited by Gerard George, Martine R. Haas, Havovi Joshi, Anita M. McGahan, and Paul Tracey, 189–214. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022.
      • February 9, 2022
      • Article

      What's the Optimal Workplace for Your Organization?

      By: Maria P. Roche and Andy Wu
      More than two years in the COVID-19 pandemic, companies are struggling with how to reimagine their workspaces for their strategic needs. Too often, leaders push the decision down the road when, in fact, taking decisive action now can pay off later. But how do you...  View Details
      Keywords: Workplace; Organization; Hybrid Organizations; Office Space; Growth; Remote Work; Strategy; Organizations; Growth and Development; Working Conditions
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      Roche, Maria P., and Andy Wu. "What's the Optimal Workplace for Your Organization?" Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (February 9, 2022).
      • September 2021
      • Case

      Harambe: Mobilizing Capital in Africa

      By: Anywhere (Siko) Sikochi, Dilyana Karadzhova Botha and Francesco Tronci
      Harambe was a non-profit organization whose mission was to build an ecosystem to identify promising young African entrepreneurs and provide them access to training, markets, capital, and support networks. From 2007 to 2021, Harambe had grown to a network of 367...  View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Nonprofit Organizations; Business Model; Strategy; Organizational Structure; Business Startups; Capital; Venture Capital; Social and Collaborative Networks; Networks; Developing Countries and Economies; Emerging Markets; Africa; South Africa
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      Sikochi, Anywhere (Siko), Dilyana Karadzhova Botha, and Francesco Tronci. "Harambe: Mobilizing Capital in Africa." Harvard Business School Case 122-021, September 2021.
      • June 28, 2021
      • Article

      4 Imperatives for Managing in a Hybrid World

      By: Kalle Heikkinen, William R. Kerr, Mika Malin and Panu Routila
      As more and more companies turn to a hybrid model of work more than a year into the COVID-19 pandemic, what challenges are leaders likely to face when managing people both in the office and remotely? Interviews with 38 executives in Nordic countries point to four main...  View Details
      Keywords: Hybrid Organizations; Organizational Structure; Management; Leadership
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      Heikkinen, Kalle, William R. Kerr, Mika Malin, and Panu Routila. "4 Imperatives for Managing in a Hybrid World." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (June 28, 2021).
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Cloud Adoption and Digital Transformation: The Paradoxical Role of Enterprise Data Architecture

      By: Sam (Ruiqing) Cao and Marco Iansiti
      Large traditional conglomerates increasingly invest in cloud infrastructure through adopting Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Platform as a Service (PaaS) products, which facilitates digital transformation but creates complex interdependent systems spanning...  View Details
      Keywords: Organizations; Information Technology; Performance Productivity; Growth and Development; Transformation
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      Cao, Sam (Ruiqing), and Marco Iansiti. "Cloud Adoption and Digital Transformation: The Paradoxical Role of Enterprise Data Architecture." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-122, May 2021. (Revised November 2022.)
      • March–April 2019
      • Article

      The Dual-Purpose Playbook

      By: Julie Battilana, Anne-Claire Pache, Metin Sengul and Marissa Kimsey
      Corporations are being pushed to dial down their single-minded pursuit of financial gain and pay closer attention to their impact on employees, customers, communities, and the environment. But changing an organization’s DNA may require upending the existing business...  View Details
      Keywords: Hybrid Organizing; Business And Society; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Business Model; Goals and Objectives; Organizational Structure; Leadership
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      Battilana, Julie, Anne-Claire Pache, Metin Sengul, and Marissa Kimsey. "The Dual-Purpose Playbook." Harvard Business Review 97, no. 4 (March–April 2019): 124–133.
      • 2018
      • Article

      Cracking the Organizational Challenge of Pursuing Joint Social and Financial Goals: Social Enterprise as a Laboratory to Understand Hybrid Organizing

      By: Julie Battilana
      While in recent decades the social and business sectors have evolved on fairly separate tracks, today companies are increasingly expected to generate social value in addition to profit. As a result, they also increasingly face the distinct challenge of pursuing social...  View Details
      Keywords: Hybrid Organizations; Hybrid Organizing; Multiple Goals; Social Enterprise; Goals and Objectives; Organizational Design; Organizational Culture
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      Battilana, Julie. "Cracking the Organizational Challenge of Pursuing Joint Social and Financial Goals: Social Enterprise as a Laboratory to Understand Hybrid Organizing." M@n@gement 21, no. 4 (2018): 1278–1305.
      • June 2018
      • Case

      Meridian Systems

      By: Frank V. Cespedes and Michael J. Roberts
      The Meridian Systems case focuses on a start-up in the restaurant point of sale (POS) systems market. In early 2018, Meridian is getting ready to roll out a POS system based on a new technology—a tablet-based, Wi-Fi-enabled POS system (the "tablet" system, or...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Sales; Strategy; Salesforce Management; Organizational Structure; Technological Innovation; Marketing Strategy
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      Cespedes, Frank V., and Michael J. Roberts. "Meridian Systems." Harvard Business School Brief Case 918-533, June 2018.
      • 2018
      • Chapter

      New Prospects for Organizational Democracy?: How the Joint Pursuit of Social and Financial Goals Challenges Traditional Organizational Designs

      By: Julie Battilana, Michael Fuerstein and Michael Lee
      For an extended period during the first half of the 20th century, industrial democracy was a vibrant movement, with ideological and organizational ties to a thriving unionism. In 2015, however, things look different. While there are instances of democracy in the...  View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Design; Social Enterprise; Values and Beliefs; Integration; Theory
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      Battilana, Julie, Michael Fuerstein, and Michael Lee. "New Prospects for Organizational Democracy? How the Joint Pursuit of Social and Financial Goals Challenges Traditional Organizational Designs." In Capitalism Beyond Mutuality? Perspectives Integrating Philosophy and Social Science, edited by Subramanian Rangan, 256–288. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2018.
      • 2017
      • Chapter

      On Hybrids and Hybrid Organizing: A Review and Roadmap for Future Research

      By: Julie Battilana, Marya Besharov and Bjoern Mitzinneck
      The purpose of this chapter is to advance research on hybrids by bringing together work from these multiple perspectives; identifying common themes in the antecedents, challenges, opportunities, and management strategies associated with hybridity and highlighting...  View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Structure; Organizational Design; Research
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      Battilana, Julie, Marya Besharov, and Bjoern Mitzinneck. "On Hybrids and Hybrid Organizing: A Review and Roadmap for Future Research." Chap. 5 in The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism. 2nd ed. Edited by Royston Greenwood, Christine Oliver, Thomas B. Lawrence, and Renate E. Meyer, 128–162. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2017.
      • September–October 2017
      • Article

      Blurring the Boundaries: The Interplay of Gender and Local Communities in the Commercialization of Social Ventures

      By: Stefan Dimitriadis, Matthew Lee, Lakshmi Ramarajan and Julie Battilana
      This paper examines the critical role of gender in the commercialization of social ventures. We argue that cultural beliefs about what is perceived to be appropriate work for each gender influence how founders of social ventures incorporate commercial activity into...  View Details
      Keywords: Community; Cultural Beliefs; Social Enterprise; Gender; Local Range; Commercialization; Culture
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      Dimitriadis, Stefan, Matthew Lee, Lakshmi Ramarajan, and Julie Battilana. "Blurring the Boundaries: The Interplay of Gender and Local Communities in the Commercialization of Social Ventures." Organization Science 28, no. 5 (September–October 2017): 819–839.
      • April 2017
      • Case

      Global Leadership in a Dynamic and Evolving Region: Molinas @ The Coca-Cola Company (A)

      By: Tsedal Neeley and Esel Çekin
      Galya Frayman Molinas, President of Coca-Cola's Turkish business and a 20-year company veteran, is unexpectedly asked to take the helm of a newly expanded territory with operations across eight additional countries in Central Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,...  View Details
      Keywords: Functions; Structure; Centralization; Decentralization; Diversity; Country Of Origin Effects; Global Contextual Intelligence; Leading Change; Crisis Management; Organizational Structure; Experience and Expertise; Situation or Environment; Central Asia; Turkey
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      Neeley, Tsedal, and Esel Çekin. "Global Leadership in a Dynamic and Evolving Region: Molinas @ The Coca-Cola Company (A)." Harvard Business School Case 417-068, April 2017.
      • December 2015
      • Article

      Harnessing Productive Tensions in Hybrid Organizations: The Case of Work Integration Social Enterprises

      By: Julie Battilana, Metin Sengul, Anne-Claire Pache and Jacob Model
      We examine the factors that influence the social performance of hybrid organizations that pursue a social mission, and sustain their operations through commercial activities, by studying work integration social enterprises (WISEs). We argue that social imprinting and...  View Details
      Keywords: Hybrid Organizations; Social Enterprise; Social Entrepreneurship; Organizations; Performance Productivity
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      Battilana, Julie, Metin Sengul, Anne-Claire Pache, and Jacob Model. "Harnessing Productive Tensions in Hybrid Organizations: The Case of Work Integration Social Enterprises." Academy of Management Journal 58, no. 6 (December 2015): 1658–1685.
      • Article

      Advancing Research on Hybrid Organizing—Insights from the Study of Social Enterprises

      By: Julie Battilana and Matthew Lee
      Hybrid organizations that combine multiple organizational forms deviate from socially legitimate templates for organizing and thus experience unique organizing challenges. In this paper, we introduce and develop the concept of hybrid organizing, which we define as the...  View Details
      Keywords: Hybrid Organizations; Social Enterprise; Organizational Structure; Social Entrepreneurship
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      Battilana, Julie, and Matthew Lee. "Advancing Research on Hybrid Organizing—Insights from the Study of Social Enterprises." Academy of Management Annals 8 (2014): 397–441.
      • 2014
      • Article

      The Governance of Social Enterprises: Mission Drift and Accountability Challenges in Hybrid Organizations

      By: Alnoor Ebrahim, Julie Battilana and Johanna Mair
      We examine the challenges of governance facing organizations that pursue a social mission through the use of market mechanisms. These hybrid organizations, often referred to as social enterprises, combine aspects of both charity and business at their core. In this...  View Details
      Keywords: Governance; Hybrid Organizations; Nonprofit; Performance Measurement; Legal Form; Agency Theory; Stakeholder Management; Mission and Purpose; Social Enterprise; Corporate Accountability
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      Ebrahim, Alnoor, Julie Battilana, and Johanna Mair. "The Governance of Social Enterprises: Mission Drift and Accountability Challenges in Hybrid Organizations." Research in Organizational Behavior 34 (2014): 81–100.
      • November 2013 (Revised December 2013)
      • Case

      Endeavor: Miami Heats Up

      By: William A. Sahlman, Ramana Nanda, David Lane and Lisa Mazzanti
      Endeavor Global was a nonprofit that for 15 years had worked to nurture entrepreneurship in emerging markets by selecting local high-impact entrepreneurs for mentoring and aid in scaling up their businesses from committed local business leaders. In summer 2012,...  View Details
      Keywords: Social Enterprise; Entrepreneurs; Scaling; Emerging Market Entrepreneurship; Not For Profit; Entrepreneurial Finance; Mentoring; Business Networks; Hybrid Nonprofit Funding; Mission and Purpose; Nonprofit Organizations; Social Entrepreneurship; Emerging Markets; Problems and Challenges; Finance; Miami
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      Sahlman, William A., Ramana Nanda, David Lane, and Lisa Mazzanti. "Endeavor: Miami Heats Up." Harvard Business School Case 814-043, November 2013. (Revised December 2013.)
      • 2013
      • Working Paper

      How the Zebra Got Its Stripes: Imprinting of Individuals and Hybrid Social Ventures

      By: Matthew Lee and Julie Battilana
      Hybrid organizations that combine multiple, existing organizational forms are frequently proposed as a source of organizational innovation, yet little is known about the origins of such organizations. We propose that individual founders of hybrid organizations acquire...  View Details
      Keywords: Hybrid Organizations; Imprinting; Institutional Theory; Social Entrepreneurship; Organizations
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      Lee, Matthew, and Julie Battilana. "How the Zebra Got Its Stripes: Imprinting of Individuals and Hybrid Social Ventures." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-005, July 2013.
      • Article

      In Search of the Hybrid Ideal

      By: Julie Battilana, Matthew Lee, John Walker and Cheryl Dorsey
      In the first large-scale, quantitative study of nascent social entrepreneurs, researchers from Harvard Business School and Echoing Green examine the rise of hybrid organizations that combine aspects of nonprofits and for-profits and the challenges hybrids face as they...  View Details
      Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship; Organizational Design
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      Battilana, Julie, Matthew Lee, John Walker, and Cheryl Dorsey. "In Search of the Hybrid Ideal." Stanford Social Innovation Review 10, no. 3 (Summer 2012).
      • Aug 2011 - 2011
      • Conference Presentation

      Combining Social and Economic Objectives: On the Challenges of Sustaining a Hybrid Organizational Form

      By: Julie Battilana, A.-C. Pache, M. Sengul and Jacob Model
      Keywords: Economics; Problems and Challenges; Organizations; Society
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      Battilana, Julie, A.-C. Pache, M. Sengul, and Jacob Model. "Combining Social and Economic Objectives: On the Challenges of Sustaining a Hybrid Organizational Form." Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX, August 2011.
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